Multifunctional light-field modulation based on hybrid nonlinear metasurfaces
Shuhang Qian(钱树航)1, Kai Wang(王凯)1,2,†, Jiaxing Yang(杨加兴)1, Chao Guan(关超)1, Hua Long(龙华)1, and Peixiang Lu(陆培祥)1,3
1 Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; 2 School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; 3 Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
Abstract The generation characteristics of nonlinear optical signals and their multi-dimensional modulation at micro-nano scale have become a prominent research area in nanophotonics, and also the key to developing various novel nonlinear photonics devices. In recent years, the demand for higher nonlinear conversion efficiency and device integration has led to the rapid progress of hybrid nonlinear metasurfaces composed of nanostructures and nonlinear materials. As a joint platform of stable wavefront modulation, nonlinear metasurface and efficient frequency conversion, hybrid nonlinear metasurfaces offer a splendid opportunity for developing the next-generation of multipurpose flat-optics devices. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in hybrid nonlinear metasurfaces for light-field modulation. The advantages of hybrid systems are discussed from the perspectives of multifunctional light-field modulation, valleytronic modulation, and quantum technologies. Finally, the remaining challenges of hybrid metasurfaces are summarized and future developments are also prospected.
(Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures)
Fund: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12274157, 12274334, 91850113, 12021004, and 11904271), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China (Grant No. 2023AFA076), and the Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. 2019B030302003).
Corresponding Authors:
Kai Wang
E-mail: kale_wong@hust.edu.cn
Cite this article:
Shuhang Qian(钱树航), Kai Wang(王凯), Jiaxing Yang(杨加兴), Chao Guan(关超), Hua Long(龙华), and Peixiang Lu(陆培祥) Multifunctional light-field modulation based on hybrid nonlinear metasurfaces 2023 Chin. Phys. B 32 107803
[1] Soukoulis C M and Wegener M 2011 Nat. Photonics5 523 [2] Hess O, Pendry J B, Maier S A, Oulton R F, Hamm J M and Tsakmakidis K L 2012 Nat. Mater.11 573 [3] Zheludev N I and Kivshar Y S 2012 Nat. Mater.11 917 [4] Chen H T, Taylor A J and Yu N 2016 Rep. Prog. Phys.79 076401 [5] Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, Aieta F, Tetienne J P, Capasso F and Gaburro Z 2011 Science334 333 [6] Ni X, Emani N K, Kildishev A V, Boltasseva A and Shalaev V M 2012 Science335 427 [7] Sun S, He Q, Xiao S, Xu Q, Li X and Zhou L 2012 Nat. Mater.11 426 [8] Kildishev A V, Boltasseva A and Shalaev V M 2013 Science339 1232009 [9] Meinzer N, Barnes W L and Hooper I R 2014 Nat. Photonics8 889 [10] Yu N and Capasso F 2014 Nat. Mater.13 139 [11] Anandan J 1992 Nature360 307 [12] Berry M V 1984 Proc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.392 45 [13] Chen X, Huang L, Muhlenbernd H, Li G, Bai B, Tan Q, Jin G, Qiu C W, Zhang S and Zentgraf T 2012 Nat. Commun.3 1198 [14] Jiang S C, Xiong X, Hu Y S, Jiang S W, Hu Y H, Xu D H, Peng R W and Wang M 2015 Phys. Rev. B91 125421 [15] Kang M, Feng T, Wang H T and Li J 2012 Opt. Express20 15882 [16] Huang L, Chen X, Muhlenbernd H, Li G, Bai B, Tan Q, Jin G, Zentgraf T and Zhang S 2012 Nano Lett.12 5750 [17] Yu N, Genevet P, Aieta F, Kats M A, Blanchard R, Aoust G, Tetienne J P, Gaburro Z and Capasso F 2013 IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.19 4700423 [18] Chong K E, Staude I, James A, Dominguez J, Liu S, Campione S, Subramania G S, Luk T S, Decker M, Neshev D N, Brener I and Kivshar Y S 2015 Nano Lett.15 5369 [19] Yu N, Aieta F, Genevet P, Kats M A, Gaburro Z and Capasso F 2012 Nano Lett.12 6328 [20] Li Q T, Dong F, Wang B, Gan F, Chen J, Song Z, Xu L, Chu W, Xiao Y F, Gong Q and Li Y 2016 Opt. Express24 16309 [21] Kamali S M, Arbabi E, Arbabi A and Faraon A 2018 Nanophotonics7 1041 [22] Qiu C W, Zhang T, Hu G and Kivshar Y 2021 Nano Lett.21 5641 [23] Dai Z, Hu G, Ou Q, Zhang L, Xia F, Garcia-Vidal F J, Qiu C W and Bao Q 2020 Chem. Rev.120 6197 [24] Lin D, Fan P, Hasman E and Brongersma M L 2014 Science345 298 [25] Aieta F, Kats M A, Genevet P and Capasso F 2015 Science347 1342 [26] Khorasaninejad M, Chen W T, Devlin R C, Oh J, Zhu A Y and Capasso F 2016 Science352 1190 [27] Wang Q, Rogers E T F, Gholipour B, Wang C M, Yuan G, Teng J and Zheludev N I 2015 Nat. Photonics10 60 [28] Chen W T, Yang K Y, Wang C M, Huang Y W, Sun G, Chiang I D, Liao C Y, Hsu W L, Lin H T, Sun S, Zhou L, Liu A Q and Tsai D P 2014 Nano Lett.14 225 [29] Ni X, Kildishev A V and Shalaev V M 2013 Nat. Commun.4 2807 [30] Huang L, Chen X, Mühlenbernd H, Zhang H, Chen S, Bai B, Tan Q, Jin G, Cheah K W, Qiu C W, Li J, Zentgraf T and Zhang S 2013 Nat. Commun.4 2808 [31] Huang Y W, Chen W T, Tsai W Y, Wu P C, Wang C M, Sun G and Tsai D P 2015 Nano Lett.15 3122 [32] Zheng G, Muhlenbernd H, Kenney M, Li G, Zentgraf T and Zhang S 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol.10 308 [33] Huang L, Muhlenbernd H, Li X, Song X, Bai B, Wang Y and Zentgraf T 2015 Adv. Mater.27 6444 [34] Wen D, Yue F, Li G, Zheng G, Chan K, Chen S, Chen M, Li K F, Wong P W, Cheah K W, Pun E Y, Zhang S and Chen X 2015 Nat. Commun.6 8241 [35] Wu P C, Tsai W Y, Chen W T, Huang Y W, Chen T Y, Chen J W, Liao C Y, Chu C H, Sun G and Tsai D P 2017 Nano Lett.17 445 [36] Chen S, Cai Y, Li G, Zhang S and Cheah K W 2016 Laser Photonics Rev.10 322 [37] Devlin R C, Ambrosio A, Rubin N A, Mueller J P B and Capasso F 2017 Science358 896 [38] Maguid E, Yulevich I, Veksler D, Kleiner V, Brongersma M L and Hasman E 2016 Science352 1202 [39] Li G, Kang M, Chen S, Zhang S, Pun E Y, Cheah K W and Li J 2013 Nano Lett.13 4148 [40] Boyd R W 2008 Nonlinear Optics (3rd edn.) (America: Academic Press) [41] Keller U 2003 Nature424 831 [42] Santiago-Cruz T, Fedotova A, Sultanov V, Weissflog M A, Arslan D, Younesi M, Pertsch T, Staude I, Setzpfandt F and Chekhova M 2021 Nano Lett.21 4423 [43] Li W, Chen B, Meng C, Fang W, Xiao Y, Li X, Hu Z, Xu Y, Tong L, Wang H, Liu W, Bao J and Shen Y R 2014 Nano Lett.14 955 [44] Nabet B 2016 Photodetectors: Materials, Devices and Applications (1st edn.) (London: Woodhead Publishing) [45] Tymchenko M, Gomez-Diaz J S, Lee J, Nookala N, Belkin M A and Alu A 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett.115 207403 [46] Li G, Chen S, Pholchai N, Reineke B, Wong P W, Pun E Y, Cheah K W, Zentgraf T and Zhang S 2015 Nat. Mater.14 607 [47] Li G, Zhang S and Zentgraf T 2017 Nat. Rev. Mater.2 17010 [48] Overvig A C, Malek S C and Yu N 2020 Phys. Rev. Lett.125 017402 [49] Lu J, Liu X, Bruch A W, Zhang L, Wang J, Yan J and Tang H X 2020 Opt. Lett.45 4499 [50] Lu J, Surya J B, Liu X, Xu Y and Tang H X 2019 Opt. Lett.44 1492 [51] O'Brien K, Suchowski H, Rho J, Salandrino A, Kante B, Yin X and Zhang X 2015 Nat. Mater.14 379 [52] Nookala N, Lee J, Tymchenko M, Sebastian G D J, Demmerle F, Boehm G, Lai K, Shvets G, Amann M C, Alu A and Belkin M 2016 Optica3 283 [53] Minerbi E, Keren-Zur S and Ellenbogen T 2019 Nano Lett.19 6072 [54] Linden S, Niesler F B, Forstner J, Grynko Y, Meier T and Wegener M 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett.109 015502 [55] Segal N, Keren-Zur S, Hendler N and Ellenbogen T 2015 Nat. Photonics9 180 [56] Keren-Zur S, Avayu O, Michaeli L and Ellenbogen T 2015 ACS Photonics3 117 [57] Kruk S S, Decker M, Staude I, Schlecht S, Greppmair M, Neshev D N and Kivshar Y S 2014 ACS Photonics1 1218 [58] Yang X, Zhang C, Wan M, Chen Z and Wang Z 2016 Opt. Lett.41 2938 [59] Ye W, Zeuner F, Li X, Reineke B, He S, Qiu C W, Liu J, Wang Y, Zhang S and Zentgraf T 2016 Nat. Commun.7 11930 [60] Chen Y, Yang X and Gao J 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater.6 1800646 [61] Chen S, Reineke B, Li G, Zentgraf T and Zhang S 2019 Nano Lett.19 6278 [62] Veysi M, Guclu C, Boyraz O and Capolino F 2017 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B34 374 [63] Li G, Wu L, Li K F, Chen S, Schlickriede C, Xu Z, Huang S, Li W, Liu Y, Pun E Y B, Zentgraf T, Cheah K W, Luo Y and Zhang S 2017 Nano Lett.17 7974 [64] Schlickriede C, Waterman N, Reineke B, Georgi P, Li G, Zhang S and Zentgraf T 2018 Adv. Mater.30 1703843 [65] Walter F, Li G, Meier C, Zhang S and Zentgraf T 2017 Nano Lett.17 3171 [66] Tang Y, Intaravanne Y, Deng J, Li K F, Chen X and Li G 2019 Phys. Rev. Appl.12 024028 [67] Mao N, Deng J, Zhang X, Tang Y, Jin M, Li Y, Liu X, Li K, Cao T, Cheah K, Wang H, Ng J and Li G 2020 Nano Lett.20 7463 [68] Chen S, Zeuner F, Weismann M, Reineke B, Li G, Valev V K, Cheah K W, Panoiu N C, Zentgraf T and Zhang S 2016 Adv. Mater.28 2992 [69] Mao N, Zhang G, Tang Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Zhang X, Li K, Cheah K and Li G 2022 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA119 e2204418119 [70] Niu J, Zhai Y, Han Q, Liu J and Yang B 2021 Opt. Lett.46 162 [71] Wang L, Kruk S, Koshelev K, Kravchenko I, Luther-Davies B and Kivshar Y 2018 Nano Lett.18 3978 [72] Gao Y, Fan Y, Wang Y, Yang W, Song Q and Xiao S 2018 Nano Lett.18 8054 [73] Bar-David J and Levy U 2019 Nano Lett.19 1044 [74] Grinblat G 2021 ACS Photonics8 3406 [75] Liu S, Vabishchevich P P, Vaskin A, Reno J L, Keeler G A, Sinclair M B, Staude I and Brener I 2018 Nat. Commun.9 2507 [76] Xu L, Saerens G, Timofeeva M, Smirnova D A, Volkovskaya I, Lysevych M, Camacho-Morales R, Cai M, Zangeneh K K, Huang L, Karouta F, Tan H H, Jagadish C, Miroshnichenko A E, Grange R, Neshev D N and Rahmani M 2020 ACS Nano14 1379 [77] Schlickriede C, Kruk S S, Wang L, Sain B, Kivshar Y and Zentgraf T 2020 Nano Lett.20 4370 [78] Liu B, Sain B, Reineke B, Zhao R, Meier C, Huang L, Jiang Y and Zentgraf T 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater.8 1902050 [79] Gigli C, Marino G, Artioli A, Rocco D, De Angelis C, Claudon J, Gérard J M and Leo G 2021 Optica8 269 [80] Hahnel D, Golla C, Albert M, Zentgraf T, Myroshnychenko V, Forstner J and Meier C 2023 Light Sci. Appl.12 97 [81] Melik-Gaykazyan E V, Kruk S S, Camacho-Morales R, Xu L, Rahmani M, Zangeneh K K, Lamprianidis A, Miroshnichenko A E, Fedyanin A A, Neshev D N and Kivshar Y S 2017 ACS Photonics5 728 [82] Xu L, Rahmani M, Zangeneh K K, Lamprianidis A, Ghirardini L, Sautter J, Camacho-Morales R, Chen H, Parry M, Staude I, Zhang G, Neshev D and Miroshnichenko A E 2018 Light Sci. Appl.7 44 [83] Savinov V, Papasimakis N, Tsai D P and Zheludev N I 2019 Commun. Phys.2 69 [84] Cui X, Lai Y, Ai R, Wang H, Shao L, Chen H, Zhang W and Wang J 2020 Adv. Opt. Mater.8 2001173 [85] Koshelev K, Kruk S, Melik-Gaykazyan E, Choi J H, Bogdanov A, Park H G and Kivshar Y 2020 Science367 288 [86] Koshelev K, Bogdanov A and Kivshar Y 2019 Sci. Bull.64 836 [87] Gandolfi M, Tognazzi A, Rocco D, De Angelis C and Carletti L 2021 Phys. Rev. A104 023524 [88] Fang C, Yang Q, Yuan Q, Gu L, Gan X, Shao Y, Liu Y, Han G and Hao Y 2022 Laser Photonics Rev.16 2100498 [89] Koshelev K, Tang Y, Li K, Choi D Y, Li G and Kivshar Y 2019 ACS Photonics6 1639 [90] Xu L, Kamali K Z, Huang L, Rahmani M, Smirnov A, Camacho-Morales R, Ma Y, Zhang G, Woolley M, Neshev D and Miroshnichenko A E 2019 Adv. Sci.6 1802119 [91] Liu Z, Xu Y, Lin Y, Xiang J, Feng T, Cao Q, Li J, Lan S and Liu J 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett.123 253901 [92] Liu H, Guo C, Vampa G, Zhang J L, Sarmiento T, Xiao M, Bucksbaum P H, Vučković J, Fan S and Reis D A 2018 Nat. Phys.14 1006 [93] Zograf G, Koshelev K, Zalogina A, Korolev V, Hollinger R, Choi D Y, Zuerch M, Spielmann C, Luther-Davies B, Kartashov D, Makarov S V, Kruk S S and Kivshar Y 2022 ACS Photonics9 567 [94] Janisch C, Wang Y, Ma D, Mehta N, Elias A L, Perea-Lopez N, Terrones M, Crespi V and Liu Z 2014 Sci. Rep.4 5530 [95] Fan X, Jiang Y, Zhuang X, Liu H, Xu T, Zheng W, Fan P, Li H, Wu X, Zhu X, Zhang Q, Zhou H, Hu W, Wang X, Sun L, Duan X and Pan A 2017 ACS Nano11 4892 [96] Hsu C, Frisenda R, Schmidt R, Arora A, Vasconcellos S M, Bratschitsch R, Zant H S J and Castellanos-Gomez A 2019 Adv. Opt. Mater.7 1900239 [97] Kumar N, Najmaei S, Cui Q, Ceballos F, Ajayan P M, Lou J and Zhao H 2013 Phys. Rev. B87 161403 [98] Li Y, Rao Y, Mak K F, You Y, Wang S, Dean C R and Heinz T F 2013 Nano Lett.13 3329 [99] Woodward R I, Murray R T, Phelan C F, de Oliveira R E P, Runcorn T H, Kelleher E J R, Li S, Oliveira E C D, Fechine G J M, Eda G and Matos C J S 2016 2D Mater.4 011006 [100] Islam K M, Synowicki R, Ismael T, Oguntoye I, Grinalds N and Escarra M D 2021 Adv. Photonics Res.2 2000180 [101] Seyler K L, Schaibley J R, Gong P, Rivera P, Jones A M, Wu S, Yan J, Mandrus D G, Yao W and Xu X 2015 Nat. Nanotechnol.10 407 [102] Ribeiro-Soares J, Janisch C, Liu Z, Elías A L, Dresselhaus M S, Terrones M, Cançado L G and Jorio A 2015 2D Mater.2 045015 [103] Le C T, Clark D J, Ullah F, Senthilkumar V, Jang J I, Sim Y, Seong M J, Chung K H, Park H and Kim Y S 2016 Ann. Phys.528 551 [104] Wang G, Wong G K L and Ketterson J B 2001 Appl. Opt.40 5436 [105] Bond W L 1965 J. Appl. Phys.36 1674 [106] Shoji I, Kondo T, Kitamoto A, Shirane M and Ito R 1997 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B14 2268 [107] Papatryfonos K, Angelova T, Brimont A, Reid B, Guldin S, Smith P R, Tang M, Li K, Seeds A J, Liu H and Selviah D R 2021 AIP Adv.11 025327 [108] Zelmon D E and Small D L 1997 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B14 3319 [109] Autere A, Jussila H, Marini A, Saavedra J R M, Dai Y, Säynätjoki A, Karvonen L, Yang H, Amirsolaimani B, Norwood R A, Peyghambarian N, Lipsanen H, Kieu K, Abajo F J G and Sun Z 2018 Phys. Rev. B98 115426 [110] Wang R, Chien H C, Kumar J, Kumar N, Chiu H Y and Zhao H 2014 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces6 314 [111] Kumar N, Kumar J, Gerstenkorn C, Wang R, Chiu H Y, Smirl A L and Zhao H 2013 Phys. Rev. B87 121406 [112] Jiang T, Huang D, Cheng J, Fan X, Zhang Z, Shan Y, Yi Y, Dai Y, Shi L, Liu K, Zeng C, Zi J, Sipe J E, Shen Y R, Liu W T and Wu S 2018 Nat. Photonics12 430 [113] Nelson F J, Kamineni V K, Zhang T, Comfort E S, Lee J U and Diebold A C 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett.97 253110 [114] Zappettini A, D'Amore F, Pietralunga S M, Terio A, Martinelli M, Bliss D F and Callahan M J 2004 Phys. Status Solidi (c)1 997 [115] Hon N K, Soref R and Jalali B 2011 J. Appl. Phys.110 011301 [116] Green M A 2008 Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells92 1305 [117] Li Y, Sun H, Gan L, Zhang J, Feng J, Zhang D and Ning C Z 2020 Proc. IEEE108 676 [118] Wen X, Gong Z and Li D 2019 InfoMat1 317 [119] Cong C, Shang J, Wang Y and Yu T 2018 Adv. Opt. Mater.6 1700767 [120] Autere A, Jussila H, Dai Y, Wang Y, Lipsanen H and Sun Z 2018 Adv. Mater.30 1705963 [121] Chen H, Corboliou V, Solntsev A S, Choi D Y, Vincenti M A, de Ceglia D, de Angelis C, Lu Y and Neshev D N 2017 Light Sci. Appl.6 e17060 [122] Li D, Wei C, Song J, Huang X, Wang F, Liu K, Xiong W, Hong X, Cui B, Feng A, Jiang L and Lu Y 2019 Nano Lett.19 4195 [123] Guo Q, Ou Z, Tang J, Zhang J, Lu F, Wu K, Zhang D, Zhang S and Xu H 2020 Nano Lett.20 7956 [124] Zhang Z, Zhang L, Gogna R, Chen Z and Deng H 2020 Solid State Commun.322 114043 [125] Zhou Z K, Xu H F, Yu Y, Lin L and Wang X H 2021 Laser Photonics Rev.15 2100281 [126] Shi J, Wu X, Wu K, Zhang S, Sui X, Du W, Yue S, Liang Y, Jiang C, Wang Z, Wang W, Liu L, Wu B, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Qiu C W and Liu X 2022 ACS Nano16 13933 [127] Löchner F J F, George A, Koshelev K, Bucher T, Najafidehaghani E, Fedotova A, Choi D Y, Pertsch T, Staude I, Kivshar Y, Turchanin A and Setzpfandt F 2020 ACS Photonics8 218 [128] Xiao J, Ye Z, Wang Y, Zhu H, Wang Y and Zhang X 2015 Light Sci. Appl. 4 e366 [129] Zhao W, Wang K, Hong X, Wang B, Han X, Wang K, Liu W, Long H, Wang B and Lu P 2021 Sci. Bull.66 449 [130] Chen J, Wang K, Long H, Han X, Hu H, Liu W, Wang B and Lu P 2018 Nano Lett.18 1344 [131] Hong X, Hu G, Zhao W, Wang K, Sun S, Zhu R, Wu J, Liu W, Loh K P, Wee A T S, Wang B, Alu A, Qiu C W and Lu P 2020 Research2020 9085782 [132] Busschaert S, Flory N, Papadopoulos S, Parzefall M, Heeg S and Novotny L 2019 Nano Lett.19 6097 [133] Shi J, He X, Li Y, Zhang S and Xu H 2019 ACS Photonics6 3142 [134] Spreyer F, Zhao R, Huang L and Zentgraf T 2020 Nanophotonics9 351 [135] Guo W P, Liang W Y, Cheng C W, Wu W L, Wang Y T, Sun Q, Zu S, Misawa H, Cheng P J, Chang S W, Ahn H, Lin M T and Gwo S 2020 Nano Lett.20 2857 [136] Zhao W, Wang K, Hong X, Wang B, Han X, Long H, Wang B and Lu P 2020 Nanoscale12 13330 [137] Wang B, Wang K, Hong X, Sheng Y, Qian S and Lu P 2021 Laser Photonics Rev.15 2100031 [138] Chen H, Lu W B, Liu Z G and Geng M Y 2020 ACS Photonics7 1425 [139] Liu Z and Bai B 2017 Opt. Express25 8584 [140] Liu W, Hu B, Huang Z, Guan H, Li H, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yin H, Xiong X, Liu J and Wang Y 2018 Photonics Res.6 703 [141] Ma S, Wen S, Mi X and Zhao H 2023 Opt. Commun.536 129398 [142] Huang L, Krasnok A, Alu A, Yu Y, Neshev D and Miroshnichenko A E 2022 Rep. Prog. Phys.85 046401 [143] Dombi P, Pápa Z, Vogelsang J, Yalunin S V, Sivis M, Herink G, Schäfer S, Groß P, Ropers C and Lienau C 2020 Rev. Mod. Phys.92 025003 [144] Shi J, Liang W Y, Raja S S, Sang Y, Zhang X Q, Chen C A, Wang Y, Yang X, Lee Y H, Ahn H and Gwo S 2018 Laser Photonics Rev.12 1800188 [145] Bernhardt N, Koshelev K, White S J U, Meng K W C, Fröch J E, Kim S, Tran T T, Choi D Y, Kivshar Y and Solntsev A S 2020 Nano Lett.20 5309 [146] Liu Z, Wang J, Chen B, Wei Y, Liu W and Liu J 2021 Nano Lett.21 7405 [147] Yuan Q, Fang L, Fang H, Li J, Wang T, Jie W, Zhao J and Gan X 2019 ACS Photonics6 2252 [148] Wu S, Buckley S, Schaibley J R, Feng L, Yan J, Mandrus D G, Hatami F, Yao W, Vuckovic J, Majumdar A and Xu X 2015 Nature520 69 [149] Liu Y, Fang H, Rasmita A, Zhou Y, Li J, Yu T, Xiong Q, Zheludev N, Liu J and Gao W 2019 Sci. Adv.5 eaav4506 [150] Dinani H M and Mosallaei H 2023 Adv. Photonics Res.4 2200207 [151] Hong X, Wang K, Guan C, Han X, Chen Y, Qian S, Xing X, Qiu C W and Lu P 2022 Nano Lett.22 8860 [152] Huang Z, Luo K, Feng Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Qiu W, Guan H, Xu Y, Li X and Lu H 2022 Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron.65 104211 [153] Vabishchevich P P, Liu S, Sinclair M B, Keeler G A, Peake G M and Brener I 2018 ACS Photonics5 1685 [154] Kim D, Yu J, Hwang I, Park S, Demmerle F, Boehm G, Amann M C, Belkin M A and Lee J 2020 Nano Lett.20 8032 [155] Qin J, Huang F, Li X, Deng L, Kang T, Markov A, Yue F, Chen Y, Wen X, Liu S, Xiong Q, Semin S, Rasing T, Modotto D, Morandotti R, Xu J, Duan H and Bi L 2019 ACS Nano13 1213 [156] Aouani H, Rahmani M, Navarro-Cia M and Maier S A 2014 Nat. Nanotechnol.9 290 [157] Metzger B, Hentschel M, Schumacher T, Lippitz M, Ye X, Murray C B, Knabe B, Buse K and Giessen H 2014 Nano Lett.14 2867 [158] Lassiter J B, Chen X, Liu X, Cirací C, Hoang T B, Larouche S, Oh S H, Mikkelsen M H and Smith D R 2014 ACS Photonics1 1212 [159] Kruk S, Weismann M, Bykov A Y, Mamonov E A, Kolmychek I A, Murzina T, Panoiu N C, Neshev D N and Kivshar Y S 2015 ACS Photonics2 1007 [160] Lehr D, Reinhold J, Thiele I, Hartung H, Dietrich K, Menzel C, Pertsch T, Kley E B and Tunnermann A 2015 Nano Lett.15 1025 [161] Shibanuma T, Grinblat G, Albella P and Maier S A 2017 Nano Lett.17 2647 [162] Shen Q, Jin W, Yang G, Rodriguez A W and Mikkelsen M H 2020 ACS Photonics7 901 [163] Wang F, Manjare M, Lemasters R, Li C and Harutyunyan H 2019 Opt. Lett.44 2787 [164] Liu S, Sinclair M B, Saravi S, Keeler G A, Yang Y, Reno J, Peake G M, Setzpfandt F, Staude I, Pertsch T and Brener I 2016 Nano Lett.16 5426 [165] Wu X X, Jiang W Y, Wang X F, Zhao L Y, Shi J, Zhang S, Sui X, Chen Z X, Du W N, Shi J W, Liu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang Y and Liu X F 2021 ACS Nano15 1291 [166] Hu L, Wang B, Guo Y, Du S, Chen J, Li J, Gu C and Wang L 2022 Adv. Opt. Mater.10 2200193 [167] Wang G, Chernikov A, Glazov M M, Heinz T F, Marie X, Amand T and Urbaszek B 2018 Rev. Mod. Phys.90 021001 [168] Onga M, Zhang Y, Ideue T and Iwasa Y 2017 Nat. Mater.16 1193 [169] Mak K F, McGill K L, Park J and McEuen P L 2014 Science344 1489 [170] Schaibley J R, Yu H, Clark G, Rivera P, Ross J S, Seyler K L, Yao W and Xu X 2016 Nat. Rev. Mater.1 16055 [171] Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhang S, He J, Yu J and Liu Z 2019 Nano Res.12 2695 [172] Deng M, Wang X, Chen J, Li Z, Xue M, Zhou Z, Lin F, Zhu X and Fang Z 2021 Adv. Funct. Mater.31 2010234 [173] Vitale S A, Nezich D, Varghese J O, Kim P, Gedik N, Jarillo-Herrero P, Xiao D and Rothschild M 2018 Small14 1801483 [174] Krasnok A and Alú A 2018 Appl. Sci.8 1157 [175] Cao T, Wang G, Han W, Ye H, Zhu C, Shi J, Niu Q, Tan P, Wang E, Liu B and Feng J 2012 Nat. Commun.3 887 [176] Xiao D, Liu G B, Feng W, Xu X and Yao W 2012 Phys. Rev. Lett.108 196802 [177] Liu W, Luo C, Tang X, Peng X and Zhong J 2019 AIP Adv.9 045222 [178] Guo S, Wang Y and Zhang J 2020 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.53 384001 [179] Lee J, Mak K F and Shan J 2016 Nat. Nanotechnol.11 421 [180] Robert C, Lagarde D, Cadiz F, Wang G, Lassagne B, Amand T, Balocchi A, Renucci P, Tongay S, Urbaszek B and Marie X 2016 Phys. Rev. B93 205423 [181] Moody G, Dass C K, Hao K, Chen C H, Li L J, Singh A, Tran K, Clark G, Xu X, Berghauser G, Malic E, Knorr A and Li X 2015 Nat. Commun.6 8315 [182] Guo L, Wu M, Cao T, Monahan D M, Lee Y H, Louie S G and Fleming G R 2018 Nat. Phys.15 228 [183] Yang M, Robert C, Lu Z, Van Tuan D, Smirnov D, Marie X and Dery H 2020 Phys. Rev. B101 115307 [184] Norden T, Zhao C, Zhang P, Sabirianov R, Petrou A and Zeng H 2019 Nat. Commun.10 4163 [185] Singh A, Tran K, Kolarczik M, Seifert J, Wang Y, Hao K, Pleskot D, Gabor N M, Helmrich S, Owschimikow N, Woggon U and Li X 2016 Phys. Rev. Lett.117 257402 [186] Novotny L and Hecht B 2012 Principles of Nano-Optics (2nd edn.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) [187] Zu S, Han T, Jiang M, Liu Z, Jiang Q, Lin F, Zhu X and Fang Z 2019 Nano Lett.19 775 [188] Zhou H L, Zhang X Y, Xue X M, Yang Y, Wang S J, Su D, Yang Z R, Wang Y F, Song Y, Wu J, Wu W and Zhang T 2022 Nano Lett.22 6923 [189] Liu S, Chen S, Wen S and Luo H 2022 Opto-Electron. Sci.1 220007 [190] Bliokh K Y, Rodríguez-Fortuño F J, Nori F and Zayats A V 2015 Nat. Photon.9 796 [191] Petersen J, Volz J and Rauschenbeutel A 2014 Science346 67 [192] Rodríguez-Fortuño F J, Marino G, Ginzburg P, O'Connor D, Martínez A, Wurtz G A and Zayats A V 2013 Science340 328 [193] Gong S H, Alpeggiani F, Sciacca B, Garnett E C and Kuipers L 2018 Science359 443 [194] Gong S H, Komen I, Alpeggiani F and Kuipers L 2020 Nano Lett.20 4410 [195] Sun L, Wang C Y, Krasnok A, Choi J, Shi J, Gomez-Diaz J S, Zepeda A, Gwo S, Shih C K, Alú A and Li X 2019 Nat. Photonics13 180 [196] Chen Y, Qian S, Wang K, Xing X, Wee A, Loh K P, Wang B, Wu D, Chu J, Alú A, Lu P and Qiu C W 2022 Nat. Nanotechnol.17 1178 [197] Streltsov A, Adesso G and Plenio M B 2017 Rev. Mod. Phys.89 041003 [198] Zhou Y, Scuri G, Wild D S, High A A, Dibos A, Jauregui L A, Shu C, De Greve K, Pistunova K, Joe A Y, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Kim P, Lukin M D and Park H 2017 Nat. Nanotechnol.12 856 [199] Jha P K, Shitrit N, Ren X, Wang Y and Zhang X 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett.121 116102 [200] Hu G, Hong X, Wang K, Wu J, Xu H X, Zhao W, Liu W, Zhang S, Garcia-Vidal F, Wang B, Lu P and Qiu C W 2019 Nat. Photonics13 467 [201] Chervy T, Azzini S, Lorchat E, Wang S, Gorodetski Y, Hutchison J A, Berciaud S, Ebbesen T W and Genet C 2018 ACS Photonics5 1281 [202] Li Z, Li Y, Han T, Wang X, Yu Y, Tay B, Liu Z and Fang Z 2017 ACS Nano11 1165 [203] Deng M, Li Z, Rong X, Luo Y, Li B, Zheng L, Wang X, Lin F, Meixner A J, Braun K, Zhu X and Fang Z 2020 Small16 2003539 [204] Li Z, Liu C, Rong X, Luo Y, Cheng H, Zheng L, Lin F, Shen B, Gong Y, Zhang S and Fang Z 2018 Adv. Mater.30 1801908 [205] Lin H T, Chang C Y, Cheng P J, Li M Y, Cheng C C, Chang S W, Li L L J, Chu C W, Wei P K and Shih M H 2018 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces10 15996 [206] Guddala S, Bushati R, Li M, Khanikaev A B and Menon V M 2019 Opt. Mater. Express9 536 [207] Chen H, Liu M, Xu L and Neshev D N 2018 Beilstein J. Nanotechnol.9 780 [208] Wen T, Zhang W, Liu S, Hu A, Zhao J, Ye Y, Chen Y, Qiu C W, Gong Q and Lu G 2020 Sci. Adv.6 eaao0019 [209] Altewischer E, Van Exter M P and Woerdman J P 2002 Nature418 304 [210] Tan S F, Wu L, Yang J K W, Bai P, Bosman M and Nijhuis C A 2014 Science343 1496 [211] Dheur M C, Devaux E, Ebbesen T W, Baron A, Rodier J C, Hugonin J P, Lalanne P, Greffet J J, Messin G and Marquier F 2016 Sci. Adv.2 e1501574 [212] Iwanaga M, Mano T and Ikeda N 2017 ACS Photonics5 897 [213] Tran T T, Wang D, Xu Z Q, Yang A, Toth M, Odom T W and Aharonovich I 2017 Nano Lett.17 2634 [214] Wu C, Kumar S, Kan Y, Komisar D, Wang Z, Bozhevolnyi S I and Ding F 2022 Sci. Adv.8 eabk3075 [215] Li L, Liu Z, Ren X, Wang S, Su V C, Chen M K, Chu C H, Kuo H Y, Liu B, Zang W, Guo G, Zhang L, Wang Z, Zhu S and Tsai D P 2020 Science368 1487 [216] Marino G, Solntsev A S, Xu L, Gili V F, Carletti L, Poddubny A N, Rahmani M, Smirnova D A, Chen H, Lemaȋtre A, Zhang G, Zayats A V, De Angelis C, Leo G, Sukhorukov A A and Neshev D N 2019 Optica6 1416 [217] Jin B, Mishra D and Argyropoulos C 2021 Nanoscale13 19903 [218] Zhang J, Ma J, Parry M, Cai M, Camacho-Morales R, Xu L, Neshev D N and Sukhorukov A A 2022 Sci. Adv.8 eabq4240 [219] Santiago-Cruz T, Gennaro S D, Mitrofanov O, Addamane S, Reno J, Brener J and Chekhova M V 2022 Science377 991 [220] Wang Y, Jöns K D and Sun Z 2021 Appl. Phys. Rev.8 011314 [221] Georgi P, Massaro M, Luo K H, Sain B, Montaut N, Herrmann H, Weiss T, Li G, Silberhorn C and Zentgraf T 2019 Light Sci. Appl.8 70 [222] Brida G, Genovese M and Ruo B I 2010 Nat. Photonics4 227 [223] Wang K, Titchener J G, Kruk S S, Xu L, Chung H P, Parry M, Kravchenko I I, Chen Y H, Solntsev A S, Kivshar Y S, Neshev D N and Sukhorukov A A 2018 Science361 1104 [224] Stav T, Faerman A, Maguid E, Oren D, Kleiner V, Hasman E and Segev M 2018 Science361 1101 [225] Kan Y, Andersen S K H, Ding F, Kumar S, Zhao C and Bozhevolnyi S I 2020 Adv. Mater.32 1907832 [226] Ma Y, Zhao H, Liu N, Gao Z, Mohajerani S S, Xiao L, Hone J, Feng L and Strauf S 2022 Optica9 953 [227] Altuzarra C, Lyons A, Yuan G, Simpson C, Roger T, Ben-Benjamin J S and Faccio D 2019 Phys. Rev. A99 020101 [228] Solntsev A S, Agarwal G S and Kivshar Y S 2021 Nat. Photonics15 327 [229] Kan Y and Bozhevolnyi S I 2023 Adv. Opt. Mater.11 2202759 [230] Ates S, Ulrich S M, Ulhaq A, Reitzenstein S, Löffler A, Höfling S, Forchel A and Michler P 2009 Nat. Photonics3 724 [231] Kwiat P G, Mattle K, Weinfurter H, Zeilinger A, Sergienko A V and Shih Y 1995 Phys. Rev. Lett.75 4337 [232] Schneeloch J, Knarr S H, Bogorin D F, Levangie M L, Tison C C, Frank R, Howland G A, Fanto M L and Alsing P M 2019 J. Opt.21 043501 [233] Main P B, Mosley P J and Gorbach A V 2019 Phys. Rev. A100 053815 [234] Introini V, Steel M J, Sipe J E, Helt L G and Liscidini M 2020 Opt. Lett.45 1244 [235] Okoth C, Cavanna A, Santiago-Cruz T and Chekhova M V 2019 Phys. Rev. Lett.123 263602 [236] Carletti L, Koshelev K, De Angelis C and Kivshar Y 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett.121 033903 [237] Kuo P S, Bravo-Abad J and Solomon G S 2014 Nat. Commun.5 3109 [238] Hsu C W, Zhen B, Stone A D, Joannopoulos J D and Soljačić M 2016 Nat. Rev. Mater.1 16048 [239] Lin H, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Lin K T, Wen X, Liang Y, Fu Y, Lau A K T, Ma T, Qiu C W and Jia B 2022 Chem. Rev.122 15204 [240] Carletti L, Kruk S S, Bogdanov A A, De Angelis C and Kivshar Y 2019 Phys. Rev. Res.1 023016 [241] Shcherbakov M R, Zhang H, Tripepi M, Sartorello G, Talisa N, AlShafey A, Fan Z, Twardowski J, Krivitsky L A, Kuznetsov A I, Chowdhury E and Shvets G 2021 Nat. Commun.12 4185 [242] Zeng Z, Sun X, Zhang D, Zheng W, Fan X, He M, Xu T, Sun L, Wang X and Pan A 2019 Adv. Funct. Mater.29 1806874 [243] Fan X, Ji Z, Fei R, Zheng W, Liu W, Zhu X, Chen S, Yang L, Liu H, Pan A and Agarwal R 2020 Nano Lett.20 2667 [244] Shan Y, Li Y, Huang D, Tong Q, Yao W, Liu W T and Wu S 2018 Sci. Adv.4 eaat0074 [245] Liu F, Wu W, Bai Y, Chae S H, Li Q, Wang J, Hone J and Zhu X Y 2020 Science367 903 [246] Trovatello C, Marini A, Xu X, Lee C, Liu F, Curreli N, Manzoni C, Dal Conte S, Yao K, Ciattoni A, Hone J, Zhu X, Schuck P J and Cerullo G 2020 Nat. Photonics15 6 [247] Guo Q, Qi X Z, Zhang L, Gao M, Hu S, Zhou W, Zang W, Zhao X, Wang J, Yan B, Xu M, Wu Y K, Eda G, Xiao Z, Yang S A, Gou H, Feng Y P, Guo G C, Zhou W, Ren X F, Qiu C W, Pennycook S J and Wee A T S 2023 Nature613 53 [248] Le C T, Kim J, Ullah F, Nguyen A D, Tran T N N, Le T E, Chung K H, Cheong H, Jang J I and Kim Y S 2020 ACS Nano14 4366
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.