Spectroscopic studies of two-dimensional superconductivity

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ae4c6d

Abstract Two-dimensional superconductivity has become a major frontier in condensed matter physics. It holds the key to understanding the mechanism of high-temperature superconductors and offers an exceptional arena for stabilizing emergent quantum states enabled by enhanced electron correlations in reduced dimensionality. These states are frequently characterized by spatial modulations and intertwined with competing orders, calling for studies that combine real-space imaging with local spectroscopy. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy meet this need by directly accessing the local density of states with lattice-scale resolution. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the study of several representative unconventional superconductors using this technique, focusing on the direct characterization of high-temperature super-conducting planes, pair-density waves, and topological superconductivity in both artificial heterostructures and intrinsic materials. We conclude by outlining current challenges and future directions motivated by these microscopic insights.

Keywords: two-dimensional superconductivity scanning tunneling microscopy unconventional superconducting planes pair-density waves topological superconductivity

Received: 02 January 2026
Revised: 05 February 2026
Accepted manuscript online: 03 March 2026

PACS:	68.65.-k	(Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties)
	68.37.Ef	(Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM))
	71.27.+a	(Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions)

Fund: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12474130, 12141403, and 12134008) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFA1403100).

Corresponding Authors: Can-Li Song
E-mail: clsong07@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Cite this article:

Qiang-Jun Cheng(程强军), Xu-Cun Ma(马旭村), Qi-Kun Xue(薛其坤), and Can-Li Song(宋灿立) Spectroscopic studies of two-dimensional superconductivity 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 066801

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