Review of the strategies for regulating working temperatures of rare-earth-based low temperature magnetic cooling materials

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ae3f92

Abstract Magnetic refrigeration technology based on the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) shows great potential for application in low-temperature fields such as nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen liquefaction. Rare-earth-based compounds usually display outstanding magnetocaloric performance due to the vacant 4f shell and larger magnetic moments, so they have attracted much attention. The working temperature is one of the core parameters of low-temperature magnetic refrigeration materials, which needs to match specific application scenarios ($\sim 4.2$ K for liquid helium, $\sim 20$ K for liquid hydrogen, $\sim 77$ K for liquid nitrogen). This paper reviews the strategies for regulating the working temperatures of rare-earth-based low-temperature magnetic refrigeration materials and concentrates on low-spin rare-earth substitution, zero-spin rare-earth substitution, amorphous engineering, and non-rare-earth atom substitution methods. It provides references for designing low-temperature magnetic refrigeration materials with desired working temperatures.

Keywords: magnetocaloric effect rare earth based compounds working temperature

Received: 20 November 2025
Revised: 19 January 2026
Accepted manuscript online: 30 January 2026

PACS:

75.30.Sg

(Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling)

Fund: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFA1610400) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52171170 and 52130103).

Corresponding Authors: Xinqi Zheng, Shouguo Wang
E-mail: zhengxq@ustb.edu.cn;sgwang@ahu.edu.cn

Cite this article:

Jie Zhao(赵洁), Yawei Gao(高亚伟), Dingsong Wang(王鼎淞), Shuxian Yang(杨淑娴), Lei Xi(奚磊), Hao Liu(刘昊), Yang Pan(潘洋), Jiawang Xu(许家旺), Xinqi Zheng(郑新奇), and Shouguo Wang(王守国) Review of the strategies for regulating working temperatures of rare-earth-based low temperature magnetic cooling materials 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 077501

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Review of the strategies for regulating working temperatures of rare-earth-based low temperature magnetic cooling materials

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