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Image segmentation of exfoliated two-dimensional materials by generative adversarial network-based data augmentation Xiaoyu Cheng(程晓昱), Chenxue Xie(解晨雪), Yulun Liu(刘宇伦), Ruixue Bai(白瑞雪), Nanhai Xiao(肖南海), Yanbo Ren(任琰博), Xilin Zhang(张喜林), Hui Ma(马惠), and Chongyun Jiang(蒋崇云) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (3): 030703.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad23d8 Abstract （356）   HTML （28）    PDF （1065KB）（316）       Knowledge map    Mechanically cleaved two-dimensional materials are random in size and thickness. Recognizing atomically thin flakes by human experts is inefficient and unsuitable for scalable production. Deep learning algorithms have been adopted as an alternative, nevertheless a major challenge is a lack of sufficient actual training images. Here we report the generation of synthetic two-dimensional materials images using StyleGAN3 to complement the dataset. DeepLabv3Plus network is trained with the synthetic images which reduces overfitting and improves recognition accuracy to over 90%. A semi-supervisory technique for labeling images is introduced to reduce manual efforts. The sharper edges recognized by this method facilitate material stacking with precise edge alignment, which benefits exploring novel properties of layered-material devices that crucially depend on the interlayer twist-angle. This feasible and efficient method allows for the rapid and high-quality manufacturing of atomically thin materials and devices.

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Measuring small longitudinal phase shifts via weak measurement amplification Kai Xu(徐凯), Xiao-Min Hu(胡晓敏), Meng-Jun Hu(胡孟军), Ning-Ning Wang(王宁宁), Chao Zhang(张超), Yun-Feng Huang(黄运锋), Bi-Heng Liu(柳必恒), Chuan-Feng Li(李传锋), Guang-Can Guo(郭光灿), and Yong-Sheng Zhang(张永生) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (3): 030602.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad1c5a Abstract （179）   HTML （11）    PDF （1036KB）（230）       Knowledge map    Weak measurement amplification, which is considered as a very promising scheme in precision measurement, has been applied to various small physical quantities estimations. Since many physical quantities can be converted into phase signals, it is interesting and important to consider measuring small longitudinal phase shifts by using weak measurement. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel weak measurement amplification-based small longitudinal phase estimation, which is suitable for polarization interferometry. We realize one order of magnitude amplification measurement of a small phase signal directly introduced by a liquid crystal variable retarder and show that it is robust to the imperfection of interference. Besides, we analyze the effect of magnification error which is never considered in the previous works, and find the constraint on the magnification. Our results may find important applications in high-precision measurements, e.g., gravitational wave detection.

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Anomalous spin Josephson effect in spin superconductors Wen Zeng(曾文) and Rui Shen(沈瑞) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (3): 037401.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad1982 Abstract （88）   HTML （3）    PDF （634KB）（84）       Knowledge map    The spin superconductor state is the spin-polarized triplet exciton condensate, which can be viewed as a counterpart of the charge superconductor state. As an analogy of the charge Josephson effect, the spin Josephson effect can be generated in the spin superconductor/normal metal/spin superconductor junctions. Here we study the spin supercurrent in the Josephson junctions consisting of two spin superconductors with noncollinear spin polarizations. For the Josephson junctions with out-of-plane spin polarizations, the possible π-state spin supercurrent appears due to the Fermi momentum-splitting Andreev-like reflections at the normal metal/spin superconductor interfaces. For the Josephson junctions with in-plane spin polarizations, the anomalous spin supercurrent appears and is driven by the misorientation angle of the in-plane polarizations. The symmetry analysis shows that the appearance of the anomalous spin Josephson current is possible when the combined symmetry of the spin rotation and the time reversal is broken.

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Creation and annihilation of artificial magnetic skyrmions with the electric field Jun Cheng(程军), Liang Sun(孙亮), Yike Zhang(张一可), Tongzhou Ji(吉同舟), Rongxing Cao(曹荣幸), Bingfeng Miao(缪冰锋), Yonggang Zhao(赵永刚), and Haifeng Ding(丁海峰) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (3): 037501.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad188f Abstract （173）   HTML （4）    PDF （1824KB）（135）       Knowledge map    Recent theory and experiments show that artificial magnetic skyrmions can be stabilized at room temperature without the need for the external magnetic field, casting strong potentials for the device applications. In this work, we study the electric field manipulation of artificial magnetic skyrmions imprinted by Co disks on CoPt multilayers utilizing the micromagnetic simulations. We find that the reversible annihilation and creation of skyrmions can be realized with the electric field via the strain mediated magnetoelastic coupling. In addition, we also demonstrate controllable manipulation of individual skyrmion, which opens a new platform for constructing magnetic field-free and low-energy dissipation skyrmion based media.

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Nanoscale cathodoluminescence spectroscopy probing the nitride quantum wells in an electron microscope Zhetong Liu(刘哲彤), Bingyao Liu(刘秉尧), Dongdong Liang(梁冬冬), Xiaomei Li(李晓梅), Xiaomin Li(李晓敏), Li Chen(陈莉), Rui Zhu(朱瑞), Jun Xu(徐军), Tongbo Wei(魏同波), Xuedong Bai(白雪冬), and Peng Gao(高鹏) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (3): 038502.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad1c56 Abstract （85）   HTML （0）    PDF （1300KB）（70）       Knowledge map    To gain further understanding of the luminescence properties of multiquantum wells and the factors affecting them on a microscopic level, cathodoluminescence combined with scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy was used to measure the luminescence of In0.15Ga0.85N five-period multiquantum wells. The lattice-composition-energy relationship was established with the help of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and the bandgaps of In0.15Ga0.85N and GaN in multiple quantum wells were extracted by electron energy loss spectroscopy to understand the features of cathodoluminescence spectra. The luminescence differences between different periods of multiquantum wells and the effects of defects such as composition fluctuation and dislocations on the luminescence of multiple quantum wells were revealed. Our study establishing the direct relationship between the atomic structure of InxGa1-xN multiquantum wells and photoelectric properties provides useful information for nitride applications.

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Remote entangling gate between a quantum dot spin and a transmon qubit mediated by microwave photons Xing-Yu Zhu(朱行宇), Le-Tian Zhu(朱乐天), Tao Tu(涂涛), and Chuan-Feng Li(李传锋) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (2): 020315.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad1747 Abstract （371）   HTML （7）    PDF （729KB）（363）       Knowledge map    Spin qubits and superconducting qubits are promising candidates for realizing solid-state quantum information processors. Designing a hybrid architecture that combines the advantages of different qubits on the same chip is a highly desirable but challenging goal. Here we propose a hybrid architecture that utilizes a high-impedance SQUID array resonator as a quantum bus, thereby coherently coupling different solid-state qubits. We employ a resonant exchange spin qubit hosted in a triple quantum dot and a superconducting transmon qubit. Since this hybrid system is highly tunable, it can operate in a dispersive regime, where the interaction between the different qubits is mediated by virtual photons. By utilizing such interactions, entangling gate operations between different qubits can be realized in a short time of 30 ns with a fidelity of up to 96.5% under realistic parameter conditions. Further utilizing this interaction, remote entangled state between different qubits can be prepared and is robust to perturbations of various parameters. These results pave the way for exploring efficient fault-tolerant quantum computation on hybrid quantum architecture platforms.

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Angular and planar transport properties of antiferromagnetic V5S8 Xiao-Kai Wu(吴晓凯), Bin Wang(王彬), De-Tong Wu(吴德桐), Bo-Wen Chen(陈博文), Meng-Juan Mi(弭孟娟), Yi-Lin Wang(王以林), and Bing Shen(沈冰) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (2): 027503.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad15f9 Abstract （223）   HTML （4）    PDF （9933KB）（253）       Knowledge map    Systemically angular and planar transport investigations are performed in layered antiferromagnetic (AF) V5S8. In this AF system, obvious anomalous Hall effect (AHE) is observed with a large Hall angle of 0.1 compared to that in ferromagnetic (FM) system. It can persist to the temperatures above AF transition and exhibit strong angular field dependence. The phase diagram reveals various magnetic states by rotating the applied field. By analyzing the anisotropic transport behavior, magnon contributions are revealed and exhibit obvious angular dependence with a spin-flop vanishing line. The observed prominent planar Hall effect and anisotropic magnetoresisitivity exhibit two-fold systematical angular dependent oscillations. These behaviors are attributed to the scattering from spin-orbital coupling instead of nontrivial topological origin. Our results reveal anisotropic interactions of magnetism and electron in V5S8, suggesting potential opportunities for the AF spintronic sensor and devices.

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Molecular dynamics simulations on the interactions between nucleic acids and a phospholipid bilayer Yao Xu(徐耀), Shu-Wei Huang(黄舒伟), Hong-Ming Ding(丁泓铭), and Yu-Qiang Ma(马余强) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (2): 028701.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad1178 Abstract （136）   HTML （6）    PDF （4235KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Recently, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been extensively investigated as non-viral carriers of nucleic acid vaccines due to their high transport efficiency, safety, and straightforward production and scalability. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interactions between nucleic acids and phospholipid bilayers within LNPs remains elusive. In this study, we employed the all-atom molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the interactions between single-stranded nucleic acids and a phospholipid bilayer. Our findings revealed that hydrophilic bases, specifically G in single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), displayed a higher propensity to form hydrogen bonds with phospholipid head groups. Notably, ssRNA exhibited stronger binding energy than ssDNA. Furthermore, divalent ions, particularly Ca2+, facilitated the binding of ssRNA to phospholipids due to their higher binding energy and lower dissociation rate from phospholipids. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nucleic acid-phospholipid interactions, with potential implications for the nucleic acids in biotherapies, particularly in the context of lipid carriers.

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High responsivity photodetectors based on graphene/WSe2 heterostructure by photogating effect Shuping Li(李淑萍), Ting Lei(雷挺), Zhongxing Yan(严仲兴), Yan Wang(王燕), Like Zhang(张黎可), Huayao Tu(涂华垚), Wenhua Shi(时文华), and Zhongming Zeng(曾中明) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (1): 018501.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/acfa84 Abstract （302）   HTML （12）    PDF （3677KB）（317）       Knowledge map    Graphene, with its zero-bandgap electronic structure, is a highly promising ultra-broadband light absorbing material. However, the performance of graphene-based photodetectors is limited by weak absorption efficiency and rapid recombination of photoexcited carriers, leading to poor photodetection performance. Here, inspired by the photogating effect, we demonstrated a highly sensitive photodetector based on graphene/WSe2 vertical heterostructure where the WSe2 layer acts as both the light absorption layer and the localized grating layer. The graphene conductive channel is induced to produce more carriers by capacitive coupling. Due to the strong light absorption and high external quantum efficiency of multilayer WSe2, as well as the high carrier mobility of graphene, a high photocurrent is generated in the vertical heterostructure. As a result, the photodetector exhibits ultra-high responsivity of 3.85×104 A/W and external quantum efficiency of 1.3×107%. This finding demonstrates that photogating structures can effectively enhance the sensitivity of graphene-based photodetectors and may have great potential applications in future optoelectronic devices.

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Effects of carrier density and interactions on pairing symmetry in a t2g model Yun-Xiao Li(李云霄), Wen-Han Xi(西文翰), Zhao-Yang Dong(董召阳), Zi-Jian Yao(姚子健), Shun-Li Yu(于顺利), and Jian-Xin Li(李建新) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (1): 017404.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad1094 Abstract （181）   HTML （8）    PDF （4482KB）（213）       Knowledge map    By utilizing the fluctuation exchange approximation method, we perform a study on the superconducting pairing symmetry in a t2g three-orbital model on the square lattice. Although the tight-binding parameters of the model are based on Sr2RuO4, we have systematically studied the evolution of superconducting pairing symmetry with the carrier density and interactions, making our findings relevant to a broader range of material systems. Under a moderate Hund's coupling, we find that spin fluctuations dominate the superconducting pairing, leading to a prevalent spin-singlet pairing with a dx2-y2-wave symmetry for the carrier density within the range of n=1.5—4 per site. By reducing the Hund's coupling, the charge fluctuations are enhanced and play a crucial role in determining the pairing symmetry, leading to a transition of the pairing symmetry from the spin-singlet dx2-y2-wave to the spin-triplet p-wave. Furthermore, we find that the superconducting pairings are orbital dependent. As the carrier density changes from n=4 to n=1.5, the active orbitals for superconducting pairing shift from the quasi-two-dimensional orbital dxy to the quasi-one-dimensional orbitals dxz and dyz.

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Sharing quantum nonlocality in the noisy scenario Shu-Yuan Yang(杨舒媛), Jin-Chuan Hou(侯晋川), and Kan He(贺衎) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (1): 010302.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad062d Abstract （163）   HTML （4）    PDF （1719KB）（232）       Knowledge map    It was showed in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125 090401 (2020)] that there exist unbounded number of independent Bobs who can share quantum nonlocality with a single Alice by performing sequentially measurements on the Bob's half of the maximally entangled pure two-qubit state. However, from practical perspectives, errors in entanglement generation and noises in quantum measurements will result in the decay of nonlocality in the scenario. In this paper, we analyze the persistency and termination of sharing nonlocality in the noisy scenario. We first obtain the two sufficient conditions under which there exist n independent Bobs who can share nonlocality with a single Alice under noisy measurements and the noisy initial two qubit entangled state. Analyzing the two conditions, we find that the influences on persistency under different kinds of noises can cancel each other out. Furthermore, we describe the change patterns of the maximal nonlocality-sharing number under the influence of different noises. Finally, we extend our investigation to the case of arbitrary finite-dimensional systems.

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Observation of flat-band localized state in a one-dimensional diamond momentum lattice of ultracold atoms Chao Zeng(曾超), Yue-Ran Shi(石悦然), Yi-Yi Mao(毛一屹), Fei-Fei Wu(武菲菲), Yan-Jun Xie(谢岩骏), Tao Yuan(苑涛), Han-Ning Dai(戴汉宁), and Yu-Ao Chen(陈宇翱) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (1): 010303.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad0cd1 Abstract （158）   HTML （2）    PDF （1406KB）（193）       Knowledge map    We investigated the one-dimensional diamond ladder in the momentum lattice platform. By inducing multiple two- and four-photon Bragg scatterings among specific momentum states, we achieved a flat band system based on the diamond model, precisely controlling the coupling strength and phase between individual lattice sites. Utilizing two lattice sites couplings, we generated a compact localized state associated with the flat band, which remained localized throughout the entire time evolution. We successfully realized the continuous shift of flat bands by adjusting the corresponding nearest neighbor hopping strength, enabling us to observe the complete localization process. This opens avenues for further exploration of more complex properties within flat-band systems, including investigating the robustness of flat-band localized states in disordered flat-band systems and exploring many-body localization in interacting flat-band systems.

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Higher-order topological Anderson insulator on the Sierpiński lattice Huan Chen(陈焕), Zheng-Rong Liu(刘峥嵘), Rui Chen(陈锐), and Bin Zhou(周斌) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (1): 017202.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad09d4 Abstract （201）   HTML （4）    PDF （1459KB）（115）       Knowledge map    Disorder effects on topological materials in integer dimensions have been extensively explored in recent years. However, its influence on topological systems in fractional dimensions remains unclear. Here, we investigate the disorder effects on a fractal system constructed on the Sierpiński lattice in fractional dimensions. The system supports the second-order topological insulator phase characterized by a quantized quadrupole moment and the normal insulator phase. We find that the second-order topological insulator phase on the Sierpiński lattice is robust against weak disorder but suppressed by strong disorder. Most interestingly, we find that disorder can transform the normal insulator phase to the second-order topological insulator phase with an emergent quantized quadrupole moment. Finally, the disorder-induced phase is further confirmed by calculating the energy spectrum and the corresponding probability distributions.

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Optical study of magnetic topological insulator MnBi4Te7 Zhi-Yu Liao(廖知裕), Bing Shen(沈冰), Xiang-Gang Qiu(邱祥冈), and Bing Xu(许兵) Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33 (1): 017802.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad08aa Abstract （127）   HTML （1）    PDF （1149KB）（69）       Knowledge map    We present an infrared spectroscopy study of the magnetic topological insulator MnBi4Te7 with antiferromagnetic (AFM) order below the Néel temperature TN = 13 K. Our investigation reveals that the low-frequency optical conductivity consists of two Drude peaks, indicating a response of free carriers involving multiple bands. Interestingly, the narrow Drude peak grows strongly as the temperature decreases, while the broad Drude peak remains relatively unchanged. The onset of interband transitions starts around 2000 cm-1, followed by two prominent absorption peaks around 10000 cm-1 and 20000 cm-1. Upon cooling, there is a notable transfer of spectral weight from the interband transitions to the Drude response. Below TN, the AFM transition gives rise to small anomalies of the charge response due to a band reconstruction. These findings provide valuable insights into the interplay between magnetism and the electronic properties in MnBi4Te7.

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Room-temperature creation and manipulation of skyrmions in MgO/FeNiB/Mo multilayers Wen-Hui Liang(梁文会), Jian Su(苏鉴), Yu-Tong Wang(王雨桐), Ying Zhang(张颖), Feng-Xia Hu(胡凤霞), and Jian-Wang Cai(蔡建旺) Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32 (12): 127504.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/acf5d4 Abstract （408）   HTML （0）    PDF （6693KB）（489）       Knowledge map    Magnetic skyrmions in multilayer structures are considered as a new direction for the next generation of storage due to their small size, strong anti-interference ability, high current-driven mobility, and compatibility with existing spintronic technology. In this work, we present a tunable room temperature skyrmion platform based on multilayer stacks of MgO/FeNiB/Mo. We systematically studied the creation of magnetic skyrmions in MgO/FeNiB/Mo multilayer structures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA). In these structures, the magnetic anisotropy changes from PMA to in-plane magnetic anisotropy (IMA) as the thickness of FeNiB layer increases. By adjusting the applied magnetic field and electric current, stable and high-density skyrmions can be obtained in the material system. The discovery of this material broadens the exploration of new materials for skyrmion and promotes the development of spintronic devices based on skyrmions.

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In-plane uniaxial-strain tuning of superconductivity and charge-density wave in CsV3Sb5 Xiaoran Yang(杨晓冉), Qi Tang(唐绮), Qiuyun Zhou(周秋韵), Huaiping Wang(王怀平), Yi Li(李意), Xue Fu(付雪), Jiawen Zhang(张加文), Yu Song(宋宇), Huiqiu Yuan(袁辉球), Pengcheng Dai(戴鹏程), and Xingye Lu(鲁兴业) Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32 (12): 127101.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/acf707 Abstract （297）   HTML （0）    PDF （1831KB）（338）       Knowledge map    The kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 with exotic electronic properties has attracted substantial research interest, and the interplay between the superconductivity and the charge-density wave is crucial for understanding its unusual electronic ground state. In this work, we performed resistivity and AC magnetic susceptibility measurements on CsV3Sb5 single crystals uniaxially-strained along [100] and [110] directions. We find that the uniaxial-strain tuning effect of Tc (Tc/dε) and TCDW (dTCDW/dε) are almost identical along these distinct high-symmetry directions. These findings suggest the in-plane uniaxial-strain-tuning of Tc and TCDW in CsV3Sb5 are dominated by associated c-axis strain, whereas the response to purely in-plane strains is likely small.

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Complete population transfer between next-adjacent energy levels of a transmon qudit Yingshan Zhang(张颖珊), Pei Liu(刘培), Jingning Zhang(张静宁), Ruixia Wang(王睿侠), Weiyang Liu(刘伟洋), Jiaxiu Han(韩佳秀), Yirong Jin(金贻荣), and Haifeng Yu(于海峰) Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32 (12): 120306.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad02e4 Abstract （196）   HTML （0）    PDF （15380KB）（244）       Knowledge map    The utilization of qudits in quantum systems has led to significant advantages in quantum computation and information processing. Therefore, qudits have gained increased attention in recent research for their precise and efficient operations. In this work, we demonstrate the complete population transfer between the next-adjacent energy levels of a transmon qudit using the Pythagorean coupling method and energy level mapping. We achieve a |0> to |2> transfer with a process fidelity of 97.76% in the subspace spanned by |0> to |2>. Moreover, the transfer operation is achieved within a remarkably fast timescale, as short as 20 ns. This study may present a promising avenue for enhancing the operation flexibility and efficiency of qudits in future implementations.

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Chair-like N66- in AlN3 with high-energy density Shi-Tai Guo(郭世泰), Zhen-Zhen Xu(徐真真), Yan-Lei Geng(耿延雷), Qi Rui(芮琦), Dian-Chen Du(杜殿臣), Jian-Fu Li(李建福), and Xiao-Li Wang(王晓丽) Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32 (12): 126202.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/acfd1a Abstract （230）   HTML （0）    PDF （1815KB）（199）       Knowledge map    The search for stable novel polynitrogen clusters has garnered significant attention in the field of energetic materials due to their potential applications as high-energy-density materials. In this study, a chair-like N66- ring with N-N single bonds in the AlN3 compound is theoretically predicted through first-principles calculations in conjunction with an unbiased structure searching method. The predicted AlN3 phase exhibits high kinetic and thermodynamic stability, along with a high energy density of 5.04 kJ/g relative to AlN and N2 gas. Additionally, its detonation velocity and pressure are estimated to reach 12.93 km/s and 1009.63 kbar, respectively. These values are greater than those of TNT and HMX, positioning it as a promising candidate for high-energy-density materials in the field of explosive combustion. The analysis of electronic properties and the related chemical bonding patterns indicates that the compounds are stabilized by both Coulomb interactions and covalent bonds. More importantly, the calculated formation of enthalpy indicates that the N66- anions within AlN3 can be synthesized by compressing AlN and N2 at a moderate pressure (46 GPa). These findings present a viable approach for synthesizing and stabilizing the all-nitrogen N66- anions.

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Ultralow-temperature heat transport study of noncentrosymmetric superconductor CaPtAs Yimin Wan(万一民), Erjian Cheng(程二建), Yuxin Chen(陈宇鑫), Chengcheng Zhao(赵成成), Chengpeng Tu(涂成鹏), Dongzhe Dai(戴东喆), Xiaofan Yang(杨小帆), Lu Xin(辛路), Wu Xie(谢武), Huiqiu Yuan(袁辉球), and Shiyan Li(李世燕) Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32 (12): 127403.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad02e9 Abstract （179）   HTML （0）    PDF （1028KB）（134）       Knowledge map    The noncentrosymmetric superconductor CaPtAs with time-reversal symmetry breaking in its superconducting state was previously proposed to host nodal superconductivity. Here, by employing ultralow-temperature thermal conductivity measurement on CaPtAs single crystal, we study its superconducting gap structure. A negligible residual linear term of thermal conductivity (κ0/T) in zero magnetic field and the field dependence of κ0/T indicate that CaPtAs has multiple superconducting gaps with a dominant s-wave component. This is consistent with recent nuclear quadrupole resonance measurements on CaPtAs. Our work puts a strong constraint on the theories to describe the superconducting pairing symmetry of CaPtAs.

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Direct measurement of nonlocal quantum states without approximation Gang Yang(杨冈), Ran Yang(杨然), Yan-Xiao Gong(龚彦晓), and Shi-Ning Zhu(祝世宁) Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32 (11): 110306.   DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/acf5d7 Abstract （286）   HTML （15）    PDF （503KB）（317）       Knowledge map    Efficient acquiring information from a quantum state is important for research in fundamental quantum physics and quantum information applications. Instead of using standard quantum state tomography method with reconstruction algorithm, weak values were proposed to directly measure density matrix elements of quantum state. Recently, similar to the concept of weak value, modular values were introduced to extend the direct measurement scheme to nonlocal quantum wavefunction. However, this method still involves approximations, which leads to inherent low precision. Here, we propose a new scheme which enables direct measurement for ideal value of the nonlocal density matrix element without taking approximations. Our scheme allows more accurate characterization of nonlocal quantum states, and therefore has greater advantages in practical measurement scenarios.

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