|
|
|
Three-party semi-quantum dialogue enhanced with Grover’s algorithm based encoding and hypergraph access control |
| Rui Tao(陶瑞), Jin-Zhe Jiang(蒋晋喆), and Zhi-Hua Zhang(章志华)† |
| School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China |
|
|
|
|
Abstract We introduce a new three-party semi-quantum dialogue (3P-SQD) protocol that combines GHZ-state-based semi-quantum communication, a Grover's algorithm-driven 2-bit encoding scheme, and hypergraph-based access control. In each round, the fully quantum participant Alice sends two bits, whereas the semi-quantum participants Bob and Charlie, restricted to semi-quantum operations such as measurements in the computational basis and reflection, each transmit one bit. The protocol incorporates probe state checking, Grover's algorithm-based encoding, and hypergraph-based authorization. It achieves information-theoretic security and controlled access, while preserving high message throughput and imposing no additional requirements on the semi-quantum users.
|
Received: 03 February 2026
Revised: 24 May 2026
Accepted manuscript online: 26 May 2026
|
|
PACS:
|
03.67.-a
|
(Quantum information)
|
| |
03.67.Ac
|
(Quantum algorithms, protocols, and simulations)
|
| |
03.67.Hk
|
(Quantum communication)
|
|
| Fund: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12201300) and the Nanjing University of Science and Technology Undergraduate Innovation Training Program (Grant No. S202510288017). |
Corresponding Authors:
Zhi-Hua Zhang
E-mail: zhzhang@njust.edu.cn
|
Cite this article:
Rui Tao(陶瑞), Jin-Zhe Jiang(蒋晋喆), and Zhi-Hua Zhang(章志华) Three-party semi-quantum dialogue enhanced with Grover’s algorithm based encoding and hypergraph access control 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 070306
|
[1] Bennett C H and Brassard G 2014 Theoretical Computer Science 560 7
[2] Ekert A K 1991 Phys. Rev. Lett. 67 661
[3] Xu F H, Ma X F, Zhang Q, Lo H K and Pan J W 2020 Rev. Mod. Phys. 92 025002
[4] Xu H X, Wang S H, Song Y Q, Zhang P and Wang C L 2025 Chin. Phys. B 34 050310
[5] Zhou C,Wang H T, Lu Y F, Jiang X L, Zhao Y M, Zhou Y,Wang Y, Li J J, Zhou Y Y and Wang X 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 100302
[6] Cao Y, Yu X, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Zhou X, Zhang J and Wang Q 2025 Chin. Phys. B 34 010310
[7] Deng F G, Long G L and Liu X S 2003 Phys. Rev. A 68 042317
[8] Sheng Y B, Zhou L and Long G L 2022 Science Bulletin 67 367
[9] Lo H K, Curty M and Qi B 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 130503
[10] Yang L, Wu J W, Lin Z S, Yin L G and Long G L 2020 Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 63 110311
[11] Pan D, Long G L, Yin L, Sheng Y B, Ruan D, Ng S X, Lu J H and Hanzo L 2024 IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 26 1898
[12] Ying JW,Wang J, Xiao Y, Gu S,Wang X, ZhongW, Du M, Li X, Shen S and Zhang A 2025 Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 68 240312
[13] Hillery M, Bužek V and Berthiaume A 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 1829
[14] Ju X X, Zhong W, Sheng Y B and Zhou L 2022 Chin. Phys. B 31 100302
[15] Bai C M, Zhang S J and Liu L 2022 Quantum Inf. Process. 21 119
[16] Bai C M, Shu Y X and Zhang S J 2025 Scientific Reports 15 10819
[17] Zhou X L, Shu Y X, Bai C M and Zhang S J 2025 Physica Scripta 100 105106
[18] Wootters W and Fields B 1989 Annals of Physics 191 363
[19] Bennett C H, Bernstein H, Popescu S and Schumacher B 1996 Phys. Rev. A 53 2046
[20] Gross D, Liu Y, Flammia S T, Becker S and Eisert J 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 150401
[21] Scarani V, Cerf N J, Dušek M, Lütkenhaus N and Peev M 2009 Rev. Mod. Phys. 81 1301
[22] Boyer M, Kenigsberg D and Mor T 2007 Quantum key distribution with classical Bob 2007 First International Conference on Quantum, Nano, and Micro Technologies (ICQNM’07) (IEEE) p. 10
[23] Iqbal H and Krawec W O 2020 Quantum Inf. Process. 19 97
[24] Boyer M, Gelles R, Kenigsberg D and Mor T 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 032341
[25] Zou X F, Qiu D W, Li L Z, Wu L H and Li L J 2009 Phys. Rev. A 79 052312
[26] Renner R, Gisin N and Kraus B 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 012332
[27] Amer O and Krawec W O 2019 Phys. Rev. A 100 022319
[28] Krawec W O 2018 Key-rate bound of a semi-quantum protocol using an entropic uncertainty relation 2018 IEEE International symposium on information theory (ISIT) (IEEE) pp. 2669–2673
[29] Krawec W O 2017 Quantum Information and Computation 17 0209
[30] Massa F, Yadav P, Moqanaki A, Krawec W O, Mateus P, Paunković N, Souto A and Walther P 2022 Quantum 6 819
[31] Chang L W, Zhang Y Q, Tian X X, Qian Y H and Zheng S H 2020 Chin. Phys. B 29 010304
[32] Shi G F 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 100303
[33] Zhu P H, Zhong W, Du M M, Li X Y, Zhou L and Sheng Y B 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 030302
[34] Gu S P, Ying J W, Wang X F, Zhou L and Sheng Y B 2025 Chin. Phys. B 34 110308
[35] Shukla C, Thapliyal K and Pathak A 2017 Quantum Inf. Process. 16 295
[36] Ye T Y and Ye C Q 2018 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 57 1440
[37] Pan H M 2020 International Journal of Theoretical Physics 59 1364
[38] Pan T J, Zhou R G and Zhang X X 2024 Quantum Inf. Process. 23 365
[39] Chen T H 2025 Future Internet 17 263
[40] Zou X F and Qiu D W 2014 Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy 57 1696
[41] Guo H, Li Y X, Wei J H, Tang J and Wang J H 2023 Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics 40 738
[42] Yang Y F, Duan L Z, Qiu T R, Xie X M and Duan WY 2022 Quantum Inf. Process. 21 324
[43] Zhao M N, Zhou R G and Feng Y H 2025 Entropy 27 666
[44] Wang H W, Tsai C W, Lin J and Yang C W 2022 Sensors 22 4998
[45] Zhou R G, Zhang X X and Li F X 2021 Quantum Inf. Process. 20 153
[46] Hwang W Y 2003 Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 057901
[47] Lo H K, Ma X and Chen K 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 230504
[48] Wang X B 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 230503
[49] Yang C W and Liu P Y 2025 Quantum Inf. Process. 24 207
[50] Zhang L, Liu X, Xin X J, Li C Y and Gong L 2025 Entropy 27 1002
[51] Neeley M, Bialczak R C, Lenander M, Lucero E, Mariantoni M, O’connell A, Sank D, Wang H, Weides M and Wenner J 2010 Nature 467 570
[52] Zhong Y P, Chang H S, Bienfait A, Dumur é, Chou M H, Conner C R, Grebel J, Povey R G, Yan H and Schuster D I 2021 Nature 590 571
[53] Qi R Y, Sun Z, Lin Z S, Niu P H, Hao W T, Song L Y, Huang Q, Gao J C, Yin L G and Long G L 2019 Light: Science & Applications 8 22
[54] Tan Y G, Lu H and Cai Q Y 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 098901
[55] Yang Y G, Sun S J and Zhao Q Q 2015 Quantum Inf. Process. 14 681 |
| No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
Altmetric
|
|
blogs
Facebook pages
Wikipedia page
Google+ users
|
Online attention
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.
View more on Altmetrics
|
|
|
