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Bessel vortices in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates with Zeeman splitting and spin-orbit coupling |
| Huan-Bo Luo(罗焕波)1,2, Xin-Feng Zhang(张鑫锋)2, Runhua Li(李润华)1, Yongyao Li(黎永耀)2, and Bin Liu(刘彬)2,† |
1 Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
2 School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China |
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Abstract We investigate the ground states of spin-orbit coupled spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates in the presence of Zeeman splitting. By introducing the generalized momentum operator, the linear version of the system is solved exactly, yielding a set of Bessel vortices. Additionally, based on linear solution and using variational approximation, the solutions for the full nonlinear system and their ground state phase diagrams are derived, including the vortex states with quantum numbers $m=0$, 1, as well as mixed states. In this work, mixed states in spin-1 spin-orbit coupling (SOC) BEC are interpreted for the first time as weighted superpositions of three vortex states. Furthermore, the results also indicate that under strong Zeeman splitting, the system cannot form localized states. The variational solutions align well with numerical simulations, showing stable evolution and meeting the criteria for long-term observation in experiments.
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Received: 14 June 2024
Revised: 16 July 2024
Accepted manuscript online: 17 July 2024
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PACS:
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03.75.Lm
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(Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons, vortices, and topological excitations)
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71.70.Ej
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(Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect)
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75.70.Tj
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(Spin-orbit effects)
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| Fund: Project supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2023A1515110198), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant Nos. 2024A1515030131 and 2021A1515010214), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12274077, 11905032, and 12475014), the Research Fund of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Intelligent Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Technology (Grant No. 2020B1212030010), and the Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 1695/22). |
Corresponding Authors:
Bin Liu
E-mail: binliu@fosu.edu.cn
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Cite this article:
Huan-Bo Luo(罗焕波), Xin-Feng Zhang(张鑫锋), Runhua Li(李润华), Yongyao Li(黎永耀), and Bin Liu(刘彬) Bessel vortices in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates with Zeeman splitting and spin-orbit coupling 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 100304
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