| ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS |
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Optical image watermarking based on orbital angular momentum holography |
| Jialong Zhu(朱家龙)1,2,†, Jiaying Ji(季佳滢)1, Le Wang(王乐)1, and Shengmei Zhao(赵生妹)1,3,‡ |
1 Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China;
2 School of Information Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian 223800, China;
3 National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China |
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Abstract We propose an optical image watermarking scheme based on orbital angular momentum (OAM) holography. Multiple topological charges (TCs, $l$) of OAM, as multiple cryptographic sub-keys, are embedded into the host image along with the watermark information. Moreover, the Arnold transformation is employed to further enhance the security and the scrambling time ($m$) is also served as another cryptographic key. The watermark image is embedded into the host image by using the discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) methods. Importantly, the interference image is utilized to further enhance security. The imperceptibility of our proposed method is analyzed by using the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and the histogram of the watermarked host image. To demonstrate robustness, a series of attack tests, including Gaussian noise, Poisson noise, salt-and-pepper noise, JPEG compression, Gaussian low-pass filtering, cropping, and rotation, are conducted. The experimental results show that our proposed method has advanced security, imperceptibility, and robustness, making it a promising option for optical image watermarking applications.
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Received: 31 August 2024
Revised: 21 October 2024
Accepted manuscript online: 30 October 2024
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PACS:
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42.40.Jv
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(Computer-generated holograms)
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42.30.-d
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(Imaging and optical processing)
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| Fund: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62375140), the Natural Science Foundation of Suqian, Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. S202108), the Open Research Fund of the National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures (Grant No. M36055), and the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. KYCX21-0745). |
Corresponding Authors:
Jialong Zhu, Shengmei Zhao
E-mail: zjl@squ.edu.cn;zhaosm@njupt.edu.cn
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Cite this article:
Jialong Zhu(朱家龙), Jiaying Ji(季佳滢), Le Wang(王乐), and Shengmei Zhao(赵生妹) Optical image watermarking based on orbital angular momentum holography 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 124202
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