Table of contents

20 December 2005, Volume 14 Issue 12 Previous issue    Next issue

GENERAL

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Observer-based passive control for uncertain linear systems with delay in state and control input Li Gui-Fang (李桂芳), Li Hui-Ying (李会莹), Yang Cheng-Wu (杨成梧) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2379-2386.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/001 Abstract ( 1798 )   PDF (247KB) ( 919 )   This paper deals with the robust passivity synthesis problem for a class of uncertain linear systems with time-varying delay in state and control input. The parameter uncertainties are norm-bounded and allowed to appear in all matrices of the model. The problem aims at designing an observer-based dynamic output-feedback controller that robustly stabilizes the uncertain systems and achieves the strict passivity of closed-loop systems for all admissible uncertainties. By converting the problem at hand into a class of strictly passive control problem for a parameterized system, the explicit solution is established and expressed in terms of a linear matrix inequality. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.

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The homotopic mapping method for sea--air oscillator model of interdecadal climate fluctuations Mo Jia-Qi (莫嘉琪), Lin Yi-Hua (林一骅), Wang Hui (王辉) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2387-2390.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/002 Abstract ( 1498 )   PDF (200KB) ( 617 )   The El Ni?o/La Ni?a Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an interannual phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific ocean--atmosphere interactions. In this paper, a coupled system of sea--air oscillator model is studied. The aim is to create an asymptotic solving method of nonlinear equation for the ENSO model. And based on a class of oscillators of ENSO model, employing the method of homotopic mapping, the approximate solution of corresponding problem is studied. It is proven from the results that the homotopic method can be used for analysing the sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific and the thermocline depth anomaly of the atmosphere--ocean oscillation for ENSO model.

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Methods of analytical mechanics for solving differential equations of first order Wu Hui-Bin (吴惠彬), Mei Feng-Xiang (梅凤翔) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2391-2394.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/003 Abstract ( 1540 )   PDF (189KB) ( 1002 )   A differential equation of first order can be expressed by the equation of motion of a mechanical system. In this paper, three methods of analytical mechanics, i.e. the Hamilton--Noether method, the Lagrange--Noether method and the Poisson method, are given to solve a differential equation of first order, of which the way may be called the mechanical methodology in mathematics.

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Interaction between two folded solitary waves for a modified Broer--Kaup system Wu Xiao-Fei (吴晓飞), Zhu Jia-Min (朱加民), Ma Zheng-Yi (马正义) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2395-2401.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/004 Abstract ( 1389 )   PDF (343KB) ( 600 )   By means of a Painlevé--Bäcklund transformation and a multi-linear separation-of-variable approach, abundant localized coherent excitations of a modified Broer--Kaup system are derived. There appear possible phase shifts for the interactions of the (2+1)-dimensional novel localized structures, which are discussed in this paper.

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Rotation and vibration of diatomic molecule oscillator with hyperbolic potential function Lu Jun (陆军), Qian Hui-Xian (钱卉仙), Li Liang-Mei (李良梅), Liu Feng-Ling (柳凤伶) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2402-2406.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/005 Abstract ( 1412 )   PDF (224KB) ( 668 )   The explicit expressions of energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of bound states for a three-dimensional diatomic molecule oscillator with a hyperbolic potential function are obtained approximately by means of the hypergeometric series method. Then for a one-dimensional system, the rigorous solutions of bound states are solved with a similar method. The eigenfunctions of a one-dimensional diatomic molecule oscillator, expressed in terms of the Jacobi polynomial, are employed as an orthonormal basis set, and the analytic expressions of matrix elements for position and momentum operators are given in a closed form.

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Generation of maximally entangled states in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate Wei Wei (魏渭) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2407-2410.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/006 Abstract ( 1428 )   PDF (201KB) ( 547 )   We study analytically the generation of maximally entangled states (MESs) formed by a two-component Bose--Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in an adiabatically driven single potential well. Under the condition of the linear interaction controlled by a driven field being much stronger than the effective nonlinear interaction between the components, MESs, as some particular cases of superpositions of spin coherent states (SSCS), may emerge periodically along with not only time evolution but also the equidifferent change of the linear coupling strength at a particular time.

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Quantum tunnelling radiation of Einstein--Maxwell--Dilaton--Axion black hole Yang Shu-Zheng (杨树政), Jiang Qing-Quan (蒋青权), Li Hui-Ling (李慧玲) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2411-2414.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/007 Abstract ( 1824 )   PDF (214KB) ( 897 )   By taking the energy conservation and angular momentum conservation into account, the characteristics of the quantum-tunnelling radiation of Einstein--Maxwell--Dilaton--Axion black hole are studied and the result shows that the tunnelling rate of such a black hole is relevant to Bekenstein--Hawking entropy and that the obtained radiation spectrum is not pure thermal.

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The energy of Einstein--Maxwell dilation--axion black hole in the teleparallel geometry Xu Shan-Xian (徐善羡), Jing Ji-Liang (荆继良) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2415-2420.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/008 Abstract ( 1397 )   PDF (247KB) ( 519 )   The energy of the stationary axisymmetric Einstein--Maxwell dilation--axion (EMDA) black hole is studied in the context of the Hamiltonian formulation of the teleparallel equivalence of general relativity (TEGR).The energy expression for the finite and arbitrary space-like two spheres is exactly computed by means of the integral form of the constraint equations of the formalism naturally without any restriction on the metric parameters. We also show that our results give the same values obtained by other methods for some special cases.

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Generalized reduced-order synchronization of chaotic system based on fast slide mode Gao Tie-Gang (高铁杠), Chen Zeng-Qiang (陈增强), Yuan Zhu-Zhi (袁著祉) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2421-2427.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/009 Abstract ( 1306 )   PDF (346KB) ( 531 )   A new kind of generalized reduced-order synchronization of different chaotic systems is proposed in this paper. It is shown that dynamical evolution of third-order oscillator can be synchronized with the canonical projection of a fourth-order chaotic system generated through nonsingular states transformation from a cell neural net chaotic system. In this sense, it is said that generalized synchronization is achieved in reduced-order. The synchronization discussed here expands the scope of reduced-order synchronization studied in relevant literatures. In this way, we can achieve generalized reduced-order synchronization between many famous chaotic systems such as the second-order D\"{u}ffing system and the third-order Lorenz system by designing a fast slide mode controller. Simulation results are provided to verify the operation of the designed synchronization.

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Detecting dynamical complexity changes in time series using the base-scale entropy Li Jin (李锦), Ning Xin-Bao (宁新宝), Wu Wei (吴巍), Ma Xiao-Fei (马小飞) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2428-2432.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/010 Abstract ( 1491 )   PDF (265KB) ( 534 )   Timely detection of dynamical complexity changes in natural and man-made systems has deep scientific and practical meanings. We introduce a complexity measure for time series: the base-scale entropy. The definition directly applies to arbitrary real-word data. We illustrate our method on a practical speech signal and in a theoretical chaotic system. The results show that the simple and easily calculated measure of base-scale entropy can be effectively used to detect qualitative and quantitative dynamical changes.

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Molar volume, thermal expansivity and isothermal compressibility of trans-decahydronaphthalene up to 200MPa and 446K Zhu Hu-Gang (朱虎刚), Liu Zhi-Hua (刘志华), Tian Yi-Ling (田宜灵), Xue Yuan (薛源), Yin Liang (阴亮) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2433-2439.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/011 Abstract ( 1462 )   PDF (264KB) ( 509 )   The molar volume isotherms of trans-decahydronaphthalene (C$_{10}$H$_{18}$) between 293 and 446 K and at pressures from 10 to 200 MPa have been determined. A modified Tait equation of state is used to fit each experimental molar volume isotherm with a maximum average deviation of 0.029%. The thermal expansivity (cubic expansion coefficient) $\alpha$  and isothermal compressibility $\kappa$  were determined by fitting the slopes of the isobaric curves and isotherms, respectively. The coefficients in the equation $V_m=C_1+C_2 T+C_3 T^2 - C_4 p - C_5 pT$ have been fitted with an average deviation of 1.03%.

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Experimental study on helium optical electron polarimetry Ding Hai-Bing (丁海兵), Pang Wen-Ning (庞文宁), Liu Yi-Bao (刘义保), Shang Ren-Cheng (尚仁成) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2440-2443.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/012 Abstract ( 1388 )   PDF (220KB) ( 564 )   Optical electron polarimetry is suitable for calibration of a spin-polarized electron source, especially for measurement of polarization of spin-polarized electron beam. In this paper, a new optical electron polarimeter is described, which is based on the circularly polarized He radiation induced by the bombarding of He atoms with spin-polarized electrons. The theoretical basis of the optical electron polarimetry and the structure of the optical electron polarimeter are discussed. The measurement of polarization of spin-polarized electrons produced from a new GaAs (100) spin-polarized electron source is carried out. The result of polarization of 30.8% for our spin-polarized electron source is obtained using the He optical electron polarimeter.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

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Investigation on the deformation of Ne and Mg isotope chains within relativistic mean-field model Chen Jin-Gen (陈金根), Cai Xiang-Zhou (蔡翔舟), Wang Ting-Tai (王庭太), Ma Yu-Gang (马余刚), Ren Zhong-Zhou (任中洲), Fang De-Qing (方德清), Zhong Chen (钟晨), Wei Yi-Bin (魏义彬), Guo Wei (郭威), Zhou Xing-Fei (周星飞), Wang Kun (王鲲), Ma Guo-Liang (马国亮), Tian Wen-Dong (田文栋), Chen Jin-Hui (陈金辉), Yan Ting-Zhi (颜廷志), Zuo Jia-Xu (左嘉旭), Ma Chun-Wang (马春旺), Shen Wen-Qing (沈文庆) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2444-2450.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/013 Abstract ( 1847 )   PDF (308KB) ( 599 )   Ne and Mg isotope chains are investigated based on constrained calculations in the framework of a deformed relativistic mean-field (RMF) model with the NL075 parameter set. The calculated quadrupole deformation and binding energy are compared with other theoretical results as well as the available experimental data. It shows that the calculated deformations of Ne and Mg with the NL075 are more accurate than those obtained with the NL-SH. It is predicted that $^{19,29,32}$Ne and $^{20,31}$Mg maybe have a triaxial deformation and $^{25-28}$Ne and $^{27-30}$Mg exhibit a shape coexistence probably. The closure effect of neutron number N = 8 for $^{20}$Mg is predicted to be very weak.

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Fragmentation in 16O-emulsion interactions at 3.7 A GeV Zhang Dong-Hai (张东海), Li Zhen-Yu (李振宇), Li Hui-Ling (李惠玲), Li Jun-Sheng (李俊生) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2451-2457.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/014 Abstract ( 1423 )   PDF (244KB) ( 568 )   The topology of 16O fragmentation at 3.7 A GeV in reactions with emulsion nuclei is presented. The multiplicity distributions of projectile fragments,charged secondaries and their dependences on the projectile residues are discussed.

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Azimuthal distributions of final-state particles and fragments and transverse structure of emission source in high-energy nucleus--nucleus collisions Liu Fu-Hu (刘福虎), Ma Yin-Qun (马引群), Duan Mai-Ying (段麦英) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2458-2466.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/015 Abstract ( 1246 )   PDF (294KB) ( 650 )   The azimuthal distributions of final-state particles and fragments produced in high-energy nucleus--nucleus collisions are described by a modified multisource ideal gas model which contains the expansions and movements of the emission sources. The transverse structures of the sources are given in the transverse plane by momentum components $p_x$ and $p_y$, and described by parameters in the model. The results of the azimuthal distributions, calculated by the Monte Carlo method, are in good agreement with the experimental data in nucleus--nucleus collisions at high energies.

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

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Investigation of outer valence orbital of CF2Cl2 by a new type of electron momentum spectrometer Ning Chuan-Gang (宁传刚), Ren Xue-Guang (任雪光), Deng Jing-Kang (邓景康), Su Guo-Lin (苏国林), Zhang Shu-Feng (张书锋), Huang Feng (黄峰), Li Gui-Qin (李桂琴) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2467-2473.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/016 Abstract ( 1238 )   PDF (273KB) ( 729 )   Electronic states of CF$_{2}$Cl$_{2}$ (dichlorodifluoromethane, Freon 12) have been studied using a new type of electron momentum spectrometer with a very high efficiency at an impact energy of 1200 eV plus binding energy. The experimental electron momentum profiles are compared with the density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree--Fock (HF) calculations. The relationship between orbital assignments in different coordinate systems is discussed. A new method of difference analysis based on the new type of electron momentum spectrometer is used to clarify the ambiguities regarding the orbital ordering.

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Ultra-narrow bandwidth optical filters consisting of one-dimensional photonic crystals with anomalous dispersion materials Liu Jiang-Tao (刘江涛), Zhou Yun-Song (周云松), Wang Fu-He (王福合), Gu Ben-Yuan (顾本源) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2474-2477.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/017 Abstract ( 1435 )   PDF (204KB) ( 596 )   We present a new type of optical filter with an ultra-narrow bandwidth and a wide field-of-view (FOV). This kind of optical filter consists of one-dimensional photonic crystal (PC) incorporating an anomalous-dispersion-material (ADM) with, for instance, an anomalous dispersion of $6$P$_{3/2}\leftarrow6$S$_{1/2}$ hyperfine structure transition of a caesium atom. The transmission spectra of optical filters are calculated by using the transfer-matrix method. The simulation results show that the designed optical filter has a bandwidth narrower than 0.33GHz and a wide FOV of $\pm30^{\circ}$ as well. The response of transmission spectrum to an external magnetic field is also investigated.

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Superexcited states of carbon monoxide studied by fast-electron impact Fan Lan-Lan (范岚岚), Zhong Zhi-Ping (钟志萍), Zhu Lin-Fan (朱林繁), Liu Xiao-Jing (刘小井), Cheng Hua-Dong (成华东), Yuan Zhen-Sheng (苑震生), Xu Ke-Zun (徐克尊) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2478-2483.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/018 Abstract ( 1530 )   PDF (272KB) ( 778 )   Absolute optical oscillator strength density and double differential cross section spectra of CO below 120 eV are determined by fast electron impact. Some peaks above the first ionization threshold stand out as the momentum transfer square $K^2$ increases. The doubly excited Rydberg states converging to $C~^2\Sigma^+$, $D~^2\Pi$, and $F~^2\Pi$ states of CO$^+$, respectively, are confirmed in our spectra. Another peak at around 32 eV is assigned to the transition of $(3\sigma)^{-1}(2\pi)^1~^1\Pi\leftarrow~X^1\Sigma^+ $.

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Nanosecond-time-resolved infrared spectroscopic study of fast relaxation kinetics of protein folding by means of laser-induced temperature-jump Zhang Qing-Li (张庆利), Wang Li (王莉), Weng Yu-Xiang (翁羽翔), Qiu Xiang-Gang (邱祥冈), Wang Wei-Chi (王渭池), Yan Ji-Xiang (阎吉祥) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2484-2490.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/019 Abstract ( 1789 )   PDF (261KB) ( 614 )   Elucidating the initial kinetics of folding pathways is critical to the understanding of the protein folding mechanism. Transient infrared spectroscopy has proved a powerful tool to probe the folding kinetics. Herein we report the construction of a nanosecond laser-induced temperature-jump ($T$-jump) technique coupled to a nanosecond time-resolved transient mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrometer system capable of investigating the protein folding kinetics with a temporal resolution of 50 ns after deconvolution of the instrumental response function. The mid-IR source is a liquid N$_{2}$ cooled CO laser covering a spectral range of 5.0$\mu$m (2000 cm$^{-1}) \sim $ 6.5$\mu$m (1540 cm$^{-1})$. The heating pulse was generated by a high pressure H$_{2}$ Raman shifter at wavelength of 1.9$\mu$m. The maximum temperature-jump could reach as high as 26$\pm $1$^{\circ}$C. The fast folding/unfolding dynamics of cytochrome $C$ was investigated by the constructed system, providing an example.

CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY

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Improvement in refractive-index change in LiNbO3:Ce:Cu by applying an external electric field Dai Cui-Xia (戴翠霞), Liu Li-Ren (刘立人), Liu De-An (刘德安), Zhou Yu (周煜), Chai Zhi-Fang (柴志方), Luan Zhu (栾竹) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2491-2495.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/020 Abstract ( 1129 )   PDF (326KB) ( 507 )   By jointly solving two-centre material equations with a nonzero external electric field and coupled-wave equations, we have numerically studied the dependence of the non-volatile holographic recording in LiNbO$_{3}$:Ce:Cu crystals on the external electric field. The dominative photovoltaic effect of the non-volatile holographic recording in doubly doped LiNbO$_{3}$ crystals is directly verified. And an external electric field that is applied in the positive direction along the $c$-axis (or a large one in the negative direction of the $c$-axis) in the recording phase and another one that is applied in the negative direction of the $c$-axis in the fixing phase are both proved to benefit strong photorefractive performances. Experimental verifications are given with a small electric field applied externally.

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Influence of Doppler-broadening on absorption-dispersion properties in a resonant coherent medium Xu Wei-Hua (徐卫华), Gao Jin-Yue (高锦岳) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2496-2502.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/021 Abstract ( 1384 )   PDF (248KB) ( 598 )   We investigate the influence of Doppler broadening on absorption-dispersion properties in a four-level atomic system that can evolve from a normal dispersion to an anomalous dispersion. Our results show that the absorption-dispersion properties become strongly dependent on the propagation directions of the applied fields if Doppler broadening is taken into account. Especially, the switchover in the sign of the dispersion is still achievable even in the presence of Doppler broadening if properly arranging the propagation directions of the applied fields, which is in contrast with the otherwise behaviours in some other configurations.

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Investigation of photoelectron action in cubic AgCl emulsion doped with formate ions Yang Shao-Peng (杨少鹏), Zhou Xian (周娴), Fu Guang-Sheng (傅广生), Li Xiao-Wei (李晓苇), Tian Xiao-Dong (田晓东), Han Li (韩理) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2503-2506.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/022 Abstract ( 1352 )   PDF (215KB) ( 571 )   In recent years, the formate ion (HCO$_2 ^-)$ as a kind of hole-to-electron converter has attracted much attention of photographic researchers. The formate ions can trap photo-generated holes, eliminate or reduce the electron loss caused by electron--hole recombination in latent image formation process. Through the hole-to-electron conversion, it can also release an extra electron or electron carrier, improving photosensitivity. In this paper the microwave absorption and dielectric spectrum detection technique is used to detect the time evolution behaviour of free photoelectrons generated by 35ps laser pulses in cubic AgCl emulsions doped with formate ions. The influence of different doping conditions of formate ions on the photoelectron decay kinetics of AgCl is analysed. It is found that when the HCO$_2 ^-$ content is 10$^{ - 3}$mol/mol Ag and the doping position is 90% the electron decay time and lifetime reach their maxima due to the efficient trap of holes by formate ions.

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Photonic band structures of two-dimensional photonic crystals with deformed lattices Cai Xiang-Hua (蔡向华), Zheng Wan-Hua (郑婉华), Ma Xiao-Tao (马小涛), Ren Gang (任刚), Xia Jian-Bai (夏建白) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2507-2513.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/023 Abstract ( 2041 )   PDF (279KB) ( 1588 )   Using the plane-wave expansion method, we have calculated and analysed the changes of photonic band structures arising from two kinds of deformed lattices, including the stretching and shrinking of lattices. The square lattice with square air holes and the triangular lattice with circular air holes are both studied. Calculated results show that the change of lattice size in some special ranges can enlarge the band gap, which depends strongly on the filling factor of air holes in photonic crystals; and besides, the asymmetric band edges will appear with the broken symmetry of lattices.

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Quantization of light energy directly from classical electromagnetic theory in vacuum She Wei-Long (佘卫龙) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2514-2521.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/024 Abstract ( 1375 )   PDF (258KB) ( 545 )   It is currently believed that light quantum or the quantization of light energy is beyond classical physics, and the picture of wave--particle duality,which was criticized by Einstein but has attracted a number of experimental researches, is necessary for the description of light. It is shown in this paper, however, that the quantization of light energy in vacuum, which is the same as that in quantum electrodynamics, can be derived directly from the classical electromagnetic theory through the consideration of statistics based on classical physics. Therefore, the quantization of energy is an intrinsic property of light as a classical electromagnetic wave and has no need of being related to particles.

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Local resonant characteristics of a layered cylinder embedded in the elastic medium Qin Bo (秦波), Chen Jiu-Jiu (陈久久), Cheng Jian-Chun (程建春) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2522-2528.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/025 Abstract ( 1259 )   PDF (303KB) ( 769 )   Three kinds of resonant modes of a single layered circular elastic cylinder embedded in the elastic medium are analysed by considering the oscillation of the scatter's core, based on the fact that the core moves as a rigid body when the shell material is very compliant. The resonant frequencies of the single resonator acquired by our method are in good agreement with those calculated by the local interaction simulation approach (LISA) for the local resonant phononic crystal. Therefore, the local resonant characteristics of a single layered circular elastic cylinder can be used to evaluate the resonant frequencies of the phononic crystal. The effects of the geometrical and physical parameters of the shell and the core are also studied in details. This work is significant for designing the locally resonant phononic crystal based on the local resonant characteristics of the single resonator, and the resonant frequencies can be tuned by selecting the geometrical sizes and the materials.

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Orientation distribution of fibres in a channel flow of fibre suspension Lin Jian-Zhong (林建忠), Li Jun (李俊), Zhang Wei-Feng (张卫峰) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2529-2538.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/026 Abstract ( 1285 )   PDF (324KB) ( 489 )   The orientation and concentration distributions of fibres in laminar and turbulent channel flows are investigated numerically. The obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental data. In the laminar flow regime, more fibres orient to the flow direction as the Reynolds number increases. The shear rate of fluid around a fibre plays an important role in determining the orientation distribution of fibres, while the fibre density and the fibre aspect-ratio have marginal influence on the orientation distribution. In the turbulent regime, the orientation distribution of fibres becomes more homogeneous with the increase of Reynolds number, and the concentration profile is flatter than that in the laminar regime. The fluctuating intensity of fibre velocity in the downstream direction is larger than that in the lateral directions.

PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES

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The carbon impurity particle transport in ohmic discharges on the HT-7 tokamak Zhou Qian (周倩), Wan Bao-Nian (万宝年), Wu Zhen-Wei (吴振伟), Huang Juan (黄娟) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2539-2545.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/027 Abstract ( 1525 )   PDF (291KB) ( 982 )   The line-integrated optical measurement of impurity radiation profiles for the study of light impurity transport is performed in the HT-7 tokamak. The carbon impurity line emissivity is obtained by Abel inversion. The radial transport behaviours of carbon impurities at different central line averaged electron densities $\overline{n_{\rm e}}$ are investigated in ohmic discharges. The diffusion coefficient $D_{k}(r)$, the convection velocity $W_{k}(r)$ and the total flux of the impurity ions $\varGamma _{k}$ decrease with the increase of $\overline{n_{\rm e}}$, which shows a reduction in the impurity particle transport at higher electron densities.

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Laser pulse modulation instabilities in partially stripped plasma Hu Qiang-Lin (胡强林), Liu Shi-Bing (刘世炳), Jiang Yi-Jian (蒋毅坚) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2546-2551.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/028 Abstract ( 1271 )   PDF (234KB) ( 499 )   The laser pulse modulation instabilities in partially stripped plasma were discussed based on the phase and group velocities of the laser pulse and the two processes that modulation instabilities excited. The excitation condition and growth rate of the modulation instability were obtained. It was found that the positive chirp and competition between normal and abnormal dispersions play important roles in the modulation instability. In the partially stripped plasma, the increased positive chirp enhances the modulation instability, and the dispersion competition reduces it.

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Topology of toroidal helical fields in non-circular cross-sectional tokamaks Zha Xue-Jun (查学军), Zhu Si-Zheng (朱思铮), Yu Qing-Quan (虞清泉), Wang Yan (王燕) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2552-2559.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/029 Abstract ( 1385 )   PDF (342KB) ( 674 )   The ordinary differential magnetic field line equations are solved numerically; the tokamak magnetic structure is studied on Hefei Tokamak-7 Upgrade (HT-7U) when the equilibrium field with a monotonic $q$-profile is perturbed by a helical magnetic field. We find that a single mode ($m,n$) helical perturbation can cause the formation of islands on rational surfaces with $q=m/n$ and $q=(m\pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3,\ldots) /n$ due to the toroidicity and plasma shape (i.e. elongation and triangularity), while there are many undestroyed magnetic surfaces called Kolmogorov--Arnold--Moser (KAM) barriers on irrational surfaces. The islands on the same rational surface do not have the same size. When the ratio between the perturbing magnetic field $\tilde {B}_r (r)$ and the toroidal magnetic field amplitude $B_{\phi 0} $ is large enough, the magnetic island chains on different rational surfaces will overlap and chaotic orbits appear in the overlapping area, and the magnetic field becomes stochastic. It is remarkable that the stochastic layer appears first in the plasma edge region.

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A numerical simulation of the backward Raman amplifying in plasma Wang Hong-Yu (王虹宇), Huang Zu-Qia (黄祖洽) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2560-2564.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/030 Abstract ( 1668 )   PDF (240KB) ( 611 )   This paper describe a numerical simulation method for the interaction between laser pulses and low density plasmas based on hydrodynamic approximation. We investigate Backward Raman Amplifying (BRA) experiments and their variants. The numerical results are in good agreement with experiments.

CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES

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Nanocrystallization behaviour of a ternary amorphous alloy during isothermal annealing: a Monte Carlo simulation Jin Shi-Feng (金士锋), Wang Wei-Min (王伟民), Zhou Jian-Kun (周建坤), Guo Hong-Xuan (国洪轩), Webb J. F., Bian Xiu-Fang (边秀房) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2565-2574.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/031 Abstract ( 1297 )   PDF (746KB) ( 691 )   The nanocrystallization behaviour of Zr$_{70}$Cu$_{20}$Ni$_{10}$ metallic glass during isothermal annealing is studied by employing a Monte Carlo simulation incorporating with a modified Ising model and a $Q$-state Potts model. Based on the simulated microstructure and differential scanning calorimetry curves, we find that the low crystal-amorphous interface energy of Ni plays an important role in the nanocrystallization of primary Zr$_{2}$Ni. It is found that when $T

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An improvement of the Peierls equation by taking into account the lattice effects Wang Shao-Feng (王少峰) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2575-2584.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/032 Abstract ( 1109 )   PDF (287KB) ( 733 )   An improvement of the Peierls equation has been made by including the lattice effects. By using the non-trivially gluing mechanism for the simple cubic lattice, in which atoms interact with its first and second nearest neighbours through a central force, the dislocation equation has been derived rigorously for the isotropic case. In the slowly varying approximation, the Peierls equation with the improvement by including the lattice effects has been obtained explicitly. The new equation can be used to substitute for the old one in theoretical investigations of dislocations. The major change of the predicted dislocation structure is in the core region. The width of the dislocation given by using the new equation is about three times that given by the classical Peierls--Nabarro theory for the simple cubic lattice.

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

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Vibrational analysis of L-serine using the density functional theory Zhang Ying (张英), Yin Wen (殷雯), Zhang Peng (张鹏), Xu Chang-Ye (徐昌业), Han Sheng-Hao (韩圣浩), Li Ji-Chen (李济晨) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2585-2589.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/033 Abstract ( 1360 )   PDF (254KB) ( 691 )   In this paper, we present a computational study of L-serine using ab initio molecular dynamics simulation based on density functional theory (DFT) within the ultrasoft pseudopotentials and generalized-gradient approximation. Taking into account the intermolecular interactions, we can indeed simulate the features of the experimental results very well for L-serine zwitterions in its solid state. The vibrational spectrum of L-serine performed by DFT was in excellent agreement with our previous inelastic incoherent neutron scattering spectra measured at 20K for L-serine in the 10--200meV region on HET spectrometers at ISIS, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.

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Energy transfer probability in organic electrophosphorescence device with dopant Dai Guo-Zhang (代国章), Li Hong-Jian (李宏建), Pan Yan-Zhi (潘艳芝), Dai Xiao-Yu (戴小玉), Xie Qiang (谢强) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2590-2594.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/034 Abstract ( 1498 )   PDF (260KB) ( 919 )   Based on the energy transfer process from host to dopant in an organic electrophosphorescent (EP) device, the expression of energy transfer probability ($\eta )$ between the host (TPD) and guest (Ir(ppy)$_{3})$ EP systems was proposed. The results show that: (1) The rate of the triplet energy transfer ($K_{\rm HG}$ and $K_{\rm GH})$ increases exponentially with increasing donor-acceptor molecular distance ($R$), whereas decreases as the intermolecular distance ($R_{\rm HH})$ increases from 0.8 to 2.4 nm. Furthermore, $K_{\rm GH}$ changes more quickly than $K_{\rm HG.}$ (2) The energy transfer probability ($\eta )$ increases as $R$ reduces, and the $R_{\rm HH}$ changes can be safely neglected for $R<$0.9 nm. The situation changes for 0.9nm$ < R < 1.1$nm, $R_{\rm HH }$ ($<1$nm) plays an essential role when $\eta $ changes and increases with the latter. However, if $R > 1.1$nm, the transfer probability will be below zero. Here, the energy transfer principle may be less important, and the high electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiency of phosphorescent system will be attributed to the direct electron-hole recombination in phosphorescent molecules. (3) The $\eta $ will increase when the Forster radius ($R_{0})$ increases or Gibb's energy decreases.

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Origin of ultraviolet photovoltaic effect in Fe3O4 thin films Zhao Kun (赵昆), Feng Jia-Feng (丰家峰), Huang Yan-Hong (黄延红), Zhao Jian-Gao (赵见高), Lü Hui-Bin (吕惠宾), Han Xiu-Feng (韩秀峰), Zhan Wen-Shan (詹文山) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2595-2597.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/035 Abstract ( 1349 )   PDF (270KB) ( 485 )   We have investigated the transport and ultraviolet photovoltaic properties of Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$ thin films grown on glass substrates by facing-target sputtering technique. The nonlinear dependence of current-density on voltage suggests that the transport process is most likely the tunnelling process and grain boundaries act as barriers. Furthermore, nonequilibrium electron-hole pairs are excited in the grains and grain boundary regions for Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$ film under ultraviolet laser, since the energy gap of Fe$_{3}$O$_{4}$ is smaller than the ultraviolet photon energy. And then the built-in electric field near the grain boundaries will separate carriers, leading to the appearance of an instant photovoltage.

CROSS DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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Characteristics of grain growth of microarc oxidation coatings on pure titanium Wang Jian-Bo (汪剑波), Wu Han-Hua (吴汉华), Li Quan-Jun (李全军), Li Zhe-Kui (李哲奎), Gu Guang-Rui (顾广瑞), Lü Xian-Yi (吕宪义), Zheng Wei-Tao (郑伟涛), Jin Zeng-Sun (金曾孙) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2598-2601.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/036 Abstract ( 1255 )   PDF (502KB) ( 601 )   Grainy titania coatings are prepared by microarc oxidation on pure titanium (TA2) substrates in a Na$_{2}$SiO$_{3}$--NaF electrolytic solution. The coating thickness is measured by an optical microscope with a CCD camera. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) are employed to characterize the microstructure and phase composition of coatings. The results show that the coating thickness increases linearly as the treatment time increases. The coatings are mainly composed of anatase and rutile (TiO$_{2})$. With the increase of treatment time, the predominant phase composition varies from anatase to rutile, which indicates that phase transformation of anatase into rutile occurs in the oxidizing process. Meanwhile, the size of grains existing on the coating surface increases and thus the surface becomes much coarser.

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Competition between aggregation and migration processes of a multi-species system Ke Jian-Hong (柯见洪), Zhuang You-Yi (庄友谊), Lin Zhen-Quan (林振权), Ye Peng (叶鹏) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (12):  2602-2608.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/12/037 Abstract ( 1094 )   PDF (267KB) ( 414 )   We propose a solvable multi-species aggregation--migration model, in which irreversible aggregations occur between any two aggregates of the same species and reversible migrations occur between any two different species. The kinetic behaviour of an aggregation--migration system is then studied by means of the mean-field rate equation. The results show that the kinetics of the system depends crucially on the details of reaction events such as initial concentration distributions and ratios of aggregation rates to migration rate. In general, the aggregate mass distribution of each species always obeys a conventional or a generalized scaling law, and for most cases at least one species is scaled according to a conventional form with universal constants. Moreover, there is at least one species that can survive finally.