Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules in cold atom gases

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ae6ccf

Abstract Rydberg molecules, formed by one or more Rydberg atoms, exhibit remarkable properties, including an exceptionally large spatial extent, rich rovibrational level structures, permanent electric dipole moments, and a pronounced sensitivity to external fields. Based on the underlying binding mechanisms, Rydberg molecules can be divided into three categories: the ground-Rydberg molecules that are bound via a low-energy electron-atom scattering interaction between a ground atom and a Rydberg electron, the Rydberg-Rydberg molecules that are bound via a long-range electrostatic interaction between Rydberg atoms, and the ion-Rydberg molecules that are bound via single- or multi-polar interactions between a Rydberg atom and an ion. This review focuses on recent theoretical and experimental advances in diatomic Rydberg molecules, covering their formation and binding mechanisms, potential energy curves, experimental observations, and spectroscopic properties, with the aim of providing a comprehensive overview of the current state and future prospects of this rapidly developing field.

Keywords: Rydberg molecules macrodimer potential energy curves photo-association

Received: 17 March 2026
Revised: 11 May 2026
Accepted manuscript online: 13 May 2026

PACS:	32.80.Ee	(Rydberg states)
	36.20.-r	(Macromolecules and polymer molecules)
	33.20.-t	(Molecular spectra)
	34.20.-b	(Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions)

Fund: J. Bai, Y. Jiao and J. Zhao thank the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12241408, U2341211, 12120101004, and 12504304), Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. IRT 17R70), and Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province (Grant No. 202503021212074). X. Q. Shao was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 12174048). W. L. acknowledges support from the EPSRC (Grant Nos. EP/W015641/1 and EP/W524402/1).

Corresponding Authors: Weibin Li, Jianming Zhao
E-mail: weibin.li@nottingham.ac.uk;zhaojm@sxu.edu.cn

Cite this article:

Jingxu Bai(白景旭), Yuechun Jiao(焦月春), Xiao-Qiang Shao(邵晓强), Weibin Li(李伟斌), and Jianming Zhao(赵建明) Ultralong-range Rydberg molecules in cold atom gases 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 083201

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