Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles：Synthesis and surface coating techniques for biomedical applications

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/23/3/037503

Abstract Iron oxide nanoparticles are the most popular magnetic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications due to their low cost, low toxicity, and unique magnetic property. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, including magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃), usually exhibit a superparamagnetic property as their size goes smaller than 20 nm, which are often denoted as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and utilized for drug delivery, diagnosis, therapy, and etc. This review article gives a brief introduction on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in terms of their fundamentals of magnetism, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and drug delivery, as well as the synthesis approaches, surface coating, and application examples from recent key literatures. Because the quality and surface chemistry play important roles in biomedical applications, our review focuses on the synthesis approaches and surface modifications of iron oxide nanoparticles. We aim to provide a detailed introduction to readers who are new to this field, helping them to choose suitable synthesis methods and to optimize the surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles for their interests.

Keywords: Fe₃O₄ γ-Fe₂O₃ synthesis surface coating biomedical application

Received: 02 January 2014
Accepted manuscript online:

PACS:	75.47.Lx	(Magnetic oxides)
	75.75.Cd	(Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures)
	61.46.-w	(Structure of nanoscale materials)
	81.16.Be	(Chemical synthesis methods)

Fund: Project supported by Start-up Grant of Nanyang Technological University and Tier 1 Grant of Ministry of Education, Singapore (RGT8/13).

Corresponding Authors: Subbu S Venkatraman, Xu Zhi-Chuan
E-mail: assubbu@ntu.edu.sg;xuzc@ntu.edu.sg

Cite this article:

Sun Sheng-Nan (孙圣男), Wei Chao (魏超), Zhu Zan-Zan (朱赞赞), Hou Yang-Long (侯仰龙), Subbu S Venkatraman, Xu Zhi-Chuan (徐梽川) Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles：Synthesis and surface coating techniques for biomedical applications 2014 Chin. Phys. B 23 037503

[1]	Koo B, Xiong H, Slater M D, Prakapenka V B, Balasubramanian M, Podsiadlo P, Johnson C S, Rajh T and Shevchenko E V 2012 Nano. Lett. 12 2429
[2]	Du X, Wang C, Chen M, Jiao Y and Wang J 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 2643
[3]	Lin S, Shen C, Lu D, Wang C and Gao H J 2013 Carbon 53 112
[4]	Fukushima T, Sekizaqa K, Jin Y, Yamaya M, Sasaki H and Takishima T 1993 Am. J. Physiol. 265 L67
[5]	Chemla Y R, Crossman H L, Poon Y, McDermott R, Stevens R, Alper M D and Clarke J 2000 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 14268
[6]	Ugelstad J, Berge A, Ellingsen T, Schmid R, Nilsen T N, Mork P C, Stenstad P, Hornes E and Olsvik O 1992 Prog. Polym. Sci. 17 87
[7]	Liu Y, Gao Y and Xu C 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 097503
[8]	Kim J, Lee J E, Lee S H, Yu J H, Lee J H, Park T G and Hyeon T 2008 Adv. Mater. 20 478
[9]	Kim J, Park S, Lee J E, Jin S M, Lee J H, Lee I S, Yang I, Kim J S, Kim S K, Cho M H and Hyeon T 2006 Angewandte Chemie. 118 7918
[10]	Yu J, Huang D, Yousaf M Z, Hou Y and Gao S 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 027506
[11]	Cheng K, Peng S, Xu C and Sun S 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 10637
[12]	Cornell R M and Schwertmann U 1996 The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrenc and Uses (New York: VCH) pp. 6, 32, 119
[13]	Ju S, Cai T Y, Lu H S and Gong C D 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 13780
[14]	Mantovan R, Lamperti A, Georgieva M, Tallarida1 G and Fanciulli M 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 065002
[15]	Sun S and Zeng H 2002 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 8204
[16]	Yanase A and Siratori K 1984 J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 53 312
[17]	Zhang Z and Satpathy S 1991 Phys. Rev. B 44 13319
[18]	Yang C, Wu J and Hou Y 2011 Chem. Commun. 47 5130
[19]	Zayachuk D M 2010 Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322 60
[20]	Meyers H P 1997 Introductory Solid State Physics (2 edn.) (New York: CRC Press) p. 362
[21]	Néel L 1948 Annales de Physique 3 137
[22]	Arzt E 1998 Acta Mater. 46 5611
[23]	Wu C, Yin P, Zhu X, OuYang C and Xie Y 2006 J. Phys. Chem. B 110 17806
[24]	Lee N and Hyeon T 2012 Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 2575
[25]	Kim D, Lee N, Park M, Kim B H, An K and Hyeon T 2009 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 454
[26]	Chakraverty S and Bandyopadhyay M 2007 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 19 216201
[27]	Ayyappan S, Kalyani S and Philip J 2012 Journal of Nanofluids 1 128
[28]	Sun S 2013 Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials (published online: 18 September 2013)
[29]	Caravan P 2006 Chem. Soc. Rev. 35 512
[30]	Koenig S H and Kellar K E 1995 Magn. Reson. Med. 34 227
[31]	Pankhurst Q A, Connolly J, Jones S K and Dobson J 2003 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 R167
[32]	Muller R H and Keck C M 2004 J. Biotechnol. 113 151
[33]	Talelli M, Rijcken C J F, Lammers T, Seevinck P R, Storm G, Nostrum C F V and Hennink W E 2009 Langmuir 25 2060
[34]	Gupta A K and Ccrtis A S G 2004 Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 15 493
[35]	Kado T 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 043902
[36]	Ziese M and and Blythe H J 2000 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 12 13
[37]	Sterbinsky G E, Cheng J, Chiu P T, Wessels B W and Keavney D J 2007 J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 25 1389
[38]	Qiang Y, Antony J, Sharma A, Nutting J, Sikes D and Meyer D 2006 Journal of Nanoparticle Research 8 489
[39]	Yanagihara H, Myoka M, Isaka D, Niizeki T, Mibu K and Kita E 2013 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 46 175004
[40]	Bobo J F, Basso D, Snoeck E, Gatel C, Hrabovsky D, Gauffier J L, Ressier L, Mamy R, Visnovsky S, Hamrle J, Teillet J and Fert A R 2001 Euro. Phys. J. B 24 43
[41]	Kumar A, Pandya D K and Chaudhary S 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 112 073909
[42]	Trist?ao J C, Oliveira A A S, Ardisson J D, Dias A and Lago R M 2011 Materials Research Bulletin 46 748
[43]	Mantovan R, Vangelista S, Cocco S, Lamperti A and Salicio O 2012 J. Appl. Phys. 111 07B107
[44]	Mantovan R, Lamperti A, Georgieva M, Tallarida G and Fanciulli M 2010 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 065002
[45]	Vangelista S, Mantovan R, Cocco S, Lamperti A and Salicio O 2012 Thin Solid Films 520 4617
[46]	Carlier D, Terrier C, Arm C and Ansermet J P 2005 Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 8 C43
[47]	Chatman S, Noel A J G and Poduska K M 2005 J. Appl. Phys. 98 113902
[48]	Nishimura K, Kitamoto Y and Abe M 1999 IEEE Trans. Magn. 35 3043
[49]	NikiforovMP, Vertegel A A, ShumskyMG and Switzer J A 2000 Adv. Mater. 12 1351
[50]	Peulon S, Antony H, Legrand L and Chausse A 2004 Electrochim. Acta 29 2891
[51]	Abe M 2000 Electrochimica Acta 45 3337
[52]	Zhu M and Diao G 2011 The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 18923
[53]	Byrappa K and Adschiri T P 2007 Cryst. Growth Charact. Mater. 53 117
[54]	Zhang D, Zhang X, Ni X, Song J and Zheng H 2007 Crystal Growth & Design 7 2117
[55]	Mu J, Chen B, Guo Z, Zhang M, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Shao C and Liu Y 2011 Nanoscale 3 5034
[56]	Fan N, Ma X, Liu X, Xu L and Qian Y 2007 Carbon 45 1839
[57]	Lu J, Jiao X, Chen D and Li W 2009 J. Phys. Chem. C 113 4012
[58]	Wan J, Chen X, Wang Z, Yang X and Qian Y 2005 Journal of Crystal Growth 276 571
[59]	Xiao Z, Xia Y, Ren Z, Liu Z, Xu G, Chao C, Li X, Shen G and Han G 2012 Journal of Materials Chemistry 22 20566
[60]	Cao H, Liang R, Qian D, Shao J and Qu M 2011 Journal of Physical Chemistry C 115 24688
[61]	Zhou S and Chen Q 2011 Dalton Trans. 40 8622
[62]	Muraliganth T, Murugan A V and Manthiram A 2009 Chem. Commun. 47 7360
[63]	Li X, Si Z, Lei Y, Tang J, Wang S, Su S, Song S, Zhao L and Zhang H 2010 CrystEngComm. 12 2060
[64]	Fan R, Chen X H, Gui Z, Liu L and Chen Z Y 2001 Materials Research Bulletin 36 497
[65]	Khollam Y B, Dhage S R, Potdar H S, Deshpande S B, Bakare P P, Kulkarni S D and Date S K 2002 Materials Letters 56 571
[66]	Wang J, Sun J, Sun Q and Chen Q 2003 Materials Research Bulletin 38 1113
[67]	Wan J, Yao Y and Tang G 2007 Appl. Phys. A 89 529
[68]	Duan L, Jia S, Wang Y, Chen J and Zhao L 2009 Journal of Materials Science 44 4407
[69]	ZhangW, Gai L, Li Z, Jiang H and MaW2008 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 225001
[70]	Wu K T, Kuo P C, Yao Y D and Tsai E H 2001 IEEE Trans. Magnet. 37 2651
[71]	Liang X, Wang X, Zhuang J, Chen Y T, Wang D S and Li Y D 2006 Adv. Funct. Mater. 16 1805
[72]	Daou T J, Pourroy G, Begin-Colin S, Greneche J M, Ulhaq-Bouillet C, Legare P, Bernhardt P, Leuvrey C and Rogez G 2006 Chem. Mater. 18 4399
[73]	Wang J, Chen Q W, Zeng C and Hou B Y 2004 Adv. Mater. 16 137
[74]	Refait P and Genin J M R 1993 J. Mater. Res. 34 797
[75]	Olowe A A and Genin J M R 1991 J. Mater. Res. 32 965
[76]	Hui C, Shen C, Yang T, Bao L, Tian J, Ding H, Li C and Gao H J 2008 J. Phys. Chem. C 112 11336
[77]	Mo Z, Zhang C, Guo R, Meng S and Zhang J 2011 Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50 3534
[78]	Kalantari K, Ahmad M B, Shameli K and Khandanlou R 2013 Int. J. Nanomedicine 8 1817
[79]	Xia T, Wang J, Wu C, Meng F, Shi Z, Lian J, Feng J and Meng J 2012 CrystEngComm. 14 5741
[80]	Yan A, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li X, Lei Z and Liu P 2012 Materials Letters 68 402
[81]	Liu F, Zhu J H, Hou Y L and Gao S 2013 Chin. Phys. B 22 107503
[82]	Hao R 2010 Adv. Mater. 22 2729
[83]	Xu Z, Shen C, Hou Y, Gao H and Sun S 2009 Chem. Mater. 21 1778
[84]	Xie J, Xu C, Xu Z, Hou Y, Young K L, Wang S X, Pourmand N and Sun S 2006 Chem. Mater. 18 5401
[85]	Park J, An K, Hwang Y, Park J G, Noh H J, Kim J Y, Park J H, Hwang N M and Hyeon T 2004 Nat. Mater. 3 891
[86]	Peng S and Sun S 2007 Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46 4155
[87]	Xie J, Chen K, Lee H Y, Xu C, Hsu A R, Peng S, Chen X and Sun S 2008 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 7542
[88]	Song N N, Yang H T, Ren X, Li Z A, Luo Y, Shen J, Dai W, Zhang X Q and Cheng Z H 2013 Nanoscale 5 2804
[89]	Yang H, Ogawa T, Hasegawa D and Takahashi M 2008 J. Appl. Phys. 103 07D526
[90]	Xu Z, Shen C, Tian Y, Shi X and Gao H J 2010 Nanoscale 2 1027
[91]	Zhang L, Wu J, Liao H, Hou Y and Gao S 2009 Chem. Commun. 29 4378
[92]	Rockenberger J, Scher E C and Alivisatos A P 1999 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 11595
[93]	Casula M F, Jun Y W, Zaziski D J, Chan E M, Corrias A and Alivisatosand A P 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 1675
[94]	Li Z, Chen H, Bao H B and Gao M Y 2004 Chem. Mater. 16 1391
[95]	Jana N R, Chen Y and Peng X G 2004 Chem. Mater. 16 3931
[96]	Robinson D B, Persson H H J, Zeng H, Li G, Pourmand N, Sun S H and Wang S X 2005 Langmuir 21 3096
[97]	Jain T K, ReddyMK, MoralesMA, Leslie-Pelecky D L and Labhasetwar V 2008 Mol .Pharmaceutics 5 316
[98]	Neuberger T, Schopf B, Hofmann H, Hofmann, M and Von R B 2005 J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 293 483
[99]	Hui C, Shen C, Tian J, Bao L, Ding H, Li C, Tian Y, Shi X and Gao H J 2011 Nanoscale 3 701
[100]	Lu Y, Yin Y D, Mayers B T and Xia Y N 2002 Nano Lett. 2 183
[101]	Wang L, Park H Y, Lim S I I, Schadt M J, Mott D, Luo J, Wang X and Zhong C J 2008 Journal of Materials Chemistry 18 2629
[102]	Wu W, He Q, Chen H, Tang J and Nie L 2007 Nanotechnology 18 145609
[103]	Xu Z, Hou Y and Sun S 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 8698
[104]	Wang L, Luo J, Fan Q, Suzuki M, Suzuki I S, Engelhard M H, Lin Y, Kim N, Wang J Q and Zhong C J 2005 J. Phys. Chem. B 109 21593
[105]	Morel A L, Nikitenko S I, Gionnet K, Wattiaux A, Lai-Kee-Him J, Labrugere C, Chevalier B, Deleris G, Petibois C, Brisson A and Simonoff M 2008 ACS Nano 2 847
[106]	Ulman A 1996 Chem. Rev. 96 1533
[107]	Gritti F and Guiochon G 2006 J. Chromatogr. A 1132 51
[108]	Sieburth S M and Fensterbank L 1993 J. Org. Chem. 58 6314
[109]	Lu Y, Yin Y, Mayers B T and Xia Y 2002 Nano Lett. 2 183
[110]	Yi D K, Selvan S T, Lee S S, Papaefthymiou G C, Kundaliya D and Ying J Y 2005 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127 4990
[111]	Bonitatibus P J, Jr, Torres A S, Kandapallil B, Lee B D, Goddard G D, Colborn R E and Marino M E 2012 ACS Nano 6 6650
[112]	Oh M H, Lee N, Kim H, Park S P, Piao Y, Lee J, Jun S W, Moon W K, Choi S H and Hyeon T 2011 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 5508
[113]	Popovtzer R, Agrawal A, Kotov N A, Popovtzer A. Balter J, Carey T E and Kopelman R 2008 Nano Lett. 8 4593
[114]	Ai K, Liu Y, Liu J, Yuan Q, He Y and Lu L 2011 Adv. Mater. 23 4886
[115]	Lee N, Cho H R, Oh M H, Lee S H, Kim K, Kim B H, Shin K, Ahn T Y, Choi JW, Kim YW, Choi S H and Hyeon T 2012 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 10309
[116]	Ling D and Hyeon T 2013 Small 9 1450
[117]	Xie J, Xu C, Kohler N, Hou Y and Sun S 2007 Adv. Mater. 19 3163
[118]	Marcelo G, Muñoz-Bonilla A, Rodríguez-Hernández J and Fernández- García M 2013 Polymer Chemistry 4 558
[119]	Shultz M D, Reveles J U, Khanna S N and Carpente E E 2007 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129 2482
[120]	Schladt T D, Schneider K, Shukoor M, Natalio F, Bauer H, Tahir M N, Weber S, Schreiber L M, Schröder H C, Müller W E G and Tremel W 2010 Journal of Materials Chemistry 20 8297
[121]	Lee H, Dellatore S M, Miller W M and Messersmith P B 2007 Science 318 426
[122]	Latham A H and Williams M E 2008 Acc. Chem. Res. 41 411
[123]	Lee N, Kimb H, Choi S H, Park M, Kim D, Kim H C, Choi Y, Lin S, Kim B H, Jung H S, Kim H, Parkc K S, Moon W K and Hyeon T 2011 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 2662
[124]	Kim S J, Lee C K, Lee, Y M and Kim and Sun I 2003 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 90 3032
[125]	Ang K L, Venkatraman S and Ramanujan R V 2007 Materials Science and Engineering: C 27 347
[126]	Mikhaylov G, Mikac U, Magaeva A A, Itin V I, Naiden E P, Psakhye I, Babes L, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Zeiser R, Bogyo M, Turk V, Psakhye S G, Turk B and Vasiljeva O 2011 Nat. Nanotechnol. 6 594
[127]	Seo W S, Lee J H, Sun X, Suzuki Y, Mann D, Liu Z, Terashima M, Yang P C, McConnellMV, Nishimura D G and Dai H 2006 Nat. Mater. 5 971
[128]	Zhu Z, Rezhdo O, Perrone M, Bao Z, Munir A, Wang J, Zhou H S and Shao J 2013 Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 102 428
[129]	Mendes R G, Koch B, Bachmatiuk A, El-Gendy A A, Krupskaya Y, Springer A, Klingeler R, Schmidt O, Buchner B, Sanchez S and Rummeli M H 2014 Biochim Biophys. Acta 1840 160

[1]	A new transition metal diphosphide α-MoP₂ synthesized by a high-temperature and high-pressure technique Xiaolei Liu(刘晓磊), Zhenhai Yu(于振海), Jianfu Li(李建福), Zhenzhen Xu(徐真真), Chunyin Zhou(周春银), Zhaohui Dong(董朝辉), Lili Zhang(张丽丽), Xia Wang(王霞), Na Yu(余娜), Zhiqiang Zou(邹志强),Xiaoli Wang(王晓丽), and Yanfeng Guo(郭艳峰). Chin. Phys. B, 2023, 32(1): 018102.
[2]	Slight Co-doping tuned magnetic and electric properties on cubic BaFeO₃ single crystal Shijun Qin(覃湜俊), Bowen Zhou(周博文), Zhehong Liu(刘哲宏), Xubin Ye(叶旭斌), Xueqiang Zhang(张雪强), Zhao Pan(潘昭), and Youwen Long(龙有文). Chin. Phys. B, 2022, 31(9): 097503.
[3]	Liquid-phase synthesis of Li₂S and Li₃PS₄ with lithium-based organic solutions Jieru Xu(许洁茹), Qiuchen Wang(王秋辰), Wenlin Yan(闫汶琳), Liquan Chen(陈立泉), Hong Li(李泓), and Fan Wu(吴凡). Chin. Phys. B, 2022, 31(9): 098203.
[4]	Enhancement of electrochemical performance in lithium-ion battery via tantalum oxide coated nickel-rich cathode materials Fengling Chen(陈峰岭), Jiannan Lin(林建楠), Yifan Chen(陈一帆), Binbin Dong(董彬彬), Chujun Yin(尹楚君), Siying Tian(田飔莹), Dapeng Sun(孙大鹏), Jing Xie (解婧),Zhenyu Zhang(张振宇), Hong Li(李泓), and Chaobo Li(李超波). Chin. Phys. B, 2022, 31(5): 058101.
[5]	Copper ion beam emission in solid electrolyte Rb₄Cu₁₆I_6.5Cl_13.5 Tushagu Abudouwufu(吐沙姑·阿不都吾甫), Xiangyu Zhang (张翔宇), Wenbin Zuo (左文彬), Jinbao Luo(罗进宝), Yueqiang Lan(兰越强), Canxin Tian (田灿鑫), Changwei Zou(邹长伟), Alexander Tolstoguzov, and Dejun Fu(付德君). Chin. Phys. B, 2022, 31(4): 040704.
[6]	On-surface synthesis of one-dimensional carbyne-like nanostructures with sp-carbon Wenze Gao(高文泽), Chi Zhang(张弛), Zheng Zhou(周正), and Wei Xu(许维). Chin. Phys. B, 2022, 31(12): 128101.
[7]	Stability of liquid crystal systems doped with γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles Xu Zhang(张旭), Ningning Liu(刘宁宁), Zongyuan Tang(唐宗元), Yingning Miao(缪应宁), Xiangshen Meng(孟祥申), Zhenghong He(何正红), Jian Li(李建), Minglei Cai(蔡明雷), Tongzhou Zhao(赵桐州), Changyong Yang(杨长勇), Hongyu Xing(邢红玉), and Wenjiang Ye(叶文江). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(9): 096101.
[8]	Fabrication of sulfur-doped cove-edged graphene nanoribbons on Au(111) Huan Yang(杨欢), Yixuan Gao(高艺璇), Wenhui Niu(牛雯慧), Xiao Chang(常霄), Li Huang(黄立), Junzhi Liu(刘俊治), Yiyong Mai(麦亦勇), Xinliang Feng(冯新亮), Shixuan Du(杜世萱), and Hong-Jun Gao(高鸿钧). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(7): 077306.
[9]	Substitution effect on the superconductivity in Mo_3-xRe_xAl₂C with β-Mn structure prepared by microwave method Jun-Nan Sun(孙俊男), Bin-Bin Ruan(阮彬彬), Meng-Hu Zhou(周孟虎), Yin Chen(陈银), Qing-Song Yang(杨清松), Lei Shan(单磊), Ming-Wei Ma(马明伟), Gen-Fu Chen(陈根富), and Zhi-An Ren(任治安). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(7): 077401.
[10]	NBN-doped nanographene embedded with five- and seven-membered rings on Au(111) surface Huan Yang(杨欢), Yun Cao(曹云), Yixuan Gao(高艺璇), Yubin Fu(付钰彬), Li Huang(黄立), Junzhi Liu(刘俊治), Xinliang Feng(冯新亮), Shixuan Du(杜世萱), and Hong-Jun Gao(高鸿钧). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(5): 056802.
[11]	Critical behavior and effect of Sr substitution in double perovskite Ca₂CrSbO₆ Yuan-Yuan Jiao(焦媛媛), Jian-Ping Sun(孙建平), and Qi Cui(崔琦). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(3): 037501.
[12]	Hierarchical lichee-like Fe₃O₄ assemblies and their high heating efficiency in magnetic hyperthermia Wen-Yu Li(李文宇), Wen-Tao Li(李文涛), Bang-Quan Li(李榜全), Li-Juan Dong(董丽娟), Tian-Hua Meng(孟田华), Ge Huo(霍格), Gong-Ying Liang(梁工英), and Xue-Gang Lu(卢学刚). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(10): 104402.
[13]	Doping effect on the structure and physical properties of quasi-one-dimensional compounds Ba₉Co₃(Se_1-xS_x)₁₅ (x = 0-0.2) Lei Duan(段磊), Xian-Cheng Wang(望贤成), Jun Zhang(张俊), Jian-Fa Zhao(赵建发), Wen-Min Li(李文敏), Li-Peng Cao(曹立朋), Zhi-Wei Zhao(赵志伟), Changjiang Xiao(肖长江), Ying Ren(任瑛), Shun Wang(王顺), Jinlong Zhu(朱金龙), and Chang-Qing Jin(靳常青). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(10): 106101.
[14]	Controlling the light wavefront through a scattering medium based on direct digital frequency synthesis technology Yuan Yuan(袁园), Min-Yuan Sun(孙敏远), Yong Bi(毕勇), Wei-Nan Gao(高伟男), Shuo Zhang(张硕), and Wen-Ping Zhang(张文平). Chin. Phys. B, 2021, 30(1): 014209.
[15]	Lattice deformation in epitaxial Fe₃O₄ films on MgO substrates studied by polarized Raman spectroscopy Yang Yang(杨洋), Qiang Zhang(张强), Wenbo Mi(米文博), Xixiang Zhang(张西祥). Chin. Phys. B, 2020, 29(8): 083302.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Metrics
Related Articles

Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles：Synthesis and surface coating techniques for biomedical applications

Cite this article:

Online attention