Please wait a minute...
Chin. Phys. B, 2026, Vol. 35(2): 023201    DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/adf318
ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS Prev   Next  

Rydberg six-wave mixing spectrum under ionized environment variation

Yinglong Diao(刁赢龙)1, Haoliang Hu(胡浩亮)1, Xiaofei Li(李小飞)1, Zhibo Li(李治博)1, Feitong Zeng(曾非同)1, Yanbin Chen(陈焱斌)2, and Shuhang You(游书航)1,†
1 China Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan Branch, Wuhan 430074, China;
2 Wuhan Yunheng Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China
Abstract  This paper presents the high-order nonlinear spectrum of six-wave mixing (SWM) influenced by ionizing Rydberg atom environment in rubidium thermal vapor. The experimentally measured transmitted SWM signals reveal significant spectrum shifts and novel regularities, providing nonlinear spectrum insights into the ionization characteristics of Rydberg atoms. The detailed spectrum variations with increasing ion density are presented, paving the way for multi-wave mixing distribution of plasma and demonstrating SWM's potential as a tool for measuring the electric field induced by the ionization process.
Keywords:  Rydberg atoms      six-wave mixing (SWM)      electric field measurement  
Received:  11 May 2025      Revised:  26 June 2025      Accepted manuscript online:  23 July 2025
PACS:  32.80.Rm (Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states)  
  42.65.Hw (Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects)  
  52.70.-m (Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation)  
  32.60.+i (Zeeman and Stark effects)  
Fund: Project supported by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China (Grant No. 5700-202355839A-4-3-WL).

Cite this article: 

Yinglong Diao(刁赢龙), Haoliang Hu(胡浩亮), Xiaofei Li(李小飞), Zhibo Li(李治博), Feitong Zeng(曾非同), Yanbin Chen(陈焱斌), and Shuhang You(游书航) Rydberg six-wave mixing spectrum under ionized environment variation 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 023201

[1] Gnedin Yu N, Mihajlov A A, Ignjatović Lj M, Sakan N M, Srećković V A, Zakharov M Yu, Bezuglov N N and Klycharev A N 2009 New Astron. Rev. 53 259
[2] Zelener B B, Vilshanskaya E V, Saakyan S A, Sautenkov V A, Zelener B V and Fortov V E 2021 JETP Lett. 113 82
[3] Gnedin Yu N, Mihajlov A A, Ignjatović Lj M, Sakan N M, Srećković V A, Zakharov M Yu, Bezuglov N N and Klycharev A N 2009 New Astron. Rev. 53 259
[4] Hogan S D 2021 Physics 14 145
[5] Wehrli D, Génévriez M, Knecht S, ReiherMand Merkt F 2021 J. Phys. Chem. A 125 6681
[6] Letunov A Y and Lisitsa V S 2023 Atoms 11 133
[7] Yuan J P, Yang W G, Jing M Y, Zhang H, Jiao Y C, Li W B, Zhang L J, Xiao L T and Jia S T 2023 Rep. Prog. Phys. 86 106001
[8] Gallagher T F 1988 Rep. Prog. Phys. 51 143
[9] Kastberg A 2020 Structure of Multielectron Atoms (Springer Nature Link)
[10] Jing M Y, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Zhang L J, Xiao L T and Jia S T 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 911
[11] Zheng H B, Yao X, Zhang Z Y, Che J L, Zhang Y Q, Zhang Y P and Xiao M 2014 Laser Phys. 224 045404
[12] Che J L, Ma J Q, Zheng H B, Zhang Z Y, Yao X, Zhang Y Q, Zhang Y P 2015 Europhys. Lett. 109 33001
[13] Zhang Y P and Xiao M 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 111104
[14] Zhang Y P, Brown A W and Xiao M 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 123603
[15] Nie Z Q, Zheng H B, Li P Z, Yang Y M, Zhang Y P and Xiao M 2008 Phys. Rev. A 77 063829
[16] Tong D, Farooqi S M, Stanojevic J, Krishnan S, Zhang Y P and Côté R, Eyler E E, Gould P L 2004 Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 063001
[17] Ding D S, Busche H, Shi B S, Guo G C and Adams C S 2020 Phys. Rev. X 10 021023
[18] Sibalić N, Pritchard J D, Adams C S and Weatherill K J 2017 Comput. Phys. Commun. 220 319
[19] Weller D, Shaffer J P, Pfau T, Löw R and Kübler H 2019 Phys. Rev. A 99 043418
[20] Nagesha K and MacAdam K B 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 113202
[21] Deutsch H, MacAdam K B, Becker K, Zhang H and Märk T D 2005 J. Phys. B 39 343
[22] Weller D, Urvoy A, Rico A, Löw R, Kübler H 2016 Phys. Rev. A 94 063820
[23] Kramers H A 1923 Philos. Mag. 46 836
[24] Anderson D A, Raithel G, Simons M and Holloway C L 2017 arXiv 1172 08717
[25] Taylor D R 1978 Can. J. Phys. 56 1308
[26] ZimmermanML, LittmanMG, KashMMand Kleppner D 1979 Phys. Rev. A 20 2251
[27] Wang X, He J, Bai J D and Wang J M 2020 Appl. Sci. 10 5646
[1] Optical PAM-4/PAM-8 generation via dual-Raman process in Rydberg atoms
Xiao-Yun Song(宋晓云), Zheng Yin(尹政), Guan-Yu Ren(任冠宇), Ming-Zhi Han(韩明志), Ai-Hong Yang(杨艾红), Yi-Hong Qi(祁义红), and Yan-Dong Peng(彭延东). Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33(6): 064203.
[2] Microwave electrometry with Rydberg atoms in a vapor cell using microwave amplitude modulation
Jian-Hai Hao(郝建海), Feng-Dong Jia(贾凤东), Yue Cui(崔越), Yu-Han Wang(王昱寒), Fei Zhou(周飞), Xiu-Bin Liu(刘修彬), Jian Zhang(张剑), Feng Xie(谢锋), Jin-Hai Bai(白金海), Jian-Qi You(尤建琦), Yu Wang(王宇), and Zhi-Ping Zhong(钟志萍). Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33(5): 050702.
[3] Microwave field sensor based on cold cesium Rydberg three-photon electromagnetically induced spectroscopy
Yuan-Yuan Wu(吴圆圆), Yun-Hui He(何云辉), Yue-Chun Jiao(焦月春), and Jian-Ming Zhao(赵建明). Chin. Phys. B, 2024, 33(11): 113201.
[4] Electric field intensity measurement by using doublet electromagnetically induced transparency of cold Rb Rydberg atoms
Ting Gong(宫廷), Shuai Shi(师帅), Zhonghua Ji(姬中华), Guqing Guo(郭古青), Xiaocong Sun(孙小聪), Yali Tian(田亚莉), Xuanbing Qiu(邱选兵), Chuanliang Li(李传亮), Yanting Zhao(赵延霆), and Suotang Jia(贾锁堂). Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32(10): 103202.
[5] An all-optical phase detector by amplitude modulation of the local field in a Rydberg atom-based mixer
Xiu-Bin Liu(刘修彬), Feng-Dong Jia(贾凤东), Huai-Yu Zhang(张怀宇), Jiong Mei(梅炅), Wei-Chen Liang(梁玮宸), Fei Zhou(周飞), Yong-Hong Yu(俞永宏), Ya Liu(刘娅), Jian Zhang(张剑), Feng Xie(谢锋), and Zhi-Ping Zhong(钟志萍). Chin. Phys. B, 2022, 31(9): 090703.
[6] Highly sensitive detection of Rydberg atoms with fluorescence loss spectrum in cold atoms
Xuerong Shi(师雪荣), Hao Zhang(张好), Mingyong Jing(景明勇), Linjie Zhang(张临杰), Liantuan Xiao(肖连团), Suotang Jia(贾锁堂). Chin. Phys. B, 2020, 29(1): 013201.
[7] Tunable multistability and nonuniform phases in a dimerized two-dimensional Rydberg lattice
Han-Xiao Zhang(张焓笑), Chu-Hui Fan(范楚辉), Cui-Li Cui(崔淬砺), Jin-Hui Wu(吴金辉). Chin. Phys. B, 2020, 29(1): 013204.
[8] Properties of collective Rabi oscillations with two Rydberg atoms
Dan-Dan Ma(马丹丹), Ke-Ye Zhang(张可烨), Jing Qian(钱静). Chin. Phys. B, 2019, 28(1): 013202.
[9] Analysis of the fractal intrinsic quality in the ionization of Rydberg helium and lithium atoms
Yanhui Zhang(张延惠), Xiulan Xu(徐秀兰), Lisha Kang(康丽莎), Xiangji Cai(蔡祥吉), Xu Tang(唐旭). Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27(5): 053401.
[10] Nonlinear spectroscopy of barium in parallel electric and magnetic fields
Yang Hai-Feng (杨海峰), Gao Wei (高伟), Cheng Hong (成红), Liu Hong-Ping (刘红平). Chin. Phys. B, 2014, 23(10): 103201.
[11] Spectral decomposition at complex laser polarization configuration
Yang Hai-Feng (杨海峰), Gao Wei (高伟), Cheng Hong (成红), Liu Hong-Ping (刘红平). Chin. Phys. B, 2013, 22(5): 053201.
[12] The fractal structure in the ionization dynamics of Rydberg lithium atoms in a static electric field
Deng Shan-Hong(邓善红), Gao Song(高嵩), Li Yong-Ping(李永平), Xu Xue-You(徐学友), and Lin Sheng-Lu(林圣路). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(4): 040511.
[13] Recombination during expansion of ultracold plasma
Zhao Jian-Ming(赵建明), Zhang Lin-Jie(张临杰), Feng Zhi-Gang(冯志刚), Li Chang-Yong(李昌勇), and Jia Suo-Tang(贾锁堂). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(4): 043202.
[14] Measurement of quantum defect of nS and nD states using field ionization spectroscopy in ultracold cesium atoms
Zhang Lin-Jie(张临杰), Feng Zhi-Gang(冯志刚), Li An-Ling(李安玲), Zhao Jian-Ming(赵建明), Li Chang-Yong(李昌勇), and Jia Suo-Tang(贾锁堂). Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18(5): 1838-1842.
[15] Study of the electric field and wall voltage in a high pressure ac-PDP cell by laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy
Zhou Yan (周艳), K. W. Whang, J. H. Yang, D. C. Jeong, C. H. Ha, Y. W. Choi. Chin. Phys. B, 2004, 13(6): 789-793.
No Suggested Reading articles found!