Table of contents

20 October 2009, Volume 18 Issue 10 Previous issue    Next issue

GENERAL

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Element-free Galerkin (EFG) method for a kind of two-dimensional linear hyperbolic equation Cheng Rong-Jun(程荣军) and Ge Hong-Xia(葛红霞) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4059-4064.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/001 Abstract ( 1996 )   PDF (357KB) ( 1100 )   The present paper deals with the numerical solution of a two-dimensional linear hyperbolic equation by using the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method which is based on the moving least-square approximation for the test and trial functions. A variational method is used to obtain the discrete equations, and the essential boundary conditions are enforced by the penalty method. Compared with numerical methods based on mesh, the EFG method for hyperbolic problems needs only the scattered nodes instead of meshing the domain of the problem. It neither requires any element connectivity nor suffers much degradation in accuracy when nodal arrangements are very irregular. The effectiveness of the EFG method for two-dimensional hyperbolic problems is investigated by two numerical examples in this paper.

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An improved boundary element-free method (IBEFM) for two-dimensional potential problems Ren Hong-Ping(任红萍), Cheng Yu-Min(程玉民), and Zhang Wu(张武) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4065-4073.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/002 Abstract ( 1784 )   PDF (217KB) ( 1025 )   The interpolating moving least-squares (IMLS) method is discussed first in this paper. And the formulae of the IMLS method obtained by Lancaster are revised. Then on the basis of the boundary element-free method (BEFM), combining the boundary integral equation (BIE) method with the IMLS method, the improved boundary element-free method (IBEFM) for two-dimensional potential problems is presented, and the corresponding formulae of the IBEFM are obtained. In the BEFM, boundary conditions are applied directly, but the shape function in the MLS does not satisfy the property of the Kronecker $\delta$ function. This is a problem of the BEFM, and must be solved theoretically. In the IMLS method, when the shape function satisfies the property of the Kronecker $\delta$  function, then the boundary conditions, in the meshless method based on the IMLS method, can be applied directly. Then the IBEFM, based on the IMLS method, is a direct meshless boundary integral equation method in which the basic unknown quantity is the real solution of the nodal variables, and the boundary conditions can be applied directly and easily, thus it gives a greater computational precision. Some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the method.

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Application of higher-order KdV--mKdV model with higher-degree nonlinear terms to gravity waves in atmosphere Li Zi-Liang(李子良) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4074-4082.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/003 Abstract ( 1675 )   PDF (2601KB) ( 729 )   Higher-order Korteweg-de Vries (KdV)-modified KdV (mKdV) equations with a higher-degree of nonlinear terms are derived from a simple incompressible non-hydrostatic Boussinesq equation set in atmosphere and are used to investigate gravity waves in atmosphere. By taking advantage of the auxiliary nonlinear ordinary differential equation, periodic wave and solitary wave solutions of the fifth-order KdV--mKdV models with higher-degree nonlinear terms are obtained under some constraint conditions. The analysis shows that the propagation and the periodic structures of gravity waves depend on the properties of the slope of line of constant phase and atmospheric stability. The Jacobi elliptic function wave and solitary wave solutions with slowly varying amplitude are transformed into triangular waves with the abruptly varying amplitude and breaking gravity waves under the effect of atmospheric instability.

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Simulation of natural convection under high magnetic field by means of the thermal lattice Boltzmann method Zhong Cheng-Wen(钟诚文), Xie Jian-Fei(解建飞), Zhuo Cong-Shan(卓从山), Xiong Sheng-Wei(熊生伟), and Yin Da-Chuan(尹大川) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4083-4093.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/004 Abstract ( 1584 )   PDF (527KB) ( 1006 )   The thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM), which was proposed by J. G. M. Eggels and J. A. Somers previously, has been improved in this paper. The improved method has introduced a new equilibrium solution for the temperature distribution function on the assumption that flow is incompressible, and it can correct the effect of compressibility on the macroscopic temperature computed. Compared to the previous method, where the half-way bounce back boundary condition was used for non-slip velocity and temperature, a non-equilibrium extrapolation scheme has been adopted for both velocity and temperature boundary conditions in this paper. Its second-order accuracy coincides with the ensemble accuracy of lattice Boltzmann method. In order to validate the improved thermal scheme, the natural convection of air in a square cavity is simulated by using this method. The results obtained in the simulation agree very well with the data of other numerical methods and benchmark data. It is indicated that the improved TLBM is also successful for the simulations of non-isothermal flows. Moreover, this thermal scheme can be applied to simulate the natural convection in a non-uniform high magnetic field. The simulation has been completed in a square cavity filled with the aqueous solutions of KCl (11wt%), which is considered as a diamagnetic fluid with electrically low-conducting, with Grashof number Gr=4.64×104 and Prandtl number Pr=7.0. And three cases, with different cavity locations in the magnetic field, have been studied. In the presence of a high magnetic field, the natural convection is quenched by the body forces exerted on the electrically low-conducting fluids, such as the magnetization force and the Lorentz force. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the quenching efficiencies decrease with the variation of location from left, symmetrical line, to the right. These phenomena originate from the different distributions of the magnetic field strengths in the zones of the symmetrical central line of the magnetic fields. The results are also compared with those without a magnetic field. Finally, we can conclude that the improved TLBM will enable effective simulation of the natural convection under a high magnetic field.

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New explicit and exact solutions of the Benney--Kawahara--Lin equation Xie Yuan-Xi(谢元喜) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4094-4099.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/005 Abstract ( 1753 )   PDF (92KB) ( 632 )   In this paper, we present a combination method of constructing the explicit and exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. And as an illustrative example, we apply the method to the Benney-Kawahara-Lin equation and derive its many explicit and exact solutions which are all new solutions.

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Entanglement dynamics between an isolated atom and a moving atom in the cavity Deng Xiao-Juan(邓小娟), Fang Mao-Fa(方卯发), and Kang Guo-Dong(康国栋) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4100-4104.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/006 Abstract ( 1884 )   PDF (188KB) ( 657 )   The entanglement dynamics between an isolated atom and a moving atom interacting with a cavity field is investigated. The results show that there appears sudden death of entanglement between the isolated atom and the moving atom and that the time of entanglement sudden death (ESD) is independent of the initial state of the system. It is interesting that the isolated atom can also entangle with a cavity field, though they do not interact with each other originally, which stems from the fact that the entanglement between the isolated atom and the moving atom may turn into the entanglement between the isolated atom and the cavity.

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An efficient deterministic secure quantum communication scheme based on cluster states and identity authentication Liu Wen-Jie(刘文杰), Chen Han-Wu(陈汉武), Ma Ting-Huai(马廷淮), Li Zhi-Qiang(李志强), Liu Zhi-Hao(刘志昊), and Hu Wen-Bo(胡文博) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4105-4109.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/007 Abstract ( 1542 )   PDF (165KB) ( 954 )   A novel efficient deterministic secure quantum communication scheme based on four-qubit cluster states and single-photon identity authentication is proposed. In this scheme, the two authenticated users can transmit two bits of classical information per cluster state, and its efficiency of the quantum communication is 1/3, which is approximately 1.67 times that of the previous protocol presented by Wang et al [Chin. Phys. Lett. 23 (2006) 2658]. Security analysis shows the present scheme is secure against intercept-resend attack and the impersonator's attack. Furthermore, it is more economic with present-day techniques and easily processed by a one-way quantum computer.

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Effects of periodic modulation on the nonlinear Landau--Zener tunneling Wu Li-Hua(吴利华) and Duan Wen-Shan(段文山) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4110-4116.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/008 Abstract ( 1767 )   PDF (241KB) ( 876 )   We study the Landau-Zener tunneling of a nonlinear two-level system by applying a periodic modulation on its energy bias. We find that the two levels are splitting at the zero points of the zero order Bessel function for high-frequency modulation. Moreover, we obtain the effective coupling constant between two levels at the zero points of the zero order Bessel function by calculating the final tunneling probability at these points. It seems that the effective coupling constant can be regarded as the approximation of the higher order Bessel function at these points. For the low-frequency modulation, we find that the final tunneling probability is a function of the interaction strength. For the weak inter-level coupling case, we find that the final tunneling probability is more disordered as the interaction strength becomes larger.

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Entanglement evolution and transfer in a double Tavis--Cumming model in cavity QED Xu Qing-Jun(徐庆君) and Zhang Shi-Ying(张士英) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4117-4121.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/009 Abstract ( 1747 )   PDF (711KB) ( 605 )   We have studied entanglement evolution and transfer in a double Tavis--Cumming model where two pairs of entangled two-level atoms AB and CD interact with two single-mode cavity fields a and b. We show that the Bell-like initial state of atoms AB can exhibit entanglement sudden death which should be independent of the initial entanglement of atoms CD. Also, we show that the initial entanglement of one atomic pair can be transferred into another pair, as well as the possible subsystems, that become entangled during evolution.

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Critical rotation of an anharmonically trapped Bose--Einstein condensate Ma Juan(马娟), Li Zhi(李志), and Xue Ju-Kui(薛具奎) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4122-4129.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/010 Abstract ( 1799 )   PDF (812KB) ( 806 )   We consider rotational motion of an interacting atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) with both two- and three-body interactions in a quadratic-plus-quartic and harmonic-plus-Gaussian trap. By using the variational method, the influence of the three-body interaction and the anharmonicity of the trap on the lowest energy surface mode excitation and the spontaneous shape deformation (responsible for the vortex formation) in a rotating BEC is discussed in detail. It is found that the repulsive three-body interaction helps the formation of the vortex and reduces the lowest energy surface mode frequency and the critical rotational frequency of the system. Moreover, the critical rotational frequency for the vortex formation in the harmonic-plus-Gaussian potential is lower than that in the quadratic-plus-quartic potential.

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The nonlinear Wannier function in square Kr?nig--Penney model Xue Rui(薛锐), Liang Zhao-Xin(梁兆新), and Li Wei-Dong(李卫东) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4130-4135.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/011 Abstract ( 1604 )   PDF (230KB) ( 569 )   The nonlinear Wannier functions in square Kr?nig-Penney potential are investigated with the help of a set of exact nonlinear Bloch solutions. The nonlinear interaction makes the Wannier functions fall off as non-exponential law with distance and enhances the tunneling coupling between the neighbor sites.

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The influence of strain-reducing layer on strain distribution and ground state energy levels of GaN/AlN quantum dot Liu Yu-Min(刘玉敏), Yu Zhong-Yuan(俞重远), Ren Xiao-Min(任晓敏), and Xu Zi-Huan(徐子欢) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4136-4142.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/012 Abstract ( 1644 )   PDF (896KB) ( 686 )   This article deals with the strain distributions around GaN/AlN quantum dots by using the finite element method. Special attention is paid to the influence of Al0.2Ga0.8N strain-reducing layer on strain distribution and electronic structure. The numerical results show that the horizontal and the vertical strain components are reinforced in the GaN quantum dot due to the presence of the strain-reducing layer, but the hydrostatic strain in the quantum dot is not influenced. According to the deformation potential theory, we study the band edge modifications and the piezoelectric effects. The result demonstrates that with the increase of the strain reducing layer, the transition energy between the ground state electron and the heavy hole increases. This result is consistent with the emission wavelength blue shift phenomenon observed in the experiment and confirms that the wavelength shifts toward the short wavelength range is realizable by adjusting the structure-dependent parameters of GaN/AlN quantum dot.

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Einstein--Podolsky--Rosen entanglement in time-dependent periodic pumping non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier Zhao Chao-Ying(赵超樱) and Tan Wei-Han(谭维翰) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4143-4153.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/013 Abstract ( 1528 )   PDF (281KB) ( 611 )   The solution of the time-dependent periodic pumping non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier (NOPA) is derived when the pump depletion is considered both above and below thresholds. Based on this solution, the quantum fluctuation calculated shows that a high entanglement and a good squeezing degree of the parametric light beams are achieved near and above thresholds. We adopt two kinds of pump fields: (i) a continuously modulated pump with a sinusoidal envelope; (ii) a sequence of laser pulses with Gaussian envelopes. We analyse the time evolution of continuous variable entanglement by analytical and numerical calculations, and show that the periodic driven pumping also improves the degree of entanglement. The squeezing and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement by using the two pumping driven functions are investigated from below to above the threshold regions, the tendencies are nearly the same, and the Gaussian driven function is superior to that of the sine driven function, when the maximum squeezing and the minimum variance of quantum fluctuation are considered. In the meantime, the generalization of frequency degenerate OPA to frequency non-degenerated OPA problem is investigated.

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Quantum quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check error-correcting codes Li Yuan(李渊), Zeng Gui-Hua(曾贵华), and Moon Ho Lee Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4154-4160.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/014 Abstract ( 1481 )   PDF (139KB) ( 640 )   In this paper, we propose the approach of employing circulant permutation matrices to construct quantum quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Using the proposed approach one may construct some new quantum codes with various lengths and rates of no cycles-length 4 in their Tanner graphs. In addition, these constructed codes have the advantages of simple implementation and low-complexity encoding. Finally, the decoding approach for the proposed quantum QC LDPC is investigated.

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Asymptotic quasinormal modes of scalar field in a gravity's rainbow Liu Cheng-Zhou(刘成周) and Zhu Jian-Yang(朱建阳) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4161-4168.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/015 Abstract ( 1635 )   PDF (193KB) ( 556 )   In the framework of the gravity's rainbow, the asymptotic quasinormal modes of the modified Schwarzschild black holes undergoing a scalar perturbation are investigated. By using the monodromy method, we analytically calculated the asymptotic quasinormal frequencies, which depend on not only the mass parameter of the black hole, but also the particle's energy of the perturbation field. Meanwhile, the real parts of the asymptotic quasinormal modes can be expressed as THln3, which is consistent with Hod's conjecture. In addition, for the quantum corrected black hole, the area spacing is independent of the particle's energy, even though the area itself depends on the particle's energy. And that, by relating the area spectrum to loop quantum gravity, the Barbero-Immirzi parameter is given and it remains the same as from the usual black hole.

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Effect of road structure on the capacity of a signalized road intersection Pan Jia-Xiu(盘佳秀), Xue Yu(薛郁), Liang Yu-Juan(梁玉娟), and Tang Tie-Qiao(唐铁桥) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4169-4176.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/016 Abstract ( 1793 )   PDF (1067KB) ( 1575 )   In this paper, we use the stochastic Nagel--Schreckenberg (NaSch) model to investigate the influence of a special right-turning lane connecting two main roads on the capacity of a signalized road intersection. It is found that the magnitude of right-turning traffic flow and the linking position of the special right-turning lane can greatly influence the capacity of the signalized road intersection. The relation between traffic flow and entering probability for different distances between the entrance (exit) of the special right-turning lane and the road intersection is simulated and analysed. The corresponding spatiotemporal pattern and phase diagram on different sections of the main road are given under the condition of close proximity to the signalized road intersection, stop-and-go traffic occur and obstruct the intersection. On the contrary, unchanged flux is maintained as the distance exceeds a critical values. All the studies indicate that setting a special right-turning lane by choosing a suitable location near a signalized road intersection can relieve the load of current traffic on the main road and maintain traffic flow.

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Modulational instability for a self-attractive two-component Bose--Einstein condensate Li Sheng-Chang(栗生长) and Duan Wen-Shan(段文山) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4177-4181.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/017 Abstract ( 1970 )   PDF (1140KB) ( 1104 )   By means of the multiple-scale expansion method, the coupled nonlinear Schr?dinger equations without an explicit external potential are obtained in two-dimensional geometry for a self-attractive Bose-Einstein condensate composed of different hyperfine states. The modulational instability of two-component condensate is investigated by using a simple technique. Based on the discussion about two typical cases, the explicit expression of the growth rate for a purely growing modulational instability and the optimum stable conditions are given and analysed analytically. The results show that the modulational instability of this two-dimensional system is quite different from that in a one-dimensional system.

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Effects of signal modulation and coloured cross-correlation of coloured noises on the diffusion of a harmonic oscillator Liu Li(刘立), Zhang Liang-Ying(张良英), and Cao Li(曹力) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4182-4186.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/018 Abstract ( 1761 )   PDF (222KB) ( 841 )   The diffusion in a harmonic oscillator driven by coloured noises $\xi(t)$ and $\eta(t)$ with coloured cross-correlation in which one of the noises is modulated by a biased periodic signal is investigated. The exact expression of diffusion coefficient d as a function of noise parameter, signal parameter, and oscillator frequency is derived. The findings in this paper are as follows. 1) The curves of d versus noise intensity D and d versus noises cross-correlation time $\tau_3$ exist as two different phases. The transition between the two phases arises from the change of the cross-correlation coefficient $\lambda$  of the two Ornstein--Uhlenbeck (O-U) noises. 2) Changing the value of $\tau_3$, the curves of dversus Q, the intensity of colored noise that is modulated by the signal, can transform from a phase having a minimum to a monotonic phase. 3) Changing the value of signal amplitude A, d versus Q curves can transform from a phase having a minimum to a monotonic phase. The above-mentioned results demonstrate that a like noise-induced transition appears in the model.

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Synchronization transition of limit-cycle system with homogeneous phase shifts Zhang Ting-Xian(张廷宪) and Zheng Zhi-Gang(郑志刚) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4187-4192.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/019 Abstract ( 1785 )   PDF (543KB) ( 663 )   The behaviors of coupled oscillators, each of which has periodic motion with random natural frequency in the absence of coupling, are investigated when phase shifts are considered. In the system of coupled oscillators, phase shifts are the same between different oscillators. Synchronization and synchronization transition are revealed with different phase shifts. Phase shifts play an important role for this kind of system. When the phase shift $\alpha<0.5\pi$, the synchronization state can be attained by increasing the coupling, and the system cannot reach the synchronization state while $\alpha\geqslant 0.5\pi$. A clear scaling between complete synchronization critical coupling strength $K_{pc}$ and $\alpha-0.5\pi$ is found.

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Spin-3/2 Ising model AFM/AFM two-layer lattice with crystal field Erhan Albayrak and Ali Yigit Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4193-4207.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/020 Abstract ( 1757 )   PDF (1551KB) ( 869 )   The spin-3/2 Ising model is investigated for the case of antiferromagnetic (AFM/AFM) interactions on the two-layer Bethe lattice by using the exact recursion relations in the pairwise approach for given coordination numbers q=3, 4 and 6 when the layers are under the influences of equal external magnetic and equal crystal fields. The ground state (GS) phase diagrams are obtained on the different planes in detail and then the temperature-dependent phase diagrams of the system are calculated accordingly. It is observed that the system presents both second- and first-order phase transitions for all q, therefore, tricritical points. It is also found that the system exhibits double-critical end points and isolated points. The model also presents two Néel temperatures, TN, and the existence of which leads to the reentrant behaviour.

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A control method for congested traffic in the coupled map car-following model Shen Fei-Ying(沈飞英), Ge Hong-Xia(葛红霞), Zhang Hui(张辉), Yu Han-Mei(余寒梅), and Lei Li(雷丽) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4208-4216.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/021 Abstract ( 1678 )   PDF (369KB) ( 781 )   Based on the pioneer work of Konishi et al, a new control method is presented to suppress the traffic congestion in the coupled map (CM) car-following model under an open boundary. A control signal concluding the velocity differences of the two vehicles in front is put forward. The condition under which the traffic jam can be contained is analyzed. The results are compared with that presented by Konishi et al [Phys. Rev. 1999 E 60 4000--4007]. The simulation results show that the temporal behavior obtained by our method is better than that by the Konishi's et al. method, although both the methods could suppress the traffic jam. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis.

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Improving consensual performance of multi-agent systems in weighted scale-free networks Qi Wei(祁伟), Xu Xin-Jian(许新建), and Wang Ying-Hai(汪映海) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4217-4221.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/022 Abstract ( 1740 )   PDF (213KB) ( 726 )   This paper studies consensus problems in weighted scale-free networks of asymmetrically coupled dynamical units, where the asymmetry in a given link is determined by the relative degree of the involved nodes. It shows that the asymmetry of interactions has a great effect on the consensus. Especially, when the interactions are dominant from higher- to lower-degree nodes, both the convergence speed and the robustness to communication delay are enhanced.

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Collision avoidance for a mobile robot based on radial basis function hybrid force control technique Wen Shu-Huan(温淑焕) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4222-4228.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/023 Abstract ( 1590 )   PDF (230KB) ( 6173 )   Collision avoidance is always difficult in the planning path for a mobile robot. In this paper, the virtual force field between a mobile robot and an obstacle is formed and regulated to maintain a desired distance by hybrid force control algorithm. Since uncertainties from robot dynamics and obstacle degrade the performance of a collision avoidance task, intelligent control is used to compensate for the uncertainties. A radial basis function (RBF) neural network is used to regulate the force field of an accurate distance between a robot and an obstacle in this paper and then simulation studies are conducted to confirm that the proposed algorithm is effective.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

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Images of triple gas electron multiplier with pixel-pads Dong Jing(董静), Hu Bi-Tao(胡碧涛), Chen Yuan-Bo(陈元柏), and Xie Yi-Gang(谢一冈) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4229-4233.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/024 Abstract ( 1737 )   PDF (1801KB) ( 802 )   Testing of a triple gas electron multiplier (GEM) with pixel-pads is described. Images by scanning and suspending radioactive sources were obtained by using 96 channels digital data acquisition (DAQ) system which was composed of 96 8× 8 mm2 pads and associated electronics channels.

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

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Four-parameter analytical local model potential for atoms Yu Fei(余飞), Sun Jiu-Xun(孙久勋) Tian Rong-Gang(田荣刚), and Yang Wei(杨维) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4234-4241.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/025 Abstract ( 1816 )   PDF (221KB) ( 783 )   Analytical local model potential for modeling the interaction in an atom reduces the computational effort in electronic structure calculations significantly. A new four-parameter analytical local model potential is proposed for atoms Li through Lr, and the values of four parameters are shell-independent and obtained by fitting the results of Xa method. At the same time, the energy eigenvalues, the radial wave functions and the total energies of electrons are obtained by solving the radial Schr?dinger equation with a new form of potential function by Numerov's numerical method. The results show that our new form of potential function is suitable for high, medium and low Z atoms. A comparison among the new potential function and other analytical potential functions shows the greater flexibility and greater accuracy of the present new potential function.

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Theoretical analysis of ionic autoionization spectra of lanthanum via an intermediate state [Xe]5d6d 1P1 Zhong Yin-Peng(仲银鹏), Jia Feng-Dong(贾凤东), and Zhong Zhi-Ping(钟志萍) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4242-4250.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/026 Abstract ( 1885 )   PDF (1273KB) ( 690 )   In the framework of multi-channel quantum defect theory, eigenquantum defects $\mu_\alpha$ and the transformation matrices $U_{i\alpha}$ of La+ are calculated from first principles by relativistic multi-channel theory, while the dipole matrix elements $D_\alpha$ are obtained by fitting with experimental data. Then the ionic autoionization spectra of lanthanum via the intermediate state [Xe]5d6d 1P1 in the energy region of 90213--91905 cm-1 are obtained. Experimental peaks are classified and assigned by comparing with the corresponding calculated spectra. More specifically, four ionic autoionization Rydberg series converging to La2+ 5d5/22D5/2 and several states converging to higher lying states of La2+ are found and assigned.

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Investigation of odd-parity Rydberg states of Eu I with autoionization detection Xiao Ying(肖颖), Dai Chang-Jian(戴长建), and Qin Wen-Jie(秦文杰) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4251-4258.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/027 Abstract ( 1672 )   PDF (259KB) ( 726 )   Isolated-core-excitation (ICE) scheme and autoionization detection are employed to study the bound Rydberg states of europium atom. The high-lying states with odd parity have been measured using the autoionization detection method with three different excitation paths via 4f76s6p[ 8P5/2], 4f76s6p[ 8P7/2] and 4f76s6p[ 8P9/2] intermediate states, respectively. In this paper the spectra of bound Rydberg states of Eu atom are reported, which cover the energy regions from 36000 cm-1 to 38250 cm-1 and from 38900 cm-1 to 39500 cm-1. The study provides the information about level energy, the possible J values and relative line intensity as well as the effective principal quantum number n* for these states. This work not only confirms the previous results of many states, but also discovers 11 new Rydberg states of Eu atom.

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Bose--Einstein condensation on an atom chip Hot! Yan Bo(颜波), Cheng Feng(程峰), Ke Min(柯敏), Li Xiao-Lin(李晓林), Tang Jiu-Yao(唐九耀), and Wang Yu-Zhu(王育竹) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4259-4263.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/028 Abstract ( 1645 )   PDF (1298KB) ( 1240 )   This paper reports an experiment of creating Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) on an atom chip. The chip-based Z-wire current with a homogeneous bias magnetic field creates a tight magnetic trap, which allows for a fast production of BEC. After a 4.17-s forced radio frequency evaporative cooling, a condensate with about 3000 atoms appears. The transition temperature is about 300 nK. This compact system is quite robust, allowing for versatile extensions and further studying of BEC.

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Quantum stereodynamics study for the reaction F + HD Liu Yu-Fang(刘玉芳), Zhang Wei(张伟), Shi De-Heng(施德恒), and Sun Jin-Feng(孙金锋) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4264-4273.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/029 Abstract ( 1721 )   PDF (1873KB) ( 748 )   This paper studies the quantum stereodynamics of the F + HD($\upsilon$ = 0, j = 0) → HD + F/HF + D reaction at the collision energies of 0.52 and 0.87 kcal/mol. The quantum scattering calculations, based on Stark-Werner potential energy surfaces, show that the differential cross sections for the HF($\upsilon'$ = 2) + D and DF($\upsilon'$ = 3) + H channels are consistent with the recent theoretical results. Furthermore, the product rotational angular momentum orientation and alignment have been determined for some selected rovibrational states of the HF + D and DF + H channels.

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Surface-induced evaporative cooling Hot! Ke Min(柯敏), Yan Bo(颜波), Cheng Feng(程锋), and Wang Yu-Zhu(王育竹) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4274-4280.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/030 Abstract ( 1468 )   PDF (865KB) ( 609 )   The effects of surface-induced evaporative cooling on an atom chip are investigated. The evolutions of temperature, number and phase-space density of the atom cloud are measured when the atom cloud is brought close to the surface. Rapid decrease of the temperature and number of the atoms is found when the atom-surface distance is < 100 $\mu$m. A gain of about a factor of five on the phase-space density is obtained. It is found that the efficiency of the surface-induced evaporative cooling depends on the atom-surface distance and the shape of the evaporative trap. When the atoms are moved very close to the surface, severe heating is observed, which dominates when the holding time is >8 ms. It is important that the surface-induced evaporative cooling offers novel possibilities for the realization of a continuous condensation, where a spatially varying evaporative cooling is required.

CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY

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Magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator oscillated in a modified HEM11 mode Wang Dong(王冬), Chen Dai-Bing(陈代兵), Qin Fen(秦奋), and Fan Zhi-Kai(范植开) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4281-4286.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/031 Abstract ( 1943 )   PDF (1501KB) ( 1101 )   This paper puts forward a novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) for the first time which takes a modified HEM11 mode as its main interaction mode. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangements of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional (2-D) slow wave structure. The high frequency characteristics are analyzed and a PIC simulation is carried out; the detailed results are discussed to get a better understanding of this new MILO. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, it finds that the modified HEM11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4% and the generated microwave is in a TE11-like circularly polarized mode; its polarization direction is decided by the rotation direction of the SWS.

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Investigation of transmission resonances on the one-dimensional metallic cylindrical gratings in THz frequency range Chen Hua(陈华), Sun Yi-Min(孙毅民), and Wang Li(汪力) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4287-4291.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/032 Abstract ( 1691 )   PDF (702KB) ( 782 )   In the experiments of THz wave transmitting through the metallic cylindrical gratings fabricated by sub-wavelength brass wires, this paper reports that the discrepancy in the sharp resonances occurred as the grating perpendicular or parallel to the electric vector are observed. A simulation based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) indicated that the enhanced transmission through the grating is attributed to the combined effects of surface plasmons and cavity modes in the perpendicular condition, while the cavity modes dominate the resonant transmission under the other conditions. Additional experimental data and calculated results show that ～1 enhanced coupling efficiency can be realized in some THz frequency, which could be applied to the design and improvement of various optoelectronic devices, or detection of biological molecule and powder samples, etc.

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Experimental study on microdeposition of the copper thin film by femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer Yang Li(杨丽) and Wang Ching-Yue(王清月) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4292-4297.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/033 Abstract ( 1723 )   PDF (2814KB) ( 698 )   The morphologies of the deposited dots on the 40 nm-thick copper film by the femtosecond laser-induced forward transfer that depend on the irradiated laser fluence have been studied, and the variations of orderliness of the diameter of deposited dots on the quartz substrate and forward ablated dot on the donor substrate with increasing pulse fluence have been obtained experimentally. The experimental results show that a thinner copper film would generate larger-sized ablated dot and deposited dot at the threshold fluence for transfer. By x-ray diffraction measurement, it is demonstrated that the crystal form of the transferred copper films is unaltered and the size of the crystallites is diminished.

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The (1+1)-dimensional spatial solitons in media with weak nonlinear nonlocality Ding Na(丁娜) and Guo Qi(郭旗) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4298-4302.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/034 Abstract ( 1791 )   PDF (170KB) ( 880 )   We study the propagation of (1+1)-dimensional spatial soliton in a nonlocal Kerr-type medium with weak nonlocality. First, we show that an equation for describing the soliton propagation in weak nonlocality is a nonlinear Schrödinger equation with perturbation terms. Then, an approximate analytical solution of the equation is found by the perturbation method. We also find some interesting properties of the intensity profiles of the soliton.

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Interaction of light filaments in air Xi Ting-Ting(奚婷婷), Lu Xin(鲁欣), Hao Zuo-Qiang(郝作强), Ma Yuan-Yuan(马媛媛), and Zhang Jie(张杰) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4303-4307.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/035 Abstract ( 1836 )   PDF (262KB) ( 715 )   This paper analytically investigates the interaction of light filaments generated by a femtosecond laser beam in air. It obtains the Hamiltonian of a total laser field and interaction force between two filaments with different phase shifts and crossing angles. The property of the interaction force, which leads the attraction or repulsion of filaments, is basically dependent on the phase shift between filaments. The crossing angle between two filaments can only determine the magnitude of the interaction force, but does not change the property of the force.

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Efficient collinear frequency tripling of femtosecond laser with compensation of group velocity delay Wang Yan-Ling(王燕玲), Zhou Xu-Gui(周绪桂), Wu Hong(吴洪), and Ding Liang-En(丁良恩) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4308-4313.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/036 Abstract ( 2050 )   PDF (708KB) ( 98581 )   This paper demonstrates an approach that negative uniaxial crystal has a relative anomalous dispersion effect which can compensate group velocity delay, and applies this approach to nonlinear frequency conversion of an ultrafast laser field. High efficiency of the third harmonic generation is experimentally fulfilled by adopting a collinear configuration of doubing-compensation-tripling system. Through finely adjusting the incident angle and optical axis direction of the compensation plate, it obtains ultraviolet (UV) output energy of 0.32 mJ centered at 270 nm with spectral bandwidth of 2 nm when input beam at 800 nm was 70 fs pulse duration and 6 mJ pulse energy which was extracted from Ti:sapphire laser system by a diaphragm, corresponding to an 800-to-270 nm conversion efficiency of 5.3% and a factor-of-1.6 improvement in the third harmonic generation of UV band in comparison with a general conventional configuration. Furthermore, when the full energy of 18 mJ from a Ti:sapphire laser system was used and optimized, the UV emission could reach 0.83 mJ.

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High efficiency continuous-wave tunable signal output of an intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator based on periodically poled lithium niobate Ding Xin(丁欣), Sheng Quan(盛泉), Chen Na(陈娜), Yu Xuan-Yi(禹宣伊), Wang Rui(王睿), Zhang Heng(张衡), Wen Wu-Qi(温午麒), Wang Peng(王鹏), and Yao Jian-Quan(姚建铨) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4314-4318.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/037 Abstract ( 1595 )   PDF (195KB) ( 1249 )   In this paper we report on a continuous-wave (CW) intracavity singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (ICSRO) based on periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) pumped by a diode-end-pumped CW Nd:YVO4 laser. Considering the thermal lens effects and diffraction loss, an optical ballast lens and a near-concentric cavity are adopted for better operation. Through varying the grating period and the temperature, the tunable signal output from 1406 nm to 1513 nm is obtained. At a PPLN grating period of 29 $\mu$m and a temperature of 413 K, a maximum signal output power of 820 mW at 1500 nm is achieved when the 808 nm pump power is 10.9 W, leading to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 7.51%.

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Surface defect gap solitons in one-dimensional dual-frequency lattices Zhu Wei-Ling(朱伟玲), Luo Li(罗莉), He Ying-Ji(何影记), and Wang He-Zhou(汪河洲) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4319-4325.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/038 Abstract ( 1715 )   PDF (1409KB) ( 744 )   We study the surface defect gap solitons in an interface between a defect of one-dimensional dual-frequency lattices and the uniform media. Some unique properties are revealed that such lattices can broaden the region of semi-finite gap, and the semi-finite gap exists not only in the positive and zero defects but also in the negative defect; unlike in the regular lattices, the semi-finite gap exists in the positive and zero defects but does not exist in the negative defect. In particular, stable solitons exist almost in the whole semi-finite gap for the positive and zero defects. These properties are different from other lattices with defects. In addition, it is found that the existence of surface dual-frequency lattice solitons does not need a threshold power.

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Photochemical kinetics for holographic grating formation in phenanthrenequinone doped poly (methyl methacrylate) photopolymer Wang Jian(王健), Sun Xiu-Dong(孙秀冬), Luo Su-Hua(骆素华), Jiang Yong-Yuan(姜永远), and Meng Qing-Xin(孟庆鑫) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4326-4332.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/039 Abstract ( 1756 )   PDF (219KB) ( 614 )   The photochemical kinetics of phenanthrenequinone (PQ) doped poly (methyl methacrylate) photopolymer in holographic recording was studied theoretically and experimentally. The diffusion of PQ molecules during holographic recording was negligible because of its small diffusion coefficient at room temperature. A photochemical reaction kinetics model of PQ/PMMA was established. The analytical expressions for the temporal variations of transmittance and diffraction efficiency were derived. By fitting the experimental curves, some parameters related with the polymer components were obtained by the proposed model, which can be used to analyze the photochemical process and will be helpful to the optimization of material preparation.

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Modification of spontaneous emission rate of micrometer-sized light sources using hollow-core photonic crystal fibers Lu Jiao-Hua(卢娇华), Meng Zi-Ming(蒙自明), Liu Hai-Ying(刘海英), Feng Tian-Hua(冯天华), Dai Qiao-Feng(戴峭峰), Wu Li-Jun(吴立军), Guo Qi(郭旗), Hu Wei(胡巍), and Lan Sheng(兰胜) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4333-4338.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/040 Abstract ( 1660 )   PDF (2884KB) ( 807 )   We investigate numerically and experimentally the modification of the spontaneous emission rate for micrometer-sized light sources embedded in a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF). The diameter of the light source is deliberately chosen such that they could be easily introduced into the central hole of the hollow-core photonic crystal fiber by capillary force. The photoluminescence from the microparticles is measured by using an inverted microscope in combination with a spectrometer. The modification of the spontaneous emission rate is observed in a wavelength region where there is no band gap. The experimental observations are consistent with the simulation results obtained by the plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain techniques.

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First-principles calculations for the elastic properties of Ni-base model superalloys: Ni/Ni3Al multilayers Wang Yun-Jiang(王云江) and Wang Chong-Yu(王崇愚) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4339-4348.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/041 Abstract ( 1878 )   PDF (927KB) ( 2659 )   A model system consisting of Ni[001](100)/Ni3Al[001](100) multi-layers are studied using the density functional theory in order to explore the elastic properties of single crystal Ni-based superalloys. Simulation results are consistent with the experimental observation that rafted Ni-base superalloys virtually possess a cubic symmetry. The convergence of the elastic properties with respect to the thickness of the multilayers are tested by a series of multilayers from 2$\gamma'$+2$\gamma$ to 10$\gamma'$+10$\gamma$ atomic layers. The elastic properties are found to vary little with the increase of the multilayer's thickness. A Ni/Ni3Al multilayer with 10$\gamma'$+10$\gamma$ atomic layers (3.54 nm) can be used to simulate the mechanical properties of Ni-base model superalloys. Our calculated elastic constants, bulk modulus, orientation-dependent shear modulus and Young's modulus, as well as the Zener anisotropy factor are all compatible with the measured results of Ni-base model superalloys R1 and the advanced commercial superalloys TMS-26, CMSX-4 at a low temperature. The mechanical properties as a function of the $\gamma'$ phase volume fraction are calculated by varying the proportion of the $\gamma$ and $\gamma'$ phase in the multilayers. Besides, the mechanical properties of two-phase Ni/Ni3Al multilayer can be well predicted by the Voigt-Reuss-Hill rule of mixtures.

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Force criterion of different electrolytes in microchannel Ren Yu-Kun(任玉坤), Yan Hui(闫辉), Jiang Hong-Yuan(姜洪源), Gu Jian-Zhong(顾建忠), and Antonio Ramos Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4349-4352.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/042 Abstract ( 1653 )   PDF (348KB) ( 633 )   The control and handling of fluids is central to many applications of the lab-on-chip. This paper analyzes the basic theory of manipulating different electrolytes and finds the two-dimensional model. Coulomb force and dielectric force belonging to the body force of different electrolytes in the microchannel were analyzed. The force criterion at the interface was concluded, and testified by the specific example. Three basic equations were analyzed and applied to simulate the phenomenon. The force criterion was proved to be correct based on the simulation results.

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Lattice Boltzmann simulation of fluid flows in two-dimensional channel with complex geometries Wen Bing-Hai(闻炳海), Liu Hai-Yan(刘海燕), Zhang Chao-Ying(张超英), and Wang Qiang(王强) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4353-4359.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/043 Abstract ( 1659 )   PDF (339KB) ( 991 )   Boundary conditions (BCs) play an essential role in lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulations. This paper investigates several most commonly applied BCs by evaluating the relative L2-norm errors of the LB simulations for two-dimensional (2-D) Poiseuille flow. It is found that the relative L2-norm error resulting from FHML's BC is smaller than that from other BCs as a whole. Then, based on the FHML's BC, it formulates an LB model for simulating fluid flows in 2-D channel with complex geometries. Afterwards, the flows between two inclined plates, in a pulmonary blood vessel and in a blood vessel with local expansion region, are simulated. The numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical predictions and clearly show that the model is effective. It is expected that the model can be extended to simulate some real biologic flows, such as blood flows in arteries, vessels with stenosises, aneurysms and bifurcations, etc.

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Single point velocity distributions in homogeneous isotropic turbulence Yan Xiu-Lin(燕秀林), Ran Zheng(冉政) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4360-4365.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/044 Abstract ( 1643 )   PDF (157KB) ( 647 )   The starting point for this paper lies in the results obtained by Tatsumi (2004) for isotropic turbulence with the self-preserving hypothesis. A careful consideration of the mathematical structure of the one-point velocity distribution function equation obtained by Tatsumi (2004) leads to an exact analysis of all possible cases and to all admissible solutions of the problem. This paper revisits this interesting problem from a new point of view, and obtains a new complete set of solutions. Based on these exact solutions, some physically significant consequences of recent advances in the theory of homogenous statistical solution of the Navier--Stokes equations are presented. The comparison with former theory was also made. The origin of non--Gaussian character could be deduced from the above exact solutions.

CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES

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High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and bulk magnetometry study of LaFe11.5Si1.5 compound Zou Jun-Ding(邹君鼎), Li Wei(李卫), and Shen Bao-Gen(沈保根) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4366-4369.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/045 Abstract ( 1870 )   PDF (2734KB) ( 638 )   This paper studies the microstructural and magnetic properties of LaFe11.5Si1.5 compound by means of high-resolution transmission electron microscope and bulk magnetometry measurements. The crystalline structure is accompanied with the noncrystalline and nanocrystalline structures. This characteristic is the reflection of the crystalline process held by quenching. The inverse susceptibilities diverge and deviate from Curie--Weiss law under low applied magnetic fields. This paper proposes the possible mechanism between the anomalous susceptibilities and microstructure, and offers a perspective on the magnetic properties of metastable intermetallic compounds.

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Three-dimensional size and orientation of the precipitates in AZ91 magnesium alloys measured by TEM techniques Zheng Ou(郑鸥), Ma Jia-Yan(马家艳), Wang Jian-Bo(王建波), Zhou Jia-Ping(周嘉萍), Jin Lei(金磊), Zhao Dong-Shan (赵东山), and Wang Ren-Hui(王仁卉) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4370-4379.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/046 Abstract ( 1549 )   PDF (8871KB) ( 658 )   Knowledge of the microscopic structure, including three-dimensional (3-D) size and orientation of the precipitates, is essential to fully understand the mechanical properties of the magnesium alloys and designing the alloys with better performance. Analytical TEM with high spatial resolution offers the simultaneous measurements of 3-D size, structure, orientation, composition of the precipitates from one typical sample along an established crystallographic axis. Besides popular Burgers orientation relationship (OR), other ORs such as Pitsch--Schrader OR, Crawley OR, Potter OR and a new OR with the form of [0001]$\alpha$ 1.0° from [311]$\gamma$ and (11$\bar{2}$0)$\alpha$ 2.0° from (03$\bar{3}$)$\gamma$ between the magnesium matrix and the precipitate $\gamma$ -Mg17Al12 are identified by TEM imaging and diffraction techniques. As a case study, the thicknesses of the individual precipitates with Burgers OR are further measured to be 100--200 nm through both electron energy-loss spectroscopy and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy combining differential x-ray absorption and extrapolation, which are in agreement with the overall 3-D size statistic distribution results obtained through analysing various samples along various directions. Furthermore, the fabricated wedge-shape structure provides a platform on which to study the dependence of the interfacial strain on the variation of the thickness.

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Rotational viscosity of a liquid crystal mixture: a fully atomistic molecular dynamics study Zhang Ran(张然), Peng Zeng-Hui(彭增辉), Liu Yong-Gang(刘永刚), Zheng Zhi-Gang(郑致刚), and Xuan Li(宣丽) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4380-4384.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/047 Abstract ( 2032 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 1667 )   Fully atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at 293, 303 and 313 K have been performed for the four-component liquid crystal mixture, E7, using the software package Material Studio. Order parameters and orientational time correlation functions (TCFs) were calculated from MD trajectories. The rotational viscosity coefficients (RVCs) of the mixture were calculated using the Nemtsov--Zakharov and Fialkowski methods based on statistical-mechanical approaches. Temperature dependences of RVC and density were discussed in detail. Reasonable agreement between the simulated and experimental values was found.

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Structural phase transition behaviour of Zn4Sb3 and its substitutional compounds (Zn1.98M0.02)4Sb3 (M= Al, Ga and In) at low temperatures Liu Feng(刘峰), Qin Xiao-Ying(秦晓英), and Liu Mian (刘冕) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4386-4392.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/048 Abstract ( 1551 )   PDF (1077KB) ( 820 )   Structural phase transitions of Zn4Sb3 and its substitutional compounds (Zn1.98M0.02)4Sb3 (M= Al, Ga and In) are investigated by electrical transport measurement and differential scanning calorimetry below room temperature. The results indicate that both $\beta$ → $\alpha$  and $\alpha$ → $\alpha'$ phase transitions of Zn4Sb3 are reversible and exothermic processes, which may be explained as that both the transitions originate from the ordering of the disordered interstitial Zn and vacancies in regular sizes. The derived activation energies of $\beta$  → $\alpha$ and $\alpha$ → $\alpha'$ phase transition processes for Zn4Sb3 are $E_1=3.9$ eV and $E_2=4.1$ eV, respectively. Although no remarkable influence on activation energy $E_2$ is observed after Al doping, Al substitution for Zn causes $E_1$ to increase to 4.6 eV, implying its suppression of $\beta  \leftrightarrow \alpha$  transition to a great extent. Moreover, it is found that both $\beta \leftrightarrow \alpha$  and $\alpha  \leftrightarrow \alpha'$ transitions are completely prohibited by substitution of either In or Ga for Zn in Zn4Sb3. The underlying mechanisms for these phenomena are discussed.

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Discrete gap breathers in a two-dimensional diatomic face-centered square lattice ü Bin-Bin(吕彬彬) and Tian Qiang(田强) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4393-4406.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/049 Abstract ( 1626 )   PDF (4014KB) ( 672 )   In this paper we study the existence and stability of two-dimensional discrete gap breathers in a two-dimensional diatomic face-centered square lattice consisting of alternating light and heavy atoms, with on-site potential and coupling potential. This study is focused on two-dimensional breathers with their frequency in the gap that separates the acoustic and optical bands of the phonon spectrum. We demonstrate the possibility of the existence of two-dimensional gap breathers by using a numerical method. Six types of two-dimensional gap breathers are obtained, i.e., symmetric, mirror-symmetric and asymmetric, whether the center of the breather is on a light or a heavy atom. The difference between one-dimensional discrete gap breathers and two-dimensional discrete gap breathers is also discussed. We use Aubry's theory to analyze the stability of discrete gap breathers in the two-dimensional diatomic face-centered square lattice.

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Phase-field simulation of the effect of interaction among ordered domains on interdiffusion in Ni--Al--Cr alloys Zhang Yu-Xiang(张玉祥), Wang Jin-Cheng(王锦程), Yang Yu-Juan(杨玉娟), Yang Gen-Cang(杨根仓), and Zhou Yao-He(周尧和) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4407-4412.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/050 Abstract ( 1570 )   PDF (2900KB) ( 728 )   The effect of interaction among $\gamma'$ ordered domains on the interdiffusion process in $\gamma$ + $\gamma'$ /$\gamma$ and $\gamma$ +$\gamma'$ /$\gamma$ +$\gamma'$ diffusion couples is investigated by using the phase-field method, in which bulk free energy and mobility are linked with thermodynamic and kinetic databases. Simulated results show that the interaction among $\gamma'$ ordered domains has great influence on the microstructure, the interdiffusion velocity and the volume fraction of $\gamma'$ phase on both sides of the diffusion couples.

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The effect of single AlGaN interlayer on the structural properties of GaN epilayers grown on Si (111) substrates Wu Yu-Xin(吴玉新), Zhu Jian-Jun(朱建军), Zhao De-Gang(赵德刚), Liu Zong-Shun(刘宗顺), Jiang De-Sheng(江德生), Zhang Shu-Ming(张书明), Wang Yu-Tian(王玉田), Wang Hui (王辉), Chen Gui-Feng(陈贵锋), and Yang Hui(杨辉) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4413-4417.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/051 Abstract ( 1704 )   PDF (2560KB) ( 1250 )   High-quality and nearly crack-free GaN epitaxial layer was obtained by inserting a single AlGaN interlayer between GaN epilayer and high-temperature AlN buffer layer on Si (111) substrate by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This paper investigates the effect of AlGaN interlayer on the structural properties of the resulting GaN epilayer. It confirms from the optical microscopy and Raman scattering spectroscopy that the AlGaN interlayer has a remarkable effect on introducing relative compressive strain to the top GaN layer and preventing the formation of cracks. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveal that a significant reduction in both screw and edge threading dislocations is achieved in GaN epilayer by the insertion of AlGaN interlayer. The process of threading dislocation reduction in both AlGaN interlayer and GaN epilayer is demonstrated.

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

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Lattice strain and p-d repulsion affecting electronic structure of wurtzite Zn1-xCdxO alloys Shi Li-Bin(史力斌), Kang Li(康莉), Jin Jian-Wei(金健维), and Chi Feng(迟锋) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4418-4424.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/052 Abstract ( 1908 )   PDF (1027KB) ( 901 )   In the paper, density of states, band structure and electron density difference of Zn1-xCdxO are calculated by first principles, here x varies from 0 to 0.75 at intervals of 0.125, and the band gap obtained from band structure changes from 0.968 eV to 0.043 eV. The lattice strain and p-d repulsion theory are used to investigate variation of the band gap, the results obtained show that the variation is mainly due to the lattice tensile strain. The p-d repulsion in Zn1-xCdxO cannot be neglected. In addition, electron density difference can be used to verify the results.

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Temperature-dependent far-infrared properties of Bi12GeO20 single crystal Muhammad Kamran, Dai Yao-Min(戴耀民), Ma Ji-Yun(马继云), Li Bo-Hong(李博宏), He Shi-Kun(何世坤), Zhang Wei-Jun(张伟君), Zheng Xiao-Rui(郑小睿), and Qiu Xiang-Gang(邱祥冈) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4425-4429.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/053 Abstract ( 1631 )   PDF (193KB) ( 716 )   Far-infrared reflectivity spectra of bismuth germanium oxide (Bi12GeO20) single crystals are measured from room temperature down to 10 K. All the reflectivity spectra are fitted to a complex dielectric function $\varepsilon(\omega)$ in the factorised form. Phonon modes at low frequency are found to develop upon decreasing temperature and gain considerable spectrum weight below 150 K. The temperature-dependent static dielectric constants are obtained from the Lyddane--Sachs--Teller relation based on the obtained oscillator parameters. The dielectric constants are found to increase upon decreasing temperature, which is attributed to the charge transfer among the ions in the unit cell with the temperature varying.

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Magnetization of two-dimensional heavy holes with boundaries in a perpendicular magnetic field Fang Cheng(方诚), Wang Zhi-Gang(王志刚), Li Shu-Shen(李树深), and Zhang Ping(张平) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4430-4436.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/054 Abstract ( 2062 )   PDF (975KB) ( 661 )   The magnetisation of heavy holes in III--V semiconductor quantum wells with Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in an external perpendicular magnetic field is studied theoretically. We concentrate on the effects on the magnetisation induced by the system boundary, the Rashba SOC and the temperature. It is found that the sawtooth-like de Haas--van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations of the magnetisation will change dramatically in the presence of such three factors. Especially, the effects of the edge states and Rashba SOC on the magnetisation are more evident when the magnetic field is smaller. The oscillation center will shift when the boundary effect is considered and the Rashba SOC will bring beating patterns to the dHvA oscillations. These effects on the dHvA oscillations are preferably observed at low temperatures. With increasing temperature, the dHvA oscillations turn to be blurred and eventually disappear.

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All-electron study of ultra-incompressible superhard material ReB2: structural and electronic properties Li Yan-Ling(李延龄), Zhong Guo-Hua(钟国华), and Zeng Zhi(曾雉) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4437-4442.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/055 Abstract ( 1526 )   PDF (1939KB) ( 712 )   This paper investigates the structural and electronic properties of rhenium diboride by first-principles calculation based on density functional theory. The obtained results show that the calculated equilibrium structural parameters of ReB2 are in excellent agreement with experimental values. The calculated bulk modulus is 361 GPa in comparison with that of the experiment. The compressibility of ReB2 is lower than that of well-known OsB2. The anisotropy of the bulk modulus is confirmed by c/a ratio as a function of pressure curve and the bulk modulus along different axes along with the electron density distribution. The high bulk modulus is attributed to the strong covalent bond between Re-d and B-p orbitals and the wider pseudogap near the Fermi level, which could be deduced from both electron charge density distribution and density of states. The band structure and density of states of ReB2 exhibit that this material presents metallic behavior. The good metallicity and ultra-incompressibility of ReB2 might suggest its potential application as pressure-proof conductors.

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First-principles calculations for electronic and optical properties of the zinc-blende structured BeS compound under pressure Yang Huan(杨欢), Chang Jing(常景), Li Zhe(李哲), and Chen Xiang-Rong(陈向荣) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4443-4448.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/056 Abstract ( 1743 )   PDF (859KB) ( 862 )   The electronic and the optical properties of the cubic zinc-blende (ZB) BeS under high pressure have been investigated by using ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential density functional theory method in the generalised gradient approximation (GGA) for exchange-correlation interaction. The electronic band structure and the pressure dependence of the total and partial densities of state under pressure are successfully described. Our calculations show that the ZB BeS has large and indirect band gaps associated with ($\varGamma$ → X) transitions in ambient conditions. The results obtained are consistent with the experimental data available and other calculations. The optical properties, including dielectric function, energy-loss function, complex refractive index, reflection and absorption spectra, are investigated and analysed at different external pressures. The results suggest that the optical absorption appears mostly in the ultra-violet region and the curve of refractive index shift toward high energies (blue shift) with pressure increasing.

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Pressure influence on the Stark effect of impurity states in a strained wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN heterojunction Zhang Min(张敏) and Ban Shi-Liang(班士良) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4449-4455.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/057 Abstract ( 1831 )   PDF (248KB) ( 995 )   A variational method is adopted to investigate the properties of shallow impurity states near the interface in a free strained wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN heterojunction under hydrostatic pressure and external electric field by using a simplified coherent potential approximation. Considering the biaxial strain due to lattice mismatch or epitaxial growth and the uniaxial strains effects, we investigated the Stark energy shift led by an external electric field for impurity states as functions of pressure as well as the impurity position, Al component and areal electron density. The numerical result shows that the binding energy near linearly increases with pressure from 0 to 10 GPa. It is also found that the binding energy as a function of the electric field perpendicular to the interface shows an un-linear red shift or a blue shift for different impurity positions. The effect of increasing x on blue shift is more significant than that on the red shift for the impurity in the channel near the interface. The pressure influence on the Stark shift is more obvious with increase of electric field and the distance between an impurity and the interface. The increase of pressure decreases the blue shift but increases the red shift.

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Model and analysis of drain induced barrier lowering effect for 4H--SiC metal semiconductor field effect transistor Cao Quan-Jun(曹全君), Zhang Yi-Men(张义门), and Jia Li-Xin(贾立新) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4456-4459.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/058 Abstract ( 1664 )   PDF (400KB) ( 852 )   Based on an analytical solution of the two-dimensional Poisson equation in the subthreshold region, this paper investigates the behavior of DIBL (drain induced barrier lowering) effect for short channel 4H--SiC metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs). An accurate analytical model of threshold voltage shift for the asymmetric short channel 4H--SiC MESFET is presented and thus verified. According to the presented model, it analyses the threshold voltage for short channel device on the L/a (channel length/channel depth) ratio, drain applied voltage VDS and channel doping concentration ND, thus providing a good basis for the design and modelling of short channel 4H--SiC MESFETs device.

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Metal/semiconductor hybrids consisting of self-assembled CdS nanoparticles on Cd nanowires Fu Xiu-Li(符秀丽), Peng Zhi-Jian(彭志坚), Tang Wei-Hua(唐为华), and Guo Xi(郭熹) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4460-4464.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/059 Abstract ( 1770 )   PDF (4677KB) ( 725 )   We report on the synthesis and the characterisation of metal/semiconductor hybrids consisting of self-assembled CdS nanoparticles on Cd nanowires, which are grown by thermal evaporation of the mixture of CdS and Cr. The growth of the hybrids is attributed to the decomposition of CdS at high temperature and the strain relieving that arises mainly from the lattice mismatch between Cd and CdS. Temperature dependence of zero-field resistance of single nanohybrid indicates that the as-produced Cd/CdS nanohybrid undergoes a metal--semiconductor transition as a natural consequence of hybrid from metallic Cd and semiconducting CdS. The metal/semiconductor hybrid property provides a promising basis for the development of novel nanoelectronic devices.

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The modulation of Schottky barrier height of NiSi/n-Si Schottky diodes by silicide as diffusion source technique An Xia(安霞), Fan Chun-Hui(范春晖), Huang Ru(黄如), Guo Yue(郭岳), Xu Cong(徐聪), Zhang Xing(张兴), and Wang Yang-Yuan(王阳元) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4465-4469.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/060 Abstract ( 1799 )   PDF (5296KB) ( 842 )   This paper reports that the Schottky barrier height modulation of NiSi/n-Si is experimentally investigated by adopting a novel silicide-as-diffusion-source technique, which avoids the damage to the NiSi/Si interface induced from the conventional dopant segregation method. In addition, the impact of post-BF2 implantation after silicidation on the surface morphology of Ni silicides is also illustrated. The thermal stability of Ni silicides can be improved by silicide-as-diffusion-source technique. Besides, the electron Schottky barrier height is successfully modulated by 0.11 eV at a boron dose of 1015 cm-2 in comparison with the non-implanted samples. The change of barrier height is not attributed to the phase change of silicide films but due to the boron pile-up at the interface of NiSi and Si substrate which causes the upward bending of conducting band. The results demonstrate the feasibility of novel silicide-as-diffusion-source technique for the fabrication of Schottky source/drain Si MOS devices.

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Formation of the intermediate semiconductor larger for the Ohmic contact to silicon carbide using Germanium implantation Guo Hui(郭辉), Wang Yue-Hu(王悦湖), Zhang Yu-Ming(张玉明), Qiao Da-Yong(乔大勇), and Zhang Yi-Men(张义门) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4470-4473.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/061 Abstract ( 1619 )   PDF (2869KB) ( 808 )   By formation of an intermediate semiconductor layer (ISL) with a narrow band gap at the metallic contact/SiC interface, this paper realises a new method to fabricate the low-resistance Ohmic contacts for SiC. An array of transfer length method (TLM) test patterns is formed on N-wells created by P+ ion implantation into Si-faced p-type 4H-SiC epilayer. The ISL of nickel-metal Ohmic contacts to n-type 4H-SiC could be formed by using Germanium ion implantation into SiC. The specific contact resistance $\rho_{\rm c}$ as low as 4.23× 10-5  $\Omega\cdot$cm2 is achieved after annealing in N2 at 800 °C for 3 min, which is much lower than that (>900 °C) in the typical SiC metallisation process. The sheet resistance Rsh of the implanted layers is 1.5 k$\Omega$/$\Box$. The technique for converting photoresist into nanocrystalline graphite is used to protect the SiC surface in the annealing after Ge+ ion implantations.

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Physical simulations and experimental results of 4H—SiC MESFETs on high purity semi-insulating substrates Chen Gang(陈刚), Bai Song(柏松), Li Zhe-Yang(李哲洋), Wu Peng(吴鹏), Chen Zheng(陈征), and Han Pin(韩平) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4474-4478.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/062 Abstract ( 1514 )   PDF (1528KB) ( 713 )   In this paper we report on DC and RF simulations and experimental results of 4H--SiC metal semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) on high purity semi-insulating substrates. DC and small-signal measurements are compared with simulations. We design our device process to fabricate n-channel 4H--SiC MESFETs with 100 μm gate periphery. At 30 V drain voltage, the maximum current density is 440 mA/mm and the maximum transconductance is 33 mS/mm. For the continuous wave (CW) at a frequency of 2 GHz, the maximum output power density is measured to be 6.6 W/mm, with a gain of 12 dB and power-added efficiency of 33.7％. The cut-off frequency (fT) and the maximum frequency (fmax) are 9 GHz and 24.9 GHz respectively. The simulation results of fT and fmax are 11.4 GHz and 38.6 GHz respectively.

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Tunneling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2 -y2 + idxy mixed wave superconductor junctions Wei Jian-Wen(魏健文) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4479-4485.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/063 Abstract ( 1717 )   PDF (237KB) ( 748 )   Using the extended Blonder--Tinkham--Klapwijk (BTK) theory, this paper calculates the tunnelling conductance in quantum wire/insulator/dx2 -y2 + idxy mixed wave superconductor ( q / I /dx2 -y2 + idxy) junctions. That is different from the case in d- and p-wave superconductor junctions. When the angle $\alpha$  between a-axis of the dx2 -y2 wave superconductor and the interface normal is $\pi$ /4, there follows a rather distinctive tunnelling conductance. The zero-bias conductance peak (ZBCP) may or may not appear in the tunnelling conductance. Both the interface potential z and the quasi-particle lifetime factor $\varGamma$ are smaller, there is no ZBCP. Otherwise, the ZBCP will appear. The position of bias conductance peak (BCP) depends strongly on the amplitude ratio of two components for dx2 -y2 + idxy mixed wave. The low and narrow ZBCP may coexist with the BCP in the tunnelling conductance. Using those features in the tunnelling conductance of q / I /dx2 -y2 + idxy junctions, it can distinguish dx2 -y2 + idxy mixed wave superconductor from d- and p-wave one.

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Matching effect in superconducting NbN thin film with a square lattice of holes Muhammad Kamran, He Shi-Kun(何世坤), Zhang Wei-Jun(张伟君), Cao Wen-Hui(曹文会), Li Bo-Hong(李博宏), Kang Lin(康琳), Chen Jian(陈健), Wu Pei-Heng(吴培亨), and Qiu Xiang-Gang(邱祥冈) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4486-4489.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/064 Abstract ( 1668 )   PDF (746KB) ( 808 )   A square hole array is fabricated over a micro-bridge of NbN thin film by electron beam lithography and reactive ion milling. Magneto-resistance is measured across the micro-bridge filled with a hole array near the superconducting transition temperature. It is found that magneto-resistance minima occur when the number of vortices is an integer multiple or a fractional multiple of the number of holes. The temperature and the current dependences of the matching effect are studied.

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Electronic structures and magnetic properties in SmCo7-xMx Wang Pei-Ji(王培吉), Kao Hong(考红), Zhang Chang-Wen(张昌文), Yu Feng(于峰), and Zhou Zhong-Xiang(周忠祥) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4490-4496.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/065 Abstract ( 1856 )   PDF (226KB) ( 907 )   The electronic structures and magnetic properties of SmCo7-xMx (M =Ti, Si, Zr, Hf, Cu, B, Ag, Ga, Mn) compounds are investigated by using a spin-polarized MS-X.$\alpha$  method. The results show that the long-range ferromagnetic order is determined by a stronger 3d--5d interaction, rather than the traditional RKKY interaction, and the effects of doping element M on 3d--5d coupling are negligible in Sm--Co-based compounds. The nonmagnetic dopant Si atoms have a larger effect on the moments of 2e site although they preferably occupy the Co 3g sites, which results in the stronger uniaxial anisotropy of this compound. Analysis of the formation energies indicates that 5d-element doped compounds are more stable than other dopants, and furthermore, they have a higher Curie temperature above room temperature, which will be in favor of their potential application as high-temperature permanent magnets.

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Effects of anharmonic lattice distortion on orbital and magnetic orderings in KCuF3 Liu Da-Yong(刘大勇), Chen Dong-Meng(陈东猛), and Zou Liang-Jian(邹良剑) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4497-4505.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/066 Abstract ( 1883 )   PDF (416KB) ( 607 )   Lattice, magnetic and orbital structures in KCuF3 are self-consistently determined by our cluster self-consistent field approach based on a spin-orbital-lattice Hamiltonian. Two stable structures are obtained and found to be degenerate, which confirms the presence of the coexistent phases observed experimentally. We clearly show that due to the inherent frustration, the ground state of the system only with the superexchange interaction is degenerate; while the Jahn--Teller distortion, especially the anharmonic effect, stabilizes the orbital ordered phase at about 23% in the x2--y2 orbit and at 77% in the 3z2--r2 orbit. Meanwhile the magnetic moment of Cu is considerably reduced to 0.56μB, and magnetic coupling strengths are highly anisotropic, Jz/Jxy $\approx$ 18. These results are in good agreement with the experiments, implying that the anharmonic Jahn--Teller effect plays an essential role in stabilising the orbital ordered ground state of KCuF3.

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Hydrogen absorption of LaFe11.5Si1.5 compound under low hydrogen gas pressure Fu Bin(傅斌), Long Yi(龙毅), Shi Pu-Ji(史普辑), Ma Tao(马涛), Bao Bo(鲍博), Yan A-Ru(闫阿儒), and Chen Ren-Jie(陈仁杰) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4506-4510.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/067 Abstract ( 1528 )   PDF (283KB) ( 674 )   Hydrogen absorptions of LaFe11.5Si1.5 compound in 1-atm hydrogen gas at different temperatures are investigated. The hydrogen content in the hydrogenated sample does not increase with the increase of temperature of hydrogen absorption but changes complicatedly. The characteristic of first-order transition in LaFe11.5Si1.5 compound is weakened after hydrogen absorption. It leads the peaks of magnetic entropy to become wider and the hysteresis loss to reduce significantly, but relative cooling power (RCP) is not changed considerably.

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Great enhancement in remnant polarization of SrBi4Ti4O15 thin films by A-site doping of Fe3+ ions Sun Jia-Bao(孙家宝), Sun Hui(孙慧), Wang Wei(王伟), Cai Hua(蔡华), and Chen Xiao-Bing(陈小兵) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4511-4514.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/068 Abstract ( 1771 )   PDF (2276KB) ( 698 )   SrBi4-xFexTi4O15 (SBFT-x) thin films (x =0.00, 0.05, 0.08, 0.15) have been synthesized on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si (100) substrates by sol-gel method. This paper finds that Fe-doping does not change the crystal structure of SrBi4Ti4O15 (SBTi). The coercive filed (Ec) and remnant polarisation (Pr) increase at first, then decrease with the increase of Fe doping content. At a maximum applied field of 229 kV/cm, the 2Pr reaches a maximum value of 91.1 μC/cm2 at x = 0.05 and the corresponding Ec is 72 kV/cm. The 2Pr increases by about 260% and the Ec decreases by about 6%, respectively. Obviously, the ferroelectric property of SrBi4Ti4O15 is greatly enhanced by Fe doping. The fatigue-endurance characteristic of the SBFT-0.05 is not improved. After 1.1×109 read/write cycles at a frequency of 50 kHz, the nonvolatile polarisations (Pnv= P*- PΛ) decreased about 48% of its initial value.

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Transient surface photoconductivity of GaAs emitter studied by terahertz pump-emission spectroscopy Shi Yu-Lei(施宇蕾), Zhou Qing-Li(周庆莉), and Zhang Cun-Lin(张存林) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4515-4520.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/069 Abstract ( 1704 )   PDF (259KB) ( 653 )   This paper investigates the ultrafast carrier dynamics and surface photoconductivity of unbiased semi-insulating GaAs in detail by using a terahertz pump-emission technique. Based on theoretical modelling, it finds that transient photoconductivity plays a very important role in the temporal waveform of terahertz radiation pulse. Anomalous enhancement in both terahertz radiation and transient photoconductivity is observed after the excitation of pump pulse and we attribute these phenomena to carrier capture in the EL2 centers. Moreover, the pump power- and temperature-dependent measurements are also performed to verify this trapping model.

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Ultraviolet laser-induced voltages in LaSrAlO4 single crystal ü Zhi-Qing(吕志清), Zhao Kun(赵昆), Zhao Hui(赵卉), Zhao Song-Qing(赵嵩卿), and Zhou Qing-Li(周庆莉) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4521-4523.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/070 Abstract ( 1664 )   PDF (170KB) ( 626 )   Laser-induced ultrafast photovoltaic effect is observed in LaSrAlO4 single crystal at ambient temperature without any applied bias. An open-circuit photovoltage is obtained when the wafer is irradiated by a 248-nm-KrF laser pulse of 20 ns duration. The response time and full width at half maximum of the photovoltage pulse are 6 ns and 19 ns, respectively, indicating that LaSrAlO4 single crystal has potential application in ultraviolet detector.

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Synthesis and characterization of Sr3Al2O6:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors prepared by sol--gel--combustion processing Huang Ping(黄平), Cui Cai-E(崔彩娥), and Wang Sen(王森) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4524-4531.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/071 Abstract ( 1661 )   PDF (1484KB) ( 2132 )   A type of red luminescent Sr3Al2O+:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphor powder is synthesised by sol--gel--combustion processing, with metal nitrates used as the source of metal ions and citric acid as a chelating agent of metal ions. By tracing the formation process of the sol--gel, it is found that it is necessary to reduce the amount of NO3- by dropping ethanol into the solution for forming a stable and homogeneous sol--gel. Thermogravimetric and Differential Scanning Calorimeter Analysis, x-ray diffractionmeter, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy are used to investigate the luminescent properties of the as-synthesised Sr3Al2O6:Eu2+, Dy3+. The results reveal that the Sr3Al2O6 crystallises completely when the combustion ash is sintered at 1250 ℃. The excitation and the emission spectra indicate that the excitation broadband lies mainly in a visible range and the phosphors emit a strong light at 618~nm under the excitation of 472 nm. The afterglow of (Sr0.097Eu0.03Dy0.03)3Al2O6 phosphors sintered at 1250 ℃ lasts for over 1000 s when the excited source is cut off.

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A novel Dy3+-doped GdPO4 white-light phosphors under vacuum ultraviolet excitation for Hg-free lamps application Han Guo-Cai(韩国才), Wang Yu-Hua(王育华), Wu Chun-Fang(吴春芳), and Zhang Jia-Chi(张加驰) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4532-4535.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/072 Abstract ( 1427 )   PDF (621KB) ( 994 )   Novel Dy3+-doped GdPO4 white light phosphors with monoclinic system were successfully synthesised by hydrothermal method at 240 ℃. This paper investigates the luminescence properties of white-light Gd1-xPO4,:xDy3+ under vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation. The strong absorption at around 147 nm in excitation spectrum energy can be transferred to the energy levels of Dy3+ ion from the host absorption. Additionally, this white light phosphors are activated by a single Dy3+ion and with a lower preparation temperature, which tend to decrease the consumption of rare earth resource and energy. Therefore, the luminescence of Gd1-xPO4:xDy3+ under VUV excitation is effective, and proves to be promising in application to mercury-free lamp.

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Effects of doping concentration on properties of Mn-doped ZnO thin films Gao Li(高立) and Zhang Jian-Min(张建民) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4536-4540.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/073 Abstract ( 1893 )   PDF (406KB) ( 1219 )   This paper reports that the radio frequency magnetron sputtering is used to fabricate ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO thin films on glass substrates at 500 °C. The Mn-doped ZnO thin films present wurtzite structure of ZnO and have a smoother surface, better conductivity but no ferromagnetism. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show that the binding energy of Mn2p3/2 increases with increasing Mn content slightly, and the state of Mn in the Mn-doped ZnO thin films is divalent. The chemisorbed oxygen in the Mn-doped ZnO thin films increases with increasing Mn doping concentration. The photoluminescence spectra of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO thin films have a similar ultraviolet emission. The yellow green emissions of 4 wt.% and 10 wt.% Mn-doped thin films are quenched, whereas the yellow green emission occurs because of abundant oxygen vacancies in the Mn-doped ZnO thin films after 20 wt.% Mn doping. Compared with pure ZnO thin film, the bandgap of the Mn-doped ZnO thin films increases with increasing Mn content.

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Distribution of carriers in gradient-doping transmission-mode GaAs photocathodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy Zhang Yi-Jun(张益军), Chang Ben-Kang(常本康), Yang Zhi(杨智), Niu Jun(牛军), and Zou Ji-Jun(邹继军) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4541-4546.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/074 Abstract ( 1765 )   PDF (193KB) ( 970 )   The gradient-doping structure is first applied to prepare the transmission-mode GaAs photocathode and the integral sensitivity of the sealed image tube achieves 1420 μA/lm. This paper studies the inner carrier concentration distribution of the gradient-doping transmission-mode GaAs photocathode after molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth using the electrochemical capacitance-voltage profiling. The results show that an ideal gradient-doping structure can be obtained by using MBE growth. The total band-bending energy in the gradient-doping GaAs active-layer with doping concentration ranging from 1× 10 19 cm-3 to 1×1018 cm-3 is calculated to be 46.3 meV, which helps to improve the photoexcited electrons movement toward surface for the thin epilayer. In addition, by analysis of the band offsets, it is found that the worse carrier concentration discrepancy between GaAs and GaAlAs causes a lower back interface electron potential barrier which decreases the amount of high-energy photoelectrons and affects the short-wave response.

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Enhanced field emission characteristics of thin-Au-coated nano-sheet carbon films Gu Guang-Rui(顾广瑞) and Ito Toshimichi(伊藤利道) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4547-4551.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/075 Abstract ( 1813 )   PDF (4366KB) ( 668 )   This paper reports that the nano-sheet carbon films (NSCFs) were fabricated on Si wafer chips with hydrogen--methane gas mixture by means of quartz-tube-type microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition (MWPCVD). In order to further improve the field emission (FE) characteristics, a 5-nm Au film was prepared on the samples by using electron beam evaporation. The FE properties were obviously improved due to depositing Au thin film on NSCFs. The FE current density at a macroscopic electric field, E, of 9 V/μm was increased from 12.4 mA/cm2 to 27.2 mA/cm2 and the threshold field was decreased from 2.6 V/μm to 2.0 V/μm for Au-coated carbon films. A modified F-N model considering statistic effects of FE tip structures in the low E region and a space-charge-limited-current effect in the high E region were applied successfully to explain the FE data of the Au-coated NSCF.

CROSS DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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Effect of polyacrylamide on morphology and electromagnetic properties of chrysanthemum-like ZnO particles Yan Jun-Feng(闫军锋), Zhang Zhi-Yong(张志勇), You Tian-Gui(游天桂), Zhao Wu(赵武), Yun Jiang-Ni(贠江妮), and Zhang Fu-Chun(张富春) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4552-4557.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/076 Abstract ( 1504 )   PDF (4443KB) ( 763 )   Through hydrothermal process, the chrysanthemum-like ZnO particles are prepared with zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2$\cdot$2H2O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used as main resources under the different concentrations of surfactant polyacrylamide (PAM). The microstructure, morphology and the electromagnetic properties of the as-prepared products are characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), field emission environment scanning electron microscope (FEESEM) and microwave vector network analyzer, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the as-prepared products are ZnO single crystalline with hexagona wurtzite structure, that the values of slenderness ratio $L_d$ are different in different PAM concentrations, and that the good magnetic loss property is found in the ZnO products, and the average magnetic loss tangent tan$\delta_u$ increases with PAM concentration increasing, while the dielectric loss tangent tan$\delta_e$ decreases.

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Research on the boron contamination at the p/i interface of microcrystalline silicon solar cells deposited in a single PECVD chamber Zhang Xiao-Dan(张晓丹), Sun Fu-He(孙福和), Wei Chang-Chun(魏长春), Sun Jian(孙建), Zhang De-Kun(张德坤), Geng Xin-Hua(耿新华), Xiong Shao-Zhen(熊绍珍), and Zhao Ying(赵颖) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4558-4563.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/077 Abstract ( 1339 )   PDF (200KB) ( 725 )   This paper studies boron contamination at the interface between the p and i layers of μc-Si:H solar cells deposited in a single-chamber PECVD system. The boron depth profile in the i layer was measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy. It is found that the mixed-phase μc-Si:H materials with 40% crystalline volume fraction is easy to be affected by the residual boron in the reactor. The experimental results showed that a 500-nm thick μc-Si:H covering layer or a 30-seconds of hydrogen plasma treatment can effectively reduce the boron contamination at the p/i interface. However, from viewpoint of cost reduction, the hydrogen plasma treatment is desirable for solar cell manufacture because the substrate is not moved during the hydrogen plasma treatment.

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Electrochemical properties of SnO2 nanorods as anode materials in lithium-ion battery Shi Song-Lin(施松林), Liu Yong-Gang(刘永刚), Zhang Jing-Yuan(张敬源), and Wang Tai-Hong(王太宏) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4564-4570.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/078 Abstract ( 1609 )   PDF (3866KB) ( 940 )   Well-dispersed SnO2 nanorods with diameter of 4--15 nm and length of 100--200 nm are synthesised through a hydrothermal route and their potential as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries is investigated. The observed initial discharge capacity is as high as 1778 mA$\cdot$h/g, much higher than the theoretical value of the bulk SnO2 (1494 mA$\cdot$h/g). During the following 15 cycles, the reversible capacity decreases from 929 to 576 mA$\cdot$h/g with a fading rate of 3.5% per cycle. The fading mechanism is discussed. Serious capacity fading can be avoided by reducing the cycling voltages from 0.05--3.0 to 0.4--1.2 V. At the end, SnO2 nanorods with much smaller size are synthesized and their performance as anode materials is studied. The size effect on the electrochemical properties is briefly discussed.

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Chaos game representation walk model for the protein sequences Gao Jie(高洁), Jiang Li-Li(蒋丽丽), and Xu Zhen-Yuan(徐振源) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4571-4579.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/079 Abstract ( 1790 )   PDF (230KB) ( 728 )   A new chaos game representation of protein sequences based on the detailed hydrophobic--hydrophilic (HP) model has been proposed by Yu et al (Physica A 337 (2004) 171). A CGR-walk model is proposed based on the new CGR coordinates for the protein sequences from complete genomes in the present paper. The new CGR coordinates based on the detailed HP model are converted into a time series, and a long-memory ARFIMA(p, d, q) model is introduced into the protein sequence analysis. This model is applied to simulating real CGR-walk sequence data of twelve protein sequences. Remarkably long-range correlations are uncovered in the data and the results obtained from these models are reasonably consistent with those available from the ARFIMA(p, d, q) model.

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Statistical interior properties of globular proteins Jiang Zhou-Ting(姜舟婷), Zhang Lin-Xi(章林溪), Sun Ting-Ting(孙婷婷), and Wu Tai-Quan(吴太权) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4580-4590.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/080 Abstract ( 1285 )   PDF (955KB) ( 667 )   The character of forming long-range contacts affects the three-dimensional structure of globular proteins deeply. As the different ability to form long-range contacts between 20 types of amino acids and 4 categories of globular proteins, the statistical properties are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Two parameters NC and ND are defined to confine the valid residues in detail. The relationship between hydrophobicity scales and valid residue percentage of each amino acid is given in the present work and the linear functions are shown in our statistical results. It is concluded that the hydrophobicity scale defined by chemical derivatives of the amino acids and nonpolar phase of large unilamellar vesicle membranes is the most effective technique to characterise the hydrophobic behavior of amino acid residues. Meanwhile, residue percentage Pi  and sequential residue length Li  of a certain protein i are calculated under different conditions. The statistical results show that the average value of Pi  as well as Li  of all-$\alpha$  proteins has a minimum among these 4 classes of globular proteins, indicating that all-$\alpha$  proteins are hardly capable of forming long-range contacts one by one along their linear amino acid sequences. All-$\beta$  proteins have a higher tendency to construct long-range contacts along their primary sequences related to the secondary configurations, i.e. parallel and anti-parallel configurations of $\beta$  sheets. The investigation of the interior properties of globular proteins give us the connection between the three-dimensional structure and its primary sequence data or secondary configurations, and help us to understand the structure of protein and its folding process well.

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Surface diffusion of Si, Ge and C adatoms on Si (001) substrate studied by the molecular dynamics simulation Chen Zhi-Hui(陈智辉), Yu Zhong-Yuan(俞重远), Lu Peng-Fei(芦鹏飞), and Liu Yu-Min(刘玉敏) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4591-4597.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/081 Abstract ( 1452 )   PDF (1099KB) ( 698 )   Depositions of Si, Ge and C atoms onto a preliminary Si (001) substrate at different temperatures are investigated by using the molecular dynamics method. The mechanism of atomic self-assembling occurring locally on the flat terraces between steps is suggested. Diffusion and arrangement patterns of adatoms at different temperatures are observed. At 900 K, the deposited atoms are more likely to form dimers in the perpendicular [110] direction due to the more favourable movement along the perpendicular [110] direction. C adatoms are more likely to break or reconstruct the dimers on the substrate surface and have larger diffusion distances than Ge and Si adatoms. Exchange between C adatoms and substrate atoms are obvious and the epitaxial thickness is small. Total potential energies of adatoms and substrate atoms involved in the simulation cell are computed. When a newly arrived adatom reaches the stable position, the potential energy of the system will decrease and the curves turns into a ladder-like shape. It is found that C adatoms can lead to more reduction of the system energy and the potential energy of the system will increase as temperature increases.

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Order parameters and synchronization of FitzHugh—Nagumo small-world networks Li Yan-Long(李延龙), Ma Jun(马军),, Zhang Wei(张巍),, and Liu Yan-Jun(刘延君) Chin. Phys. B, 2009, 18 (10):  4598-4602.  DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/18/10/082 Abstract ( 1548 )   PDF (227KB) ( 602 )   This paper numerically investigates the order parameter and synchronisation in the small world connected FitzHugh--Nagumo excitable systems. The simulations show that the order parameter continuously decreases with increasing D, the quality of the synchronisation worsens for large noise intensity. As the coupling intensity goes up, the quality of the synchronisation worsens, and it finds that the larger rewiring probability becomes the larger order parameter. It obtains the complete phase diagram for a wide range of values of noise intensity D and control parameter g.