Special Issue:
SPECIAL TOPIC — Stephen J. Pennycook: A research life in atomic-resolution STEM and EELS
|
TOPICAL REVIEW — Stephen J. Pennycook: A research life in atomic-resolution STEM and EELS |
Prev
Next
|
|
|
Revealing the microstructures of metal halide perovskite thin films via advanced transmission electron microscopy |
Yeming Xian(冼业铭), Xiaoming Wang(王晓明), and Yanfa Yan(鄢炎发)† |
Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States |
|
|
Abstract Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are excellent semiconductors that have led to breakthroughs in applications in thin-film solar cells, detectors, and light-emitting diodes due to their remarkable optoelectronic properties and defect tolerance. However, the performance and stability of MHP-based devices are significantly influenced by their microstructures including the formation of defects, composition fluctuations, structural inhomogeneity, etc. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a powerful tool for direct observation of microstructure at the atomic-scale resolution and has been used to correlate the microstructure and performance of MHP-based devices. In this review, we highlight the application of TEM techniques in revealing the microstructures of MHP thin films at the atomic scale. The results provide critical understanding of the performance of MHP devices and guide the design of strategies for improving the performance and stability of MHP devices.
|
Received: 03 April 2024
Revised: 15 May 2024
Accepted manuscript online: 12 July 2024
|
PACS:
|
68.35.Dv
|
(Composition, segregation; defects and impurities)
|
|
68.37.Lp
|
(Transmission electron microscopy (TEM))
|
|
68.37.Ma
|
(Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM))
|
|
68.37.Og
|
(High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM))
|
|
Corresponding Authors:
Yanfa Yan
E-mail: yanfa.yan@utoledo.edu
|
Cite this article:
Yeming Xian(冼业铭), Xiaoming Wang(王晓明), and Yanfa Yan(鄢炎发) Revealing the microstructures of metal halide perovskite thin films via advanced transmission electron microscopy 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 096803
|
[1] Zhu H, Teale S, Lintangpradipto M N, Mahesh S, Chen B, McGehee M D, Sargent E H and Bakr O M 2023 Nat. Rev. Mater. 8 569 [2] Liu D, Luo D, Iqbal A N, Orr K W P, Doherty T A S, Lu Z, Stranks S D and Zhang W 2021 Nat. Mater. 20 1337 [3] Liu X, Luo D, Lu Z H, Yun J, Saliba M, Seok S I and Zhang W 2023 Nat. Rev. Chem. 7 462 [4] Ma D, Lin K, Dong Y, Choubisa H, Proppe A H, Wu D, Wang Y K, Chen B, Li P, Fan J, Yuan F, Johnston A, Liu Y, Kang Y, Lu Z, Wei Z and Sargent E H 2021 Nature 599 594 [5] Fakharuddin A, Gangishetty M K, Abdi-Jalebi M, Chin S, Yusoff A R, Congreve D N, Tress W, Deschler F, Vasilopoulou M and Bolink H J 2022 Nat. Electron. 5 203 [6] Pacchioni G 2021 Nat. Rev. Mater. 6 108 [7] Zhang Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zuo C, Shen L and Ding L 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 2006691 [8] Jing H, Peng R, Ma R, He J, Zhou Y, Yang Z, Li C, Liu Y, Guo X, Zhu Y, Wang D, Su J, Sun C, Bao W and Wang M 2020 Nano Lett. 20 7144 [9] Wang H, Li S, Liu X, Shi Z, Fang X and He J 2021 Adv. Mater. 33 2003309 [10] Liang Z, Zhang Y, Xu H, Chen W, Liu B, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang Z, Kang D, Zeng J, Gao X, Wang Q, Hu H, Zhou H, Cai X, Tian X, Reiss P, Xu B, Kirchartz T, Xiao Z, Dai S, Park N G, Ye J and Pan X 2023 Nature 624 557 [11] Funk H, Shargaieva O, Eljarrat A, Unger E L, Koch C T and AbouRas D 2020 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11 4945 [12] Rothmann M U, Kim J S, Borchert J, Lohmann K B, O’Leary C M, Sheader A A, Clark L, Snaith H J, Johnston M B and Nellist P D 2020 Science 370 eabb5940 [13] Zhou Y, Vasiliev A L, Wu W, Yang M, Pang S, Zhu K and Padture N P 2015 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 6 2292 [14] Ji F, Pang S, Zhang L, Zong Y, Cui G, Padture N P and Zhou Y 2017 ACS Energy Lett. 2 2727 [15] Yu Y, Zhang D and Yang P 2017 Nano Lett. 17 5489 [16] Jones T W, Osherov A, Alsari M, Sponseller M, Duck B C, Jung Y K, Settens C, Niroui F, Brenes R, Stan C V, Li Y, Abdi-Jalebi M, Tamura N, Macdonald J, Burghammer M, Friend R H, Bulovic V, Walsh A, Wilson G J, Lilliu S and Stranks S D 2019 Energy Environ. Sci. 12 596 [17] RegaladoPérez E, D íazCruz E B, LandaBautista J, Mathews N R and Mathew X 2021 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 13 11833 [18] ElHajje G, Momblona C, GilEscrig L, Avila J, Guillemot T, Guillemoles J F, Sessolo M, Bolink H J and Lombez L 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2286 [19] Tailor N K, Yukta Ranjan R, Ranjan S, Sharma T, Singh A, Garg A, Nalwa K S, Gupta R K and Satapathi S 2021 J. Mater. Chem. A 9 21551 [20] Tennyson E M, Doherty T A S and Stranks S D 2019 Nat. Rev. Mater. 4 573 [21] Chen S and Gao P 2020 J. Appl. Phys. 128 010901 [22] Song K, Liu L, Zhang D, Hautzinger M P, Jin S and Han Y 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 1904006 [23] Zhou Y, Sternlicht H, and Padture N P 2019 Joule 3 641 [24] Fan Z, Xiao H, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Lin Z, Cheng H C, Lee S J, Wang G, Feng Z and Goddard W A 2017 Joule 1 548 [25] Wang W, Ma Y, and Qi L 2017 Adv. Funct. Mater. 27 1603653 [26] Zhu Y, Gui Z, Wang Q, Meng F, Feng S, Han B, Wang P, Huang L, Wang H and Gu M 2020 Nano Energy 73 104820 [27] Zhang D, Zhu Y, Liu L, Ying X, Hsiung C E, Sougrat R, Li K and Han Y 2018 Science 359 675 [28] Xiao Z, Zhao L, Tran N L, Lin Y L, Silver S H, Kerner R A, Yao N, Kahn A, Scholes G D and Rand B P 2017 Nano Lett. 17 6863 [29] Shamsi J, Dang Z, Bianchini P, Canale C, Di Stasio F, Brescia R, Prato M and Manna L 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 7240 [30] Shi E, Yuan B, Shiring S B, Gao Y, Akriti Guo Y, Su C, Lai M, Yang P and Kong J 2020 Nature 580 614 [31] Akhavan Kazemi M A, Raval P, Cherednichekno K, Chotard J N, Krishna A, Demortiere A, Reddy G M and Sauvage F 2021 Small Methods 5 2000834 [32] Li Y, Zhou W, Li Y, Huang W, Zhang Z, Chen G, Wang H, Wu G H, Rolston N and Vila R 2019 Joule 3 2854 [33] Tong Y, Fu M, Bladt E, Huang H, Richter A F, Wang K, Müller- Buschbaum P, Bals S, Tamarat P and Lounis B 2018 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 130 16326 [34] Tong Y, Bladt E, Aygüler M F, Manzi A, Milowska K Z, Hintermayr V A, Docampo P, Bals S, Urban A S and Polavarapu L 2016 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 55 13887 [35] Ma M, Zhang X, Xu L, Chen X, Wang L, Cheng T, Wei F, Yuan J and Shen B 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2300653 [36] Ma M, Zhang X, Chen X, Xiong H, Xu L, Cheng T, Yuan J, Wei F and Shen B 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 7142 [37] Zheng F, Chen W, Bu T, Ghiggino K P, Huang F, Cheng Y, Tapping P, Kee T W, Jia B and Wen X 2019 Adv. Energy Mater. 9 1901016 [38] Matteocci F, Busby Y, Pireaux J J, Divitini G, Cacovich S, Ducati C and Di Carlo A 2015 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 7 26176 [39] Jung H J, Kim D, Kim S, Park J, Dravid V P and Shin B 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1802769 [40] Deng Y H 2021 Nature 594 E6 [41] Xiang T, Zhang Y, Wu H, Li J, Yang L, Wang K, Xia J, Deng Z, Xiao J and Li W 2020 Sol. Energy Materials Sol. Cells 206 110317 [42] Jiang J, Sun X, Chen X, Wang B, Chen Z, Hu Y, Guo Y, Zhang L, Ma Y and Gao L 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 4885 [43] Wu X, Gao D, Sun X, Zhang S, Wang Q, Li B, Li Z, Qin M, Jiang X and Zhang C 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2208431 [44] Yuan B and Yu Y 2022 Chem 8 327 [45] Zhu Y, Wang S, Li B, Yang X, Wu D, Feng S, Li L, Rogach A L and Gu M 2021 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12 12187 [46] Pham H T, Yin Y, Andersson G, Weber K J, Duong T and WongLeung J 2021 Nano Energy 87 106226 [47] Zhi R, Yang C, Rothmann M U, Du H, Jiang Y, Xu Y, Yin Z, Mo Y, Dong W and Liang G 2023 ACS Energy Lett. 8 2620 [48] Jiang Y, Du H, Zhi R, Rothmann M U, Wang Y, Wang C, Liang G, Hu Z, Cheng Y and Li W 2024 Adv. Mater. 36 2312157 [49] Cai S, Dai J, Shao Z, Rothmann M U, Jia Y, Gao C, Hao M, Pang S, Wang P, Lau S P, Zhu K, Berry J J, Herz L M, Zeng X and Zhou Y 2022 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144 1910 [50] Tan C S, Hou Y, Saidaminov M I, Proppe A, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Wei M, Walters G, Wang Z and Zhao Y 2020 Adv. Sci. 7 1903166 [51] Rothmann M U, Li W, Zhu Y, Bach U, Spiccia L, Etheridge J and Cheng Y 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 14547 [52] Li W, Rothmann M U, Zhu Y, Chen W, Yang C, Yuan Y, Choo Y Y, Wen X, Cheng Y and Bach U 2021 Nat. Energy 6 624 [53] Thind A S, Luo G, Hachtel J A, Morrell M V, Cho S B, Borisevich A Y, Idrobo J C, Xing Y and Mishra R 2019 Adv. Mater. 31 1805047 [54] Akkerman Q A, Bladt E, Petralanda U, Dang Z, Sartori E, Baranov D, Abdelhady A L, Infante I, Bals S and Manna L 2019 Chem. Mater. 31 2182 [55] Song K, Liu J, Qi D, Lu N and Qin W 2022 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 13 2117 [56] Yesudhas S, Morrell M V, Anderson M J, Ullrich C A, KenneyBenson C, Xing Y and Guha S 2019 Chem. Mater. 32 785 [57] Xu W, Liu J, Dong B, Huang J, Shi H, Xue X and Liu M 2023 Sci. Adv. 9 eadi7931 [58] Milstein T J, Roh J Y D, Jacoby L M, Crane M J, Sommer D E, Dunham S T and Gamelin D R 2022 Chem. Mater. 34 3759 [59] He Z, Tang Q, Liu X, Yan X, Li K and Yue D 2021 Energy & Fuels 35 15005 [60] Li F, Liu Y, Wang H, Zhan Q, Liu Q and Xia Z 2018 Chem. Mater. 30 8546 [61] Doherty T A, Winchester A J, Macpherson S, Johnstone D N, Pareek V, Tennyson E M, Kosar S, Kosasih F U, Anaya M and AbdiJalebi M 2020 Nature 580 360 [62] Liu J, Song K, Zheng X, Yin J, Yao K, X, Chen C, Yang H, Hedhili M N, Zhang W and Han P 2021 J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12 10402 [63] Zhao L, Shi Z, Zhou Y, Wang X, Xian Y, Dong Y, Reid O, Ni Z, Beard M C, Yan Y and Huang J 2024 Nat. Photonics 18 250 [64] Jiang Q, Tong J, Xian Y, Kerner R A, Dunfield S P, Xiao C, Scheidt R A, Kuciauskas D, Wang X, Hautzinger M P, Tirawat R, Beard M C, Fenning D P, Berry J J, Larson B W, Yan Y and Zhu K 2022 Nature 611 278 [65] Chen L, Li C, Xian Y, Fu S, Abudulimu A, Li D, Friedl J D, Li Y, Neupane S, Tumusange M S, Sun N, Wang X, Ellingson R J, Heben M J, Podraza N J, Song Z and Yan Y 2023 Adv. Energy Mater. 13 2301218 [66] Li C, Wang X, Bi E, Jiang F, Park S M, Li Y, Chen L, Wang Z, Zeng L, Chen H, Liu Y, Grice C R, Abudulimu A, Chung J, Xian Y, Zhu T, Lai H, Chen B, Ellingson R J, Fu F, Ginger D S, Song Z, Sargent E H and Yan Y 2023 Science 379 690 [67] Yao Q, Xue Q, Li Z, Zhang K, Zhang T, Li N, Yang S, Brabec C J, Yip H and Cao Y 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 2000571 [68] Gu H, Liang C, Xia Y, Wei Q, Liu T, Yang Y, Hui W, Chen H, Niu T, Chao L, Wu Z, Xie X, Qiu J, Shao G, Gao X, Xing G, Chen Y and Huang W 2019 Nano Energy 65 104050 [69] Zhou T, Xu Z, Wang R, Dong X, Fu Q and Liu Y 2022 Adv. Mater. 34 2200705 [70] Zhang C, Wu S, Tao L, Arumugam G M, Liu C, Wang Z, Zhu S, Yang Y, Lin J, Liu X, Schropp R and Mai Y 2020 Adv. Energy Mater. 10 2002004 [71] Zhu Z, Zhu C, Yang L, Chen Q, Zhang L, Dai J, Cao J, Zeng S, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhang W, Bao J, Yang L, Yang Y, Chen B, Yin C, Chen H, Cao Y, Gu H, Yan J, Wang N, Xing G, Li H, Wang X, Li S, Liu Z, Zhang H, Wang L, Huang X and Huang W 2022 Nat. Mater. 21 1042 [72] Azmi R, Ugur E, Seitkhan A, Aljamaan F, Subbiah A S, Liu J, Harrison G T, Nugraha M I, Eswaran M K, Babics M, Chen Y, Xu F, Allen T, Rehman A, Wang C, Anthopoulos T D, Schwingenschlogl U, Bastiani M, Aydin E and De Wolf S 2022 Science 376 73 [73] Liu T, Guo J, Lu D, Xu Z, Fu Q, Zheng N, Xie Z, Wan X, Zhang X, Liu Y and Chen Y 2021 ACS Nano 15 7811 [74] Li H, Zhang C, Gong C, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhuang Q, Yu X, Gong S, Chen X, Yang J, Li X, Li R, Li J, Zhou J, Yang H, Lin Q, Chu J, Gratzel M, Chen J and Zang Z 2023 Nat. Energy 8 946 [75] Fan J, Ma Y, Zhang C, Liu C, Li W, Schropp R E I and Mai Y 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1703421 [76] Kong T, Xie H, Zhang Y, Song J, Li Y, Lim E L, Hagfeldt A and Bi D 2021 Adv. Energy Mater. 11 2101018 [77] Liu K, Yuan S, Xian Y, Long Y, Yao Q, Rahman N U, Guo Y, Sun M, Xue Q, Yip H, Cabot A, Li W and Fan J 2021 Small 17 2100888 [78] Luo C, Zheng G, Gao F, Wang X, Zhao Y, Gao X and Zhao Q 2022 Joule 6 240 [79] You S, Zeng H, Liu Y, Han B, Li M, Li L, Zheng X, Guo R, Luo L, Li Z, Zhang C, Liu R, Zaho Y, Zahng S, Peng Q, Wang T, Chen Q, Eickemeyer F T, Carlson B, Zakeeruddin S M, Mai L, Rong Y, Gratzel M and Li X 2023 Science 379 288 [80] Han B, Yuan S, Cai B, Song J, Liu W, Zhang F, Fang T, Wei C and Zeng H 2021 Adv. Funct. Mater. 31 2011003 [81] Son D Y, Lee J W, Choi Y J, Jang I H, Lee S, Yoo P J, Shin H, Ahn N, Choi M, Kim D and Park N G 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16081 [82] Chen Z, Cheng Q, Chen H, Wu Y, Ding J, Wu X, Yang H, Liu H, Chen W, Tang X, Lu X, Li Y and Li Y 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2300513 [83] Zhao L, Tang P, Luo D, Dar M I, Eickemeyer F T, Arora N, Hu Q, Luo J, Liu Y, Zakeeruddin S M, Hagfeldt A, Arbiol J, Hunag W, Gong Q, Russell T P, Friend R H, Gratzel M and Zhu R 2022 Sci. Adv. 8 eabo3733 [84] Wang F, Li M, Tian Q, Sun R, Ma H, Wang H, Chang J, Li Z, Chen H, Cao J, Wang A, Dong J, Liu Y, Zhao J, Chu Y, Yan S, Wu Z, Liu J, Li Y, Chen X, Gao P, sun Y, Liu T, Liu W, Li R, Wang J, Cheng Y, Liu X, Huang W and Qin T 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 3216 [85] Zhao Y, Zhu P, Wang M, Huang S, Zhao Z, Tan S, Han T H, Lee J W, Huang T, Wang R, Xue J, Meng D, Huang Y, Marian J, Zhu J and Yang Y 2020 Adv. Mater. 32 1907769 [86] Zong Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Ju M, Chen M, Pang S, Zeng X and Padture N P 2018 Chem 4 1404 [87] Li X, Zhang W, Zhang W, Wang H Q and Fang J 2019 Nano Energy 58 825 [88] Liu T, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhang L, Ju M, Luo D, Yang Y, Yang M, Kim D H, Yang W, Padture N P, Beard M C, Zeng X, Zhu K, Gong Q and Zhu R 2018 Adv. Energy Mater. 8 1800232 [89] Choi J, Song S, Höantner M T, Snaith H J and Park T 2016 ACS Nano 10 6029 [90] Lin Y, Liu Y, Chen S, Wang S, Ni Z, Van Brackle C, H, Yang S, Zhao J, Yu Z, Dai X, Wang Q, Deng Y and Huang J 2021 Energy Environ. Sci. 14 1563 [91] Xiao M, Huang F, Huang W, Dkhissi Y, Zhu Y, Etheridge J, GrayWeale A, Bach U, Cheng Y and Spiccia L 2014 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 9898 [92] Yu Y, Zhang D, Kisielowski C, Dou L, Kornienko N, Bekenstein Y, Wong A B, Alivisatos A P and Yang P 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7530 [93] Kim T W, Uchida S, Matsushita T, Cojocaru L, Jono R, Kimura K, Matsubara D, Shirai M, Ito K, Matsumoto H, Kondo T and Segawa H 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1705230 [94] TurrenCruz S H, Hagfeldt A and Saliba M 2018 Science 362 449 [95] Rothmann M U, Li W, Zhu Y, Liu A, Ku Z, Bach U, Etheridge J and Cheng Y 2018 Adv. Mater. 30 1800629 [96] Manekkathodi A, Marzouk A, Ponraj J, Belaidi A and Ashhab S 2020 ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 3 6302 [97] Dang Z, Shamsi J, Akkerman Q A, Imran M, Bertoni G, Brescia R and Manna L 2017 ACS Omega 2 5660 [98] Yang C, Zhi R, Rothmann M U, Xu Y, Li L, Hu Z, Pang S, Cheng Y, Van Tendeloo G and Li W 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2211207 [99] Alberti A, Bongiorno C, Smecca E, Deretzis I, La Magna A and Spinella C 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 2196 [100] Jacobsson T J, CorreaBaena J P, Halvani Anaraki E, Philippe B, Stranks S D, Bouduban M E, Tress W, Schenk K, Teuscher J and Moser J E 2016 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 138 10331 [101] Dang Z, Shamsi J, Palazon F, Imran M, Akkerman Q A, Park S, Bertoni G, Prato M, Brescia R and Manna L 2017 ACS Nano 11 2124 [102] Zhou X, Yang C, Sang X, Li W, Wang L, Yin Z, Han J, Li Y, Ke X and Hu Z 2021 J. Phys. Chem. C 125 10786 [103] Xi J, Xi K, Sadhanala A, Zhang K, Li G, Dong H, Lei T, Yuan F, Ran C and Jiao B 2019 Nano Energy 56 741 [104] Kim M C, Ahn N, Cheng D, Xu M, Ham S Y, Pan X, Kim S J, Luo Y, Fenning D P and Tan D H 2021 ACS Energy Lett. 6 3530 [105] Jeangros Q, Duchamp M, Werner J R M, Kruth M, DuninBorkowski R E, Niesen B, Ballif C and HesslerWyser A 2016 Nano Lett. 16 7013 [106] Seo Y H, Kim J H, Kim D H, Chung H S and Na S I 2020 Nano Energy 77 105164 [107] Yang B, Dyck O, Ming W, Du M, H, Das S, Rouleau C M, Duscher G, Geohegan D B and Xiao K 2016 ACS Appl. Mater. Inter. 8 32333 [108] Du T, Burgess C H, Lin C T, Eisner F, Kim J, Xu S, Kang H, Durrant J R and McLachlan M A 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1803943 [109] Aguiar J A, Wozny S, Holesinger T G, Aoki T, Patel M K, Yang M, Berry J J, AlJassim M, Zhou W and Zhu K 2016 Energy Environ. Sci. 9 2372 [110] Divitini G, Cacovich S, Matteocci F, Cin‘a L, Di Carlo A and Ducati C 2016 Nat. Energy 1 16 [111] Kim T W, Shibayama N, Cojocaru L, Uchida S, Kondo T and Segawa H 2018 Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 1804039 [112] Akhavan Kazemi M A, Raval P, Cherednichekno K, Chotard J N, Krishna A, Demortiere A, Reddy G N M and Sauvage F 2021 Small Methods 5 2000834 [113] Duan T, Wang W, Cai S and Zhou Y 2023 ACS Energy Lett. 8 3048 [114] Macpherson S, Doherty T A S, Winchester A J, Kosar S, Johnstone D N, Chiang Y H, Galkowski K, Anaya M, Frohna K, Iqbal A N, Negane S, Roose B, Andaji-Garmaroudi Z, Orr K W P, Parker J E, Midgley P A, Dani K M and Stranks S D 2022 Nature 607 294 [115] Ko Y H, Prabhakaran P, Jalalah M, Lee S J, Lee K S and Park J G 2018 J. Mater. Chem. C 6 7803 [116] Woo J Y, Kim Y, Bae J, Kim T G, Kim J W, Lee D C and Jeong S 2017 Chem. Mater. 29 7088 |
No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
Altmetric
|
blogs
Facebook pages
Wikipedia page
Google+ users
|
Online attention
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.
View more on Altmetrics
|
|
|