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Table of contents

    25 November 2025, Volume 34 Issue 12 Previous issue   
    GENERAL
    UHNPR: A competitive opinion information dissemination model for online social hypernetworks
    Changcai Tan(谭昌彩), Xin Yan(严馨), Hongbin Wang(王红斌), Shengxiang Gao(高盛祥), and Zhongying Deng(邓忠莹)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120101.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adf17a
    Abstract ( 21 )  
    With the rapid development of the internet, the dissemination of public opinion in online social networks has become increasingly complex. Existing dissemination models rarely consider group phenomena and the simultaneous spread of competing public opinion information in online social networks. This paper introduces the UHNPR information dissemination model to study the dynamic spread and interaction of positive and negative public opinion information in hypernetworks. To improve the accuracy of modeling of information dissemination, we revise the traditional assumptions of constant propagation and decay rates by redefining these rates based on factors that influence the spread of public opinion information. Subsequently, we validate the effectiveness of the UHNPR model using numerical simulations and analyze the impact of factors such as authority effect, user intimacy, information content and information timeliness on the spread of public opinion, providing corresponding suggestions for public opinion control. Our research results demonstrate that this model outperforms the SIR, SEIR and SEIDR models in describing public opinion propagation in real social networks. Compared with complex networks, information spreads faster and more extensively in hypernetworks.
    Strategy persistence-consistency and reputation promote cooperation in dual-layer networks for prisoner’s dilemma games
    Qianwei Zhang(张倩伟), Jiaqi Liu(刘佳琪), and Leiman Fu(付蕾蔓)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120201.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade665
    Abstract ( 11 )  
    We propose a dual-layer network model that integrates social and familial contexts, consisting of a social interaction layer and a family relationship layer. We design a reputation-based incentive mechanism incorporating strategy persistence-consistency to investigate how reputation fosters cooperation. The model features the following aspects: (1) a dynamic disconnection-reconnection mechanism in the social layer, (2) a reputation-enhanced Fermi rule in the family layer, and (3) a refined partitioning of the family network. Simulation results indicate that the disconnection-reconnection parameter (${\sigma }$) significantly enhances cooperation in the social network; the strategic persistence-consistency influencing factor (${\alpha }$) has a positive impact on cooperation in both layers; and moderately dividing the family network promotes the emergence of cooperation. The research findings facilitate group cooperation in complex networks and offer valuable insights for addressing social dilemmas in the real world.
    Hybrid quantum-classical multi-agent decision-making framework based on hierarchical Bayesian networks in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era
    Hao Shi(石皓), Chenghao Han(韩成豪), Peng Wang(王鹏), and Ming Zhang(张明)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120304.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adefd7
    Abstract ( 14 )  
    Although quantum Bayesian networks provide a promising paradigm for multi-agent decision-making, their practical application faces two challenges in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. Limited qubit resources restrict direct application to large-scale inference tasks. Additionally, no quantum methods are currently available for multi-agent collaborative decision-making. To address these, we propose a hybrid quantum-classical multi-agent decision-making framework based on hierarchical Bayesian networks, comprising two novel methods. The first one is a hybrid quantum-classical inference method based on hierarchical Bayesian networks. It decomposes large-scale hierarchical Bayesian networks into modular subnetworks. The inference for each subnetwork can be performed on NISQ devices, and the intermediate results are converted into classical messages for cross-layer transmission. The second one is a multi-agent decision-making method using the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) in the influence diagram. This method models the collaborative decision-making with the influence diagram and encodes the expected utility of diverse actions into a Hamiltonian and subsequently determines the intra-group optimal action efficiently. Experimental validation on the IonQ quantum simulator demonstrates that the hierarchical method outperforms the non-hierarchical method at the functional inference level, and the VQE method can obtain the optimal strategy exactly at the collaborative decision-making level. Our research not only extends the application of quantum computing to multi-agent decision-making but also provides a practical solution for the NISQ era.
    TOPICAL REVIEW — Biophysical circuits: Modeling & applications in neuroscience
    Discrete neuron models and memristive neural network mapping: A comprehensive review
    Fei Yu(余飞), Xuqi Wang(王许奇), Rongyao Guo(郭荣垚), Zhijie Ying(应志杰), Yan He(何燕), and Qiong Zou(邹琼)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120501.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0a3b
    Abstract ( 10 )  
    In recent years, discrete neuron and discrete neural network models have played an important role in the development of neural dynamics. This paper reviews the theoretical advantages of well-known discrete neuron models, some existing discretized continuous neuron models, and discrete neural networks in simulating complex neural dynamics. It places particular emphasis on the importance of memristors in the composition of neural networks, especially their unique memory and nonlinear characteristics. The integration of memristors into discrete neural networks, including Hopfield networks and their fractional-order variants, cellular neural networks and discrete neuron models has enabled the study and construction of various neural models with memory. These models exhibit complex dynamic behaviors, including superchaotic attractors, hidden attractors, multistability, and synchronization transitions. Furthermore, the present paper undertakes an analysis of more complex dynamical properties, including synchronization, speckle patterns, and chimera states in discrete coupled neural networks. This research provides new theoretical foundations and potential applications in the fields of brain-inspired computing, artificial intelligence, image encryption, and biological modeling.
    SPECIAL TOPIC — Biophysical circuits: Modeling & applications in neuroscience
    A sound-sensitive neuron incorporating a memristive-ion channel
    Xin-Lin Song(宋欣林), Ge Zhang(张鬲), and Fei-Fei Yang(杨飞飞)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120502.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0563
    Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (13842KB) ( 2 )  
    The nonlinear memory characteristics of memristors resemble those of biological synapses and ion channels. Therefore, memristors serve as ideal components for constructing artificial neurons. This paper presents a sound-sensitive neuron circuit featuring a memristor-based hybrid ion channel, designed to simulate the dynamic response mechanisms of biological auditory neurons to acoustic signals. In this neural circuit, a piezoelectric ceramic element captures external sound signals, while the hybrid ion channel is formed by connecting a charge-controlled memristor in series with an inductor. The circuit realizes selective encoding of sound frequency and amplitude and investigates the influence of external electric fields on neuronal ion-channel dynamics. In the dynamic analysis, bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents are employed to reveal the rich nonlinear behaviors, such as chaotic oscillations and periodic oscillations, exhibited by the circuit during the acoustic-electric conversion process, and the validity of the circuit model is experimentally verified. Simulation results show that by adjusting the threshold of the ratio between electric-field energy and magnetic-field energy, the firing modes and parameters of neurons can be adaptively regulated. Moreover, the model exhibits stochastic resonance in noisy environments. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the development of new bionic auditory sensing hardware and opens a new path for the bio-inspired design of memristor-ion-channel hybrid systems.
    A new 2D Hindmarsh-Rose neuron, its circuit implementation, and its application in dynamic flexible job shops problem
    Yao Lu(卢尧), Weijie Nie(聂伟杰), Xu Wang(王旭), Xianming Wu(吴先明), and Qingyao Ma(马晴瑶)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120503.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0892
    Abstract ( 1 )   PDF (2190KB) ( 2 )  
    We propose a simplified version of the classic two-dimensional Hindmarsh-Rose neuron (2DHR), resulting in a new 2DHR that exhibits novel chaotic phenomena. Its dynamic characteristics are analyzed through bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov exponent spectra, equilibrium points, and phase diagrams. Based on this system, a corresponding circuit is designed and circuit simulations are carried out, yielding results consistent with the numerical simulations. To explore practical applications of chaotic systems, 2DHR is employed to improve the solution of the flexible job-shop scheduling problem with dynamic events. The research results demonstrate that applying 2DHR can significantly enhance the convergence rate of the optimization algorithm and improve the quality of the scheduling solution.
    Mutual annihilation of counter-rotating spiral waves induced by electric fields
    Ying-Qi Liu(刘瑛琦), Yi-Peng Hu(胡义鹏), Qian-Ming Ding(丁钱铭), Ying Xie(谢盈), and Ya Jia(贾亚)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120505.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0561
    Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2000KB) ( 2 )  
    Spiral waves, as a typical self-organized structure with chiral characteristics, are widely found in excitable media such as cardiac tissues, chemical reactions, and neural networks. Based on the FitzHugh-Nagumo model, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of direct current electric fields (DCEF), alternating current electric fields (ACEF), and polarized electric fields (PEF) on the interaction and annihilation processes of counter-rotating spiral waves. We found that in a direct current electric field, the drift direction of the spiral wave is determined jointly by its chirality and the electric field direction, which allows selective attraction or repulsion. In an alternating current electric field, the annihilation behavior of spiral waves can be influenced by the phase and intensity of the electric field, where a specific range of parameters induces resonance drift and eventual annihilation. On the other hand, the polarized electric field exhibits a more complex modulation capability on spiral waves: the trajectory and annihilation efficiency of spiral waves can be regulated by both the intensity and phase of the polarized electric field. These results reveal the potential feasibility of regulating multichiral spiral waves through multiple electric fields, providing theoretical insight for the control of spiral waves in relevant systems.
    GENERAL
    Interval multiscale sample entropy: A novel tool for interval-valued time series complexity analysis
    Ping Tang(唐萍), Bao-Gen Li(李宝根), and Yang Wang(王阳)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120508.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adea56
    Abstract ( 16 )  
    To analyze the complexity of interval-valued time series (ITSs), a novel interval multiscale sample entropy (IMSE) methodology is proposed in this paper. To validate the effectiveness and feasibility of IMSE in characterizing ITS complexity, the method is initially implemented on simulated time series. The experimental results demonstrate that IMSE not only successfully identifies series complexity and long-range autocorrelation patterns but also effectively captures the intrinsic relationships between interval boundaries. Furthermore, the test results show that IMSE can also be applied to measure the complexity of multivariate time series of equal length. Subsequently, IMSE is applied to investigate interval temperature series (2000-2023) from four Chinese cities: Shanghai, Kunming, Chongqing, and Nagqu. The results show that IMSE not only distinctly differentiates temperature patterns across cities but also effectively quantifies complexity and long-term autocorrelation in ITSs. All the results indicate that IMSE is an alternative and effective method for studying the complexity of ITSs.
    Synchronization of a fractional-order chaotic memristive system and its application to secure image transmission
    Lamia Chouchane, Hamid Hamiche, Karim Kemih,Ouerdia Megherbi, and Karim Labadi
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120509.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0017
    Abstract ( 14 )  
    The dynamics of chaotic memristor-based systems offer promising potential for secure communication. However, existing solutions frequently suffer from drawbacks such as slow synchronization, low key diversity, and poor noise resistance. To overcome these issues, a novel fractional-order chaotic system incorporating a memristor emulator derived from the Shinriki oscillator is proposed. The main contribution lies in the enhanced dynamic complexity and flexibility of the proposed architecture, making it suitable for cryptographic applications. Furthermore, the feasibility of synchronization to ensure secure data transmission is demonstrated through the validation of two strategies: an active control method ensuring asymptotic convergence, and a finite-time control method enabling faster stabilization. The robustness of the scheme is confirmed by simulation results on a color image: $\chi^2={253/237/267}$ (R/G/B); entropy ${\approx 7.993}$; correlations between adjacent pixels in all directions are close to zero (e.g., ${-0.0318}$ vertically); and high number of pixel change rate and unified average changing intensity (e.g., ${33.40\%}$ and ${99.61\%}$, respectively). Peak signal-to-noise ratio analysis shows that resilience to noise and external disturbances is maintained. It is shown that multiple fractional orders further enrich the chaotic behavior, increasing the systems suitability for secure communication in embedded environments. These findings highlight the relevance of fractional-order chaotic memristive systems for lightweight secure transmission applications.
    COMPUTATIONAL PROGRAMS FOR PHYSICS
    MaterialsGalaxy: A platform fusing experimental and theoretical data in condensed matter physics
    Tiannian Zhu(朱天念), Zhong Fang(方忠), Quansheng Wu(吴泉生), and Hongming Weng(翁红明)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  120702.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae172a
    Abstract ( 1 )   PDF (1126KB) ( 0 )  
    Modern materials science generates vast and diverse datasets from both experiments and computations, yet these multi-source, heterogeneous data often remain disconnected in isolated “silos”. Here, we introduce MaterialsGalaxy, a comprehensive platform that deeply fuses experimental and theoretical data in condensed matter physics. Its core innovation is a structure similarity-driven data fusion mechanism that quantitatively links cross-modal records—spanning diffraction, crystal growth, computations, and literature—based on their underlying atomic structures. The platform integrates artificial intelligence (AI) tools, including large language models (LLMs) for knowledge extraction, generative models for crystal structure prediction, and machine learning property predictors, to enhance data interpretation and accelerate materials discovery. We demonstrate that MaterialsGalaxy effectively integrates these disparate data sources, uncovering hidden correlations and guiding the design of novel materials. By bridging the long-standing gap between experiment and theory, MaterialsGalaxy provides a new paradigm for data-driven materials research and accelerates the discovery of advanced materials.
    ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Theoretical calculations on lifetimes of the low-lying excited states in Lu+
    Ting Liang(梁婷), Min Feng(冯敏), Jin Cao(曹进), Yi-Ming Wang(王艺铭), Ben-Quan Lu(卢本全), and Hong Chang(常宏)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  123101.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade8e3
    Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (319KB) ( 2 )  
    The lifetime of the 5d6s $^{3}$D$_{1}$ clock state in Lu$^{+}$ exhibits a large discrepancy between experimental and theoretical values. To resolve this discrepancy, we perform calculations of the magnetic dipole transition rate between the 5d6s $^{3}$D$_{1}$ and 6s$^{2}$ $^{1}$S$_0$ states using the multi-configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock method. The effects of electron correlations, Breit interaction, and quantum electrodynamics (QED) corrections on the transition parameters are analyzed systematically. The calculated 5d6s $^{3}$D$_{1}$-6s$^{2}$ $^{1}$S$_0$ magnetic dipole transition rate, $1.69(7)\times 10^{-6}$ s$^{-1}$, shows excellent agreement with the experimental measurement. To accurately determine the lifetime of the $^{3}$D$_{1}$ clock state, the hyperfine-induced electric quadrupole transition rate between the $^{3}$D$_{1}$ and ground states is also calculated. Furthermore, the rates of various transitions between states in the 5d6s configuration are obtained. The lifetimes of the $^{3}$D$_{2,3}$ and $^{1}$D$_{2}$ states are consistent with previous theoretical calculations.
    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    Enhancement of electromagnetically induced absorption and four-wave mixing in a double two-level system
    Yu-Sen Wang(王禹森) and Ying-Jie Du(杜英杰)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  124201.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade8e1
    Abstract ( 15 )  
    We present a theoretical investigation of the electromagnetically induced absorption (EIA) due to transfer of population (TOP) in the double two-level system (TLS). It shows that one TLS is responsible for the sub-natural absorption part of EIA, and the other TLS is responsible for the natural absorption part of EIA. We propose a scheme in which the sub-natural absorption part of EIA is governed by the effect of coherent hole burning (CHB) and achieves an enhancement of at least two orders of magnitude with the detuned coupling field, while the natural absorption part is dominated by the effect of Mollow absorption (MA) and does not change with the detuned coupling field. Due to the effects of CHB and MA, the magnitude of four-wave mixing (FWM) achieves a significant increase for double TLS. We show in detail the evolution of the magnitude of the FWM signal with coupling detuning and Rabi frequency. It is demonstrated that strong resonances occur in the FWM profile at frequencies symmetrically displaced from the frequency of the coupling field by coupling detuning.
    Super-resolving refractive index measurements with even coherent-state sources and parity detection
    Qiang Wang(王强), Xiaohao Yang(杨晓豪), Fu Song(宋甫), and Lili Hao(郝利丽)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  124202.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade8de
    Abstract ( 9 )  
    High-precision refractive index measurement has become a research hotspot in recent years. However, traditional refractive index measurement often adopts intensity detection, whose performance is restricted by the classical detection limit and is thus hard to improve further. In order to break through this limitation, we propose a quantum-enhanced refractive index sensing scheme utilizing even-coherent-state sources in combination with parity detection. In this paper, we analyze the detection performance of the proposed system. Due to the inevitable photon loss in practical applications, the effects of photon loss on resolution and sensitivity are also investigated. Numerical results show that the resolution of the proposed strategy breaks through the Rayleigh limit and achieves super-resolving refractive index measurement. Relative to existing coherent-state schemes, our strategy leads to a twofold resolution improvement. Furthermore, the physical origins of the super-resolution are analyzed.
    Stability, bifurcation, chaotic pattern, phase portrait and exact solutions of a class of semi-linear Schrödinger equations with Kudryashov’s power law self-phase modulation and multiplicative white noise based on Stratonvich’s calculus
    Cheng-Qiang Wang(王成强), Xiang-Qing Zhao(赵向青), Yu-Lin Zhang(张玉林), and Zhi-Wei Lv(吕志伟)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  124205.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade664
    Abstract ( 14 )  
    We devote ourselves to finding exact solutions (including perturbed soliton solutions) to a class of semi-linear Schrödinger equations incorporating Kudryashov's self-phase modulation subject to stochastic perturbations described by multiplicative white noise based on Stratonvich's calculus. By borrowing ideas of the sub-equation method and utilizing a series of changes of variables, we transform the problem of identifying exact solutions into the task of analyzing the dynamical behaviors of an auxiliary planar Hamiltonian dynamical system. We determine the equilibrium points of the introduced auxiliary Hamiltonian system and analyze their Lyapunov stability. Additionally, we conduct a brief bifurcation analysis and a preliminary chaos analysis of the auxiliary Hamiltonian system, assessing their impact on the Lyapunov stability. Based on the insights gained from investigating the dynamics of the introduced auxiliary Hamiltonian system, we discover `all' of the exact solutions to the stochastic semi-linear Schrödinger equations under consideration. We obtain explicit formulas for exact solutions by examining the phase portrait of the introduced auxiliary Hamiltonian system. The obtained exact solutions include singular and periodic solutions, as well as perturbed bright and dark solitons. For each type of obtained exact solution, we pick one representative to plot its graph, so as to visually display our theoretical results. Compared with other methods for finding exact solutions to deterministic or stochastic partial differential equations, the dynamical system approach has the merit of yielding all possible exact solutions. The stochastic semi-linear Schrödinger equation under consideration can be used to portray the propagation of pulses in an optical fiber, so our study therefore lays the foundation for discovering new solitons optimized for optical communication and contributes to the improvement of optical technologies.
    Phase controlled single photon transport in giant atoms coupling to one-dimensional waveguide
    Yan-Yan Song(宋艳艳), Yao Zang(臧耀), Yunning Lu(路云宁), Zhao Liu(刘兆), Xiao-San Ma(马小三), and Mu-Tian Cheng(程木田)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  124206.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade8df
    Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1885KB) ( 0 )  
    The phase-controlled single-photon transport properties of a giant atom coupled to a one-dimensional waveguide are investigated. The coupling between the giant atom and the waveguide is modeled as a multi-point interaction. The coupling strengths between the giant atom and the waveguide are represented as complex numbers with associated phases. Analytical expressions for the scattering amplitudes are obtained using the real-space Hamiltonian method. The results show that the characteristics of the scattering spectra, including the positions of peaks (or dips) and the full width at half maximum, can be tuned by adjusting the phase difference between the coupling strengths. Further calculations reveal that the scattering spectra can be either super-broadened or sub-broadened. The conditions for achieving perfect nonreciprocal single-photon transport in the Markovian regime are also discussed. Moreover, we demonstrate the control of single-photon transport through phase differences in the non-Markovian regime. Our results may find applications in the design of quantum devices operating at the single-photon level, based on waveguide quantum electrodynamics.
    Quantum error mitigation based on the Z-mixed-expression of the amplitude damping channel
    Ting Li(李汀), Hangming Zhang(张航铭), Lingling Zheng(征玲玲), and Fei Li(李飞)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  124703.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae067c
    Abstract ( 7 )  
    In the field of quantum error mitigation, most current research separately addresses quantum gate noise mitigation and measurement noise mitigation. However, due to the typically high complexity of measurement noise mitigation methods, such as those based on estimating response matrices, the overall complexity of noise mitigation schemes increases when combining measurement noise mitigation with other quantum gate noise mitigation approaches. This paper proposes a low-complexity quantum error mitigation scheme that jointly mitigates quantum gate and measurement noise, specifically when measurement noise manifests as an amplitude damping channel. The proposed scheme requires estimating only three parameters to jointly mitigate both types of noise, whereas the zero-noise extrapolation method enhanced by response matrix estimation requires estimating at least six parameters under the same conditions.
    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Mediated interactions between two impurities immersed in a Bose-Einstein condensate
    Dong-Chen Zheng(郑东琛), Chun-Rong Ye(叶春荣), Yan-Xue Lin(林燕雪), Lin Wen(文林), and Renyuan Liao(廖任远)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  126702.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adea99
    Abstract ( 18 )  
    We consider two pointlike static impurities without direct interaction immersed in a three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) at zero temperature. By solving the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation in a perturbative manner, we calculate the ground state energy in the region where the atom-impurity interaction is assumed to be weak. We obtain an analytical expression for the spatial distribution of atom number density and the effective force between these two impurities. The effective force is found to be closely related to the strength of the atom-impurity interaction and the relative distance between these two impurities. Two critical relative distances are found between the two impurities. The first one corresponds to the vanishing of the perturbed energy with impurities, although the effective force between the two impurities still exists. At the second critical value, the energy of the impurities changes linearly with the atom-impurity interaction; otherwise, it changes quadratically with the atom-impurity interaction.
    RAPID COMMUNICATION
    Unchanged top surface-state structures in three-dimensional topological insulator Sb2Te3 thin films in the presence of bottom-surface moiré potentials
    Dezhi Song(宋德志), Fuyang Huang(黄扶旸), Jun Zhang(仉君), and Ye-Ping Jiang(蒋烨平)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  126801.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0926
    Abstract ( 6 )  
    The exertion of a long-period potential on two-dimensional (2D) systems leads to band-structure downfolding and the formation of mini flat bands, thereby providing a route for band engineering and enabling the realization of new physical phenomena through the tuning of electron-electron interactions. In this work, the effect of the moiré superlattice formed between the substrate and the bottom quintuple layer (QL) of 3- and 4-QL three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator Sb$_{2}$Te$_{3}$ thin films on the top surface states is investigated. The scanning tunneling spectra reveal that the bulk-like bands exhibit potential variations consistent with the moiré pattern. In contrast, the surface states display only minimal potential variations, resulting in the absence of mini-band formation in the top surface states. These surface states remain nearly unaffected, as confirmed by Landau-level spectroscopy and simulations. The results suggest distinct roles of the bottom-surface moiré potential on the bulk states and the top surface states in the weak coupling regime between the two surfaces.
    SPECIAL TOPIC — Biophysical circuits: Modeling & applications in neuroscience
    Brain-inspired memristive pooling method for enhanced edge computing
    Wenbin Guo(郭文斌), Zhe Feng (冯哲), Haochen Wang (王昊辰), Zhihao Lin(蔺志豪), Jianxun Zou(邹建勋), Zuyu Xu(徐祖雨), Yunlai Zhu(朱云来), Yuehua Dai (代月花), and Zuheng Wu (吴祖恒)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  127301.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adfefb
    Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (5102KB) ( 0 )  
    Edge deployment solutions based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have garnered significant attention because of their potential applications. However, traditional CNNs rely on pooling to reduce the feature size, leading to substantial information loss and reduced network robustness. Herein, we propose a more robust adaptive pooling network (APN) method implemented using memristor technology. Our method introduces an improved pooling layer that reduces input features to an arbitrary scale without compromising their importance. Different coupling coefficients of the pooling layer are stored as conductance values in arrays. We validate the proposed APN on generic datasets, demonstrating significant performance improvements over previously reported CNN architectures. Additionally, we evaluate the APN on a CAPTCHA recognition task with perturbations to assess network robustness. The results show that the APN achieves 92.6% accuracy in 4-digit CAPTCHA recognition and exhibits higher robustness. This brief presents a highly robust and novel scheme for edge computing using memristor technology.
    RAPID COMMUNICATION
    Crystal growth and characterization of a hole-doped iron-based superconductor Ba(Fe0.875Ti0.125)2As2
    Yi-Li Sun(孙毅丽), Ze-Zhong Li(李泽众), Yang Li(李阳), Hong-Lin Zhou(周宏霖), Amit Pokhriyal, Haranath Ghosh, Shi-Liang Li(李世亮), and Hui-Qian Luo(罗会仟)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  127401.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae0d5a
    Abstract ( 9 )  
    We report the crystal growth of a new hole-doped iron-based superconductor Ba(Fe$_{0.875}$Ti$_{0.125}$)$_2$As$_2$ by substituting Ti on the Fe site. The crystals are accidentally obtained in trying to grow Ni doped Ba$_2$Ti$_2$Fe$_2$As$_4$O. After annealing at 500~$^\circ$C in vacuum for one week, superconductivity is observed with zero resistance at $T_{\rm c0} \approx 17.5$ K, and about 20 % diamagnetic volume down to 2 K. While both the small anisotropy of superconductivity and the temperature dependence of normal state resistivity are akin to the electron doped 122-type compounds, the Hall coefficient is positive and similar to the case in hole-doped Ba$_{0.9}$K$_{0.1}$Fe$_2$As$_2$. The density functional theory calculations suggest dominated hole pockets contributed by Fe/Ti 3d orbitals. Therefore, the Ba(Fe$_{1-x}$Ti$_{x}$)$_2$As$_2$ system provides a new platform to study the superconductivity with hole doping on the Fe site of iron-based superconductors.
    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    NaBH4 induces strong ferromagnetism of Bi2Fe4O9 at room temperature
    Chong Wang(王冲), Guorong Liu(刘国荣), Xiaofeng Sun(孙小峰), Jinyuan Ma(马金元), Tao Xian(县涛), and Hua Yang(杨华)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  127503.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ade855
    Abstract ( 1 )   PDF (5346KB) ( 1 )  
    Bi$_{2}$Fe$_{4}$O$_{9}$ nanosheets were prepared using a hydrothermal method, followed by the introduction of NaBH$_{4}$ and high-temperature calcination, which successfully induced strong ferromagnetism in the material at room temperature ($M_{\rm S} = 10.22$ emu/g and $M_{\rm r} = 2.93$ emu/g). This work demonstrates for the first time that Bi$_{2}$Fe$_{4}$O$_{9}$ can exhibit such strong ferromagnetism at room temperature, with potential for further enhancements. Meanwhile, the ferroelectric properties of the samples were investigated. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the samples were single-phase with no detectable impurities. Based on a series of characterization analyses, it is inferred that Bi vacancies contribute to the observed strong magnetism.
    RAPID COMMUNICATION
    Pattern description of quantum phase transitions in the transverse antiferromagnetic Ising model with a longitudinal field
    Yun-Tong Yang(杨贇彤), Fu-Zhou Chen(陈富州), and Hong-Gang Luo(罗洪刚)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  127504.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae1564
    Abstract ( 4 )  
    A uniform longitudinal field applied to the transverse Ising model (TIM) distinguishes the antiferromagnetic Ising interaction from its ferromagnetic counterpart. While the ground state of the latter shows no quantum phase transition (QPT), the ground state of the former exhibits rich phases: paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and possibly disordered phases. Although the first two are clearly identified, the existence of the disordered phase remains controversial. Here, we use the pattern picture to explore the competition among the antiferromagnetic Ising interaction $J$, the transverse field $h_x$ and the longitudinal field $h_z$, and uncover which patterns are responsible for these three competing energy scales, thereby determining the possible phases and the QPTs among them. The system size ranges from $L=8$ to $128$ and the transverse field $h_x$ is fixed at $1$. Under these parameters, our results show the existence of the disordered phase. For a small $h_z$, the system transitions from a disordered phase to an antiferromagnetic phase as $J$ increases. For a large $h_z$, the system undergoes two phase transitions: from paramagnetic to disordered, and then to antiferromagnetic phase. These results not only unveil the rich physics of this paradigmatic model but also stimulate quantum simulation by using currently available experimental platforms.
    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Artificial synapse based on Co3O4 nanosheets for high-accuracy pattern recognition
    Ying Li(李颖), Xiaofan Zhou(周晓凡), Jiajun Guo(郭家俊), Tong Chen(陈通), Xiaohui Zhang(张晓辉), Xia Xiao(肖夏), Guangyu Wang(王光宇), Mehran Khan Alam, Qi Zhang(张琪), and Liqian Wu(武力乾)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128101.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae1817
    Abstract ( 18 )  
    Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides are promising candidates for constructing neuromorphic systems because of their intriguing physical properties, such as atomic thinness and ionic activity. In this work, Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanosheets were synthesized using a solvothermal method and integrated into artificial synapses. Based on the synaptic plasticity of the Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanosheet-based memristive device, an artificial neural network (ANN) was designed and tested. A recognition accuracy of approximately 96 % was achieved for the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten digit classification task using this ANN. These results highlight the potential of Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanosheet-based artificial synapses and Al/Co$_{3}$O$_{4}$ nanosheet/ITO memristor devices as excellent material candidates for neuromorphic hardware.
    Molecular dynamics study on the effect of cooling rate on the mechanical behavior of B2-CuZr enhanced bulk-metallic glass composites
    Huahuai Shen(沈华淮), Kai Wang(王楷), Chenghao Chen(陈城豪), Jiaqing Wu(伍嘉卿), Mixun Zhu(朱谧询), Hongtao Zhong(钟泓涛), Yuanzheng Yang(杨元政), and Xiaoling Fu(付小玲)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128102.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adf9fa
    Abstract ( 9 )  
    Metallic glasses (MG) have attracted considerable attention due to their high hardness, high fracture strength, and excellent corrosion resistance. However, their poor room-temperature plasticity limits their widespread application to some extent. To address this issue, researchers have attempted to introduce crystalline phases into MG to enhance their mechanical properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are a powerful tool for investigating the properties and deformation mechanisms of amorphous/crystalline dual-phase composite materials. In this study, MD simulations were employed to explore the effect of different cooling rates on the tensile properties of B2-CuZr enhanced bulk-metallic glass composites (BMGCs). Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted on B2-CuZr enhanced BMGCs at an ambient temperature of 300 K. The results indicate that as the cooling rate decreases, from 100 K/ps, 10 K/ps, 1 K/ps, 0.5 K/ps, the content of $\langle 0,0,12,0\rangle$ polyhedra increases, resulting in improved mechanical strength but reduced plasticity. In this study, as the cooling rate increases from 0.5 K/ps to 100 K/ps, the deformation strain increases from $\varepsilon=0.407$ to $\varepsilon=0.466$. However, the specimens with a cooling rate of 1 K/ps display notably better plasticity, deviating from the trend. This enhancement in plasticity is attributed to the increased presence of $\langle 0,2,8,5\rangle$ polyhedra in the 1 K/ps sample. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for the design and fabrication of high-performance metallic glass materials.
    A magnetoelectric receiving antenna with a bridge-supporting structure for ultralow-frequency wireless communication
    Boyu Xin(辛柏雨), Qianshi Zhang(张千十), Lizhi Hu(胡立志), Zishuo Fan(范梓烁), Jie Jiao(焦杰), Chun-Gang Duan(段纯刚), and Anran Gao(高安然)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128401.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adea57
    Abstract ( 5 )  
    The ultralow-frequency (ULF) miniaturized communication device is a development trend and has prospects in underwater environments. In this work, a magnetoelectric (ME) laminate was prepared by magnetostrictive Metglas and piezoelectric PMN-PT, and the electromechanical resonance (EMR) frequencies of the ME laminate were lowered through the bridge-supporting structure. Experiments showed that the supporting structure excited EMR frequencies of 646 Hz, 1089 Hz and 1506 Hz; the ME coefficients were 44.2 nC/Oe, 104.1 nC/Oe and 39.8 nC/Oe, respectively. Next, the ME laminate was assembled to a receiving antenna to receive binary frequency shift keying (2FSK) and binary amplitude shift keying (2ASK) signals accurately.
    Observation of exceptional points and realization of high sensitivity sensing in electric circuits
    Jiaxi Cai(蔡家希), Xinyi Wang(王鑫怡), Xiaomin Zhang(张晓敏), Taoran Yue(乐陶然), and Jijun Wang(王纪俊)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128402.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adec5e
    Abstract ( 11 )  
    We explore the parity-time (PT)-symmetry breaking transition in a dimer circuit composed of two RLC resonators that are weakly coupled via an inductor. The energy behavior of this dimer circuit is reflected in the splitting or degeneracy of the systems eigenfrequencies as the gain-loss strength varies. Its dynamical properties can be described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. The eigenfrequency spectrum of the system is divided by two critical points into three distinct regions: the symmetric region, the oscillatory growth region, and the fully exponential growth region. Building upon previous work on implementing the exceptional point (EP) in circuit systems, our study focuses on further exploring the variation patterns of circuit eigenfrequencies near the EP under weak coupling conditions. In addition, we construct a corresponding Dirac point (DP) circuit system for comparison. By leveraging the unique physical properties near both the EP and the DP, we further propose potential practical applications. Using perturbation theory and system simulations, we demonstrate that the square-root eigenfrequency splitting near the EP significantly enhances the sensitivity to small external perturbations, compared to the linear splitting behavior near the DP. This study presents promising prospects for next-generation sensing technologies.
    β-Ga2O3/BP heterojunction for deep ultraviolet and infrared narrowband dual-band photodetection
    Zhichao Chen(陈志超), Feng Ji(季枫), Yadan Li(李亚丹), Yahan Wang(王雅涵), Xuehao Ge(葛薛豪), Kai Jiang(姜凯), Hai Zhu(朱海), and Xianghu Wang(王相虎)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128501.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adea9d
    Abstract ( 1 )   PDF (1784KB) ( 2 )  
    The development of high-performance dual-band photodetectors (PDs) capable of simultaneous deep ultraviolet (DUV) and infrared (IR) detection is critical for advanced optoelectronic applications, particularly in missile warning and target identification systems. Conventional UV/IR PDs often suffer from UV (320-400~nm) noise interference and limited responsivity due to the use of narrow-bandgap semiconductors and self-powered operation modes. To address these challenges, high-quality $\beta$-Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$ thin films were epitaxially grown on c-plane sapphire via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), exhibiting excellent crystallinity and surface morphology. Unlike conventional heterojunctions ($\beta$-Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$/graphene or $\beta$-Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$/TMDs), the $\beta$-Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$/BP structure leverages BP's tunable bandgap and high carrier mobility while maintaining strong type-II band alignment, thereby facilitating efficient charge separation under both UV and IR illumination. We present a high-sensitivity dual-band PD based on a $\beta$-Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$/black phosphorus (BP) pn heterojunction. The ultrawide bandgap of $\beta$-Ga$_{2}$O$_{3}$ enables selective detection of DUV light while effectively suppressing interference from long-wave ultraviolet (UVA, 320-400 nm), whereas BP provides a layer-dependent infrared (IR) response. Photocurrent analysis reveals distinct carrier transport mechanisms, with electrons dominating under UV illumination and holes contributing predominantly under IR exposure. A systematic investigation of the bias-dependent photoresponse demonstrates that the responsivity increases significantly at higher voltages. Under a 7 V bias, the device exhibits a high responsivity of $4.63 \times 10^{-2}$ $\rm{mA/W}$ at 254 nm and $2.35 \times 10^{-3}$ $\rm{mA/W}$ at 850 nm. This work not only provides a viable strategy for developing high-performance dual-band PDs but also advances the understanding of heterojunction-based optoelectronic devices for military and sensing applications.
    SPECIAL TOPIC — Biophysical circuits: Modeling & applications in neuroscience
    Memristor-coupled dynamics and synchronization in two bi-neuron Hopfield neural networks
    Fangyuan Li(李芳苑), Haigang Tang(唐海刚), Yunzhen Zhang(张云贞), Bocheng Bao(包伯成), Hany Hassanin, and Lianfa Bai(柏连发)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128701.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae101c
    Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1236KB) ( 2 )  
    Neural synchronization is associated with various brain disorders, making it essential to investigate the intrinsic factors that influence the synchronization of coupled neural networks. In this paper, we propose a minimal architecture as a prototype, consisting of two bi-neuron Hopfield neural networks (HNNs) coupled via a memristor. This coupling elevates the original two bi-neuron HNNs into a five-dimensional system, featuring an unstable line equilibrium set and rich dynamics absent in the uncoupled case. Our results show that varying the coupling strength and the initial state of the memristor can induce periodic, chaotic, hyperchaotic, and quasi-periodic oscillations, as well as initial-offset-regulated multistability. We derive sufficient conditions for achieving exponential synchronization and identify multiple synchronous regimes with transitions that strongly depend on the initial states. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation confirms the predicted dynamics and synchronization in real time, demonstrating that the memristive coupler enables complex dynamics and controllable synchronization in the most compact Hopfield architecture, with implications for the study of neuromorphic circuits and synchronization.
    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the activation mechanism of human TMEM63A induced by lysophosphatidylcholine insertion
    Zain Babar, Junaid Wahid, Xiaofei Ji(季晓飞), Huilin Zhao(赵慧琳), Hua Yu(于华), and Dali Wang(王大力)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128704.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae172d
    Abstract ( 10 )  
    OSCA/TMEM63 protein families are recognized as typical mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels in both plants and animals. Resolved OSCA and TMEM63 structures have revealed that these channels are forming dimer and monomer, respectively. Despite the distinguished architectures, OSCA and TMEM63 serve similar functions in multiple physiological processes. Recently, human TMEM63A (hTMEM63A) structure was identified, allowing for investigation into the activation mechanism of hTMEM63A through molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In this study, we performed multi-scale MD simulations toward hTMEM63A, aiming to reveal how lipid binding regulates hTMEM63A activation. Our results identified two regions on the surface of hTMEM63A, exhibiting a preference for lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) lipids. Further conformation analyses clarified the activation mechanism of hTMEM63A induced by LPC insertion. These simulation results provide detailed insights into the hTMEM63A-lipid interaction and significant conformational changes associated with hTMEM63A gating, thereby shed lights on the MS ion channel activation mechanism driven by lipid plugging.
    Overlapping community detection on attributed graphs via neutrosophic C-means
    Yuhan Jia(贾雨涵), Leyan Ouyang(欧阳乐严), Qiqi Wang(王萁淇), and Huijia Li(李慧嘉)
    Chin. Phys. B, 2025, 34 (12):  128901.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adea9a
    Abstract ( 16 )  
    Detecting overlapping communities in attributed networks remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of jointly modeling topological structure and node attributes, the unknown number of communities, and the need to capture nodes with multiple memberships. To address these issues, we propose a novel framework named density peaks clustering with neutrosophic C-means. First, we construct a consensus embedding by aligning structure-based and attribute-based representations using spectral decomposition and canonical correlation analysis. Then, an improved density peaks algorithm automatically estimates the number of communities and selects initial cluster centers based on a newly designed cluster strength metric. Finally, a neutrosophic C-means algorithm refines the community assignments, modeling uncertainty and overlap explicitly. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world networks demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior performance in terms of detection accuracy, stability, and its ability to identify overlapping structures.
ISSN 1674-1056   CN 11-5639/O4
, Vol. 34, No. 12

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