|
|
|
Non-reciprocal and artificial Λ-type systems in waveguide QED with parametrically modulated superconducting qubits |
| Bing-Jie Chen(陈炳杰)1,2, Li Li(李力)1,2, Rui-Yang Gong(龚锐洋)3, Silu Zhao(赵思路)1,2, Shi Xiao(肖师)1,2,4, Xiaohui Song(宋小会)1,2,5, Zhongcheng Xiang(相忠诚)1,2,5, and Dongning Zheng(郑东宁)1,2,5,† |
1 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3 School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
4 Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Applications, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;
5 Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract We present a non-local quantum system based on a waveguide QED architecture, comprising two spatially separated and largely detuned superconducting transmon qubits. By applying parametric frequency modulation to one of the qubits, we establish a tunable coherent channel between the two far-detuned qubits, thereby forming an Λ-type three-level system. We demonstrate that tuning the modulation amplitude enables the observation of spectral evolution from electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to Autler–Townes splitting (ATS). Furthermore, by exploiting the interplay between the non-local waveguide phase and system dissipation, the system achieves significant non-reciprocal microwave transmission and direction-selective photon emission. The scheme operates without external magnetic fields, offering an efficient pathway for realizing on-chip integrated quantum routers and isolators.
|
Received: 20 January 2026
Revised: 25 February 2026
Accepted manuscript online: 10 March 2026
|
|
PACS:
|
42.50.Pq
|
(Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers)
|
| |
42.50.Gy
|
(Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and Amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and Absorption)
|
| |
03.65.Yz
|
(Decoherence; open systems; quantum statistical methods)
|
| |
03.67.Lx
|
(Quantum computation architectures and implementations)
|
|
| Fund: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12574540, 92265207, and T2121001) and Quantum Science and Technology – National Science and Technology Major Project of China (Grant No. 2021ZD0301800). |
Corresponding Authors:
Dongning Zheng
E-mail: dzheng@iphy.ac.cn
|
Cite this article:
Bing-Jie Chen(陈炳杰), Li Li(李力), Rui-Yang Gong(龚锐洋), Silu Zhao(赵思路), Shi Xiao(肖师), Xiaohui Song(宋小会), Zhongcheng Xiang(相忠诚), and Dongning Zheng(郑东宁) Non-reciprocal and artificial Λ-type systems in waveguide QED with parametrically modulated superconducting qubits 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 064204
|
[1] Blais A, Grimsmo A L, Girvin S M and Wallraff A 2021 Rev. Mod. Phys. 93 025005
[2] Wallraff A, Schuster D I, Blais A, Frunzio L, Huang R S, Majer J, Kumar S, Girvin S M and Schoelkopf R J 2004 Nature 431 162
[3] You J Q and Nori F 2011 Nature 474 589
[4] Gu X, Kockum A F, Miranowicz A, Liu Y X and Nori F 2017 Physics Reports 718–719 1
[5] Krantz P, Kjaergaard M, Yan F, Orlando T P, Gustavsson S and Oliver W D 2019 Appl. Phys. Rev. 6 021318
[6] Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, et al. 2019 Nature 574 505
[7] Koch J, Yu T M, Gambetta J, Houck A A, Schuster D I, Majer J, Blais A, Devoret M H, Girvin S M and Schoelkopf R J 2007 Phys. Rev. A 76 042319
[8] Houck A A, Schuster D I, Gambetta J M, Schreier J A, Johnson B R, Chow J M, Frunzio L, Majer J, Devoret M H, Girvin S M and Schoelkopf R J 2007 Nature 449 328
[9] Bozyigit D, Lang C, Steffen L, Fink J M, Eichler C, Baur M, Bianchetti R, Leek P J, Filipp S, Da Silva M P, Blais A and Wallraff A 2011 Nat. Phys. 7 154
[10] DiCarlo L, Chow J M, Gambetta J M, Bishop L S, Johnson B R, Schuster D I, Majer J, Blais A, Frunzio L, Girvin S M and Schoelkopf R J 2009 Nature 460 240
[11] Gambetta J M, Houck A A and Blais A 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 106 030502
[12] Li K and Zhao J L 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 090306
[13] Inomata K, Lin Z, Koshino K, Oliver W D, Tsai J S, Yamamoto T and Nakamura Y 2016 Nat. Commun. 7 12303
[14] Roy D, Wilson C M and Firstenberg O 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys. 89 021001
[15] Abdumalikov A A, Astafiev O, Zagoskin A M, Pashkin Yu A, Nakamura Y and Tsai J S 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 193601
[16] Hoi I C, Wilson C M, Johansson G, Palomaki T, Peropadre B and Delsing P 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 073601
[17] Zhang Y X, I Carceller C R, Kjaergaard M and Sørensen A S 2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 127 233601
[18] Hu Y, Li S Y, Chen E Q, Zhang J, Liu Y x, Feng J G and Peng Z 2025 Appl. Phys. Lett. 128 154004
[19] Duan L M, Lukin M D, Cirac J I and Zoller P 2001 Nature 414 413
[20] Kimble H J 2008 Nature 453 1023
[21] Hoi I C, Kockum A F, Palomaki T, Stace T M, Fan B, Tornberg L, Sathyamoorthy S R, Johansson G, Delsing P and Wilson C M 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 053601
[22] Chen W, Beck K M, Bucker R, Gullans M, Lukin M D, Tanji-Suzuki H and Vuletic V 2013 Science 341 768
[23] Novikov S, Sweeney T, Robinson J E, Premaratne S P, Suri B, Wellstood F C and Palmer B S 2016 Nat. Phys. 12 75
[24] Long J, Ku H S, Wu X, Gu X, Lake R E, Bal M, Liu Y X and Pappas D P 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 083602
[25] Sillanpaä M A, Li J, Cicak K, Altomare F, Park J I, Simmonds R W, Paraoanu G S and Hakonen P J 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 103 193601
[26] Brehm J D, Gebauer R, Stehli A, Poddubny A N, Sander O, Rotzinger H and Ustinov A V 2022 Appl. Phys. Lett. 121 204001
[27] Lalumiere K, Sanders B C, Van Loo A F, Fedorov A, Wallraff A and Blais A 2013 Phys. Rev. A 88 043806
[28] Van Loo A F, Fedorov A, Lalumiere K, Sanders B C, Blais A and Wall- raff A 2013 Science 342 1494
[29] Chu K I, Liao W T and Chen Y F 2023 Phys. Rev. Res. 5 033192
[30] Chu K I, Lu X C, Chiang K H, Lin Y H, Chen C D, Yu I A, Liao W T and Chen Y F 2025 Phys. Rev. Res. 7 L012015
[31] Chiang K H and Chen Y F 2022 Phys. Rev. A 106 023707
[32] Sounas D L and Alu A 2017 Nat. Photon. 11 774
[33] Metelmann A and Clerk A A 2015 Phys. Rev. X 5 021025
[34] Yu Z and Fan S 2009 Nat. Photon. 3 91
[35] Cao X, Irfan A, Mollenhauer M, Singirikonda K and Pfaff W 2024 Phys. Rev. Appl. 22 064023
[36] Yang L P and Chang Y 2024 Phys. Rev. A 110 023722
[37] Nefedkin N, Cotrufo M, Krasnok A and Alu A 2022 Advanced Quantum Technologies 5 2100112
[38] Li H, Zhang X, Zeng R, Hu M, Xu M, Zhou X, Xia X, Xu J and Yang Y 2024 Opt. Express 32 38292
[39] Dai J Y, Zhao M D, Zhou Y and Xin J 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 027301
[40] Frisk Kockum A 2021 International Symposium on Mathematics, Quantum Theory, and Cryptography ed Takagi T, Wakayama M, Tanaka K, Kunihiro N, Kimoto K and Ikematsu Y (Singapore: Springer Singapore) 33 pp. 125–146
[41] Kannan B, Ruckriegel M J, Campbell D L, Frisk Kockum A, Braumuller J, Kim D K, Kjaergaard M, Krantz P, Melville A, Niedziel- ski B M, Vepsal ainen A, Winik R, Yoder J L, Nori F, Orlando T P, Gustavsson S and Oliver W D 2020 Nature 583 775
[42] Sheremet A S, Petrov M I, Iorsh I V, Poshakinskiy A V and Poddubny A N 2023 Rev. Mod. Phys. 95 015002
[43] Miao Q and Agarwal G S 2025 Phys. Rev. Res. 7 013138
[44] Joshi C, Yang F and Mirhosseini M 2023 Phys. Rev. X 13 021039
[45] Chen Y T, Du L, Guo L, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y and Wu J H 2022 Commun. Phys. 5 215
[46] Kannan B, Campbell D L, Vasconcelos F, Winik R, Kim D K, Kjaergaard M, Krantz P, Melville A, Niedzielski B M, Yoder J L, Orlando T P, Gustavsson S and Oliver W D 2020 Science Advances 6 eabb8780
[47] Anisimov P M, Dowling J P and Sanders B C 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 163604
[48] Kannan B, Almanakly A, Sung Y, Di Paolo A, Rower D A, Braumuller J, Melville A, Niedzielski B M, Karamlou A, Serniak K, Vepsal ainen A, Schwartz M E, Yoder J L, Winik R, Wang J I J, Orlando T P, Gustavsson S, Grover J A and Oliver W D 2023 Nat. Phys. 19 394
[49] Kockum A F, Johansson G and Nori F 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 140404
[50] Johansson J R, Nation P D and Nori F 2012 Computer Physics Communications 183 1760
[51] Nie W, Shi T, Liu Y X and Nori F 2023 Phys. Rev. Lett. 131 103602
[52] Heiss W D 2012 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45 444016
[53] Liu Q C, Li T F, Luo X Q, Zhao H, Xiong W, Zhang Y S, Chen Z, Liu J S, Chen W, Nori F, Tsai J S and You J Q 2016 Phys. Rev. A 93 053838
[54] Ren Y M, Pan X F, Yao X Y, Huo X W, Zheng J C, Hei X L, Qiao Y F and Li P B 2025 Phys. Rev. Res. 7 023287
[55] Cai G, Lu Y, Ma X S, Cheng M T and Huang X 2023 Opt. Express 31 33015
[56] Gong R Y, He Z Y, Yu C H, Zhang G F, Nori F and Xiang Z L 2024 arXiv: 2411.19307
[57] Zou J P, Gong R Y and Xiang Z L 2022 Frontiers in Physics 10 896827
[58] Lodahl P, Mahmoodian S, Stobbe S, Rauschenbeutel A, Schneeweiss P, Volz J, Pichler H and Zoller P 2017 Nature 541 473 |
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
Altmetric
|
|
blogs
Facebook pages
Wikipedia page
Google+ users
|
Online attention
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.
View more on Altmetrics
|
|
|
