Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ab9f29

Abstract

We report the hydrothermal growth of pure and doped TiO₂ nanoparticles with different concentrations of carbon. The microstructure of the as-synthesized samples is characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Raman spectroscopy to understand the structure and composition. The XRD patterns confirm the formation of anatase phase of TiO₂ with the average crystallite size is calculated to be in the range of 13 nm to 14.7 nm. The functional groups of these nanostructures are characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, which further confirms the single anatase phase of the synthesized nanostructures. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy is used to understand the absorption behavior, which shows modification in the optical bandgap from 3.13 eV (pure TiO₂) to 3.74 eV (1.2 mol% C-doped TiO₂). Furthermore, the Ti³⁺ centers associated with oxygen vacancies are identified using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR).

Keywords: titanium dioxide hydrothermal synthesis defect states bandgap

Received: 17 April 2020
Revised: 03 June 2020
Accepted manuscript online: 23 June 2020

Fund: The authors would like to thank the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing funding (NRPU project 5349/Federal/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2016).

Corresponding Authors: ^†Corresponding author. E-mail: vitto.han@gmail.com

Cite this article:

Zafar Ali, Javaid Ismail, Rafaqat Hussain, A. Shah, Arshad Mahmood, Arbab Mohammad Toufiq, and Shams ur Rahman Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 118102

Fig. 1.

The XRD patterns of pure and C-doped TiO₂ NPs synthesized by the hydrothermal approach.

Fig. 2.

The EDX spectrum of (a) pure and (b) 1.2% C-doped TiO₂ NPs.

Fig. 3.

The FESEM images showing the morphology of (a) pure TiO₂ and (b) 1.2% C-doped TiO₂ NPs.

Fig. 4.

Raman spectra of pure and C-doped TiO₂ NPs.

Fig. 5.

The FT-IR spectra of pure and C-doped TiO₂ NPs.

Fig. 6.

(a) UV–vis absorption spectra, (b) Tauc plot of pure and carbon-doped TiO₂ NPs.

Table 1.

Bandgap of the undoped and doped TiO₂ NPs and their corresponding absorption wavelengths.

Fig. 7.

Room temperature EPR spectra of pure and C-doped TiO₂ NPs.

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Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon-doped TiO2 nanoparticles

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Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles