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Zr-doping stabilizes spinel LiMn2O4 as a low cost long cycle life cathode for lithium ion batteries |
| Xiang-Gong Zhang(张祥功)1, Wei Wu(吴伟)2, Si-Si Zhou(周思思)1,†, Fei Huang(黄飞)2, Shi-Hao Xu(许诗浩)2, Liang Yin(尹良)2,3,‡, Wei Yang(杨伟)2,§, and Hong Li(李泓)2,3 |
1 Wuhan Institute of Marine Electric Propulsion, Wuhan 430064, China;
2 Tianmu Lake Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Co., Ltd., Liyang 213300, China;
3 Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China |
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Abstract The present commercial spinel LiMn$_{2}$O$_{4}$ delivers only 90 mAh/g-115 mAh/g, far lower than the theoretical specific capacity. It degrades fast caused by the Jahn-Teller effect, Mn dissolution and related side reactions that consume Li inventory. In this work, Zr doping is employed to improve the structural stability and electrochemical performance of spinel LiMn$_{2}$O$_{4}$. Li$_{1.06}$Mn$_{1.94-x}$Zr$_{x}$O$_{4}$ ($x = 0$, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04) have been successfully synthesized by a simple solid-state reaction method and evaluated as cathode for lithium ion batteries (LIB). Li$_{1.06}$Mn$_{1.92}$Zr$_{0.02}$O$_{4}$ is superior cathode material with a high capacity of 122 mAh/g at 1-C rate; long cycle stability, 98.39% retention after 100 cycles at 1-C rate, excellent high rate performance 107.1 mAh/g at 10-C rate, and high temperature performance 97.39% retention after 60 cycles. These are thought to be related to Zr doping effectively stabilizing the spinel LiMn$_{2}$O$_{4}$, by forming stronger Zr-O bonds in the octahedron, suppressing the Jahn-Teller effect, thus improving electrochemical performance.
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Received: 30 December 2022
Revised: 30 January 2023
Accepted manuscript online: 06 February 2023
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PACS:
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61.50.-f
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(Structure of bulk crystals)
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61.66.Fn
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(Inorganic compounds)
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82.47.Aa
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(Lithium-ion batteries)
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82.45.Fk
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(Electrodes)
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| Fund: Project supported by research on high power flexible battery in all sea depth (Grant No. 2020-XXXX-XX-246-00). |
Corresponding Authors:
Si-Si Zhou, Liang Yin, Wei Yang
E-mail: zhousisi18@126.com;lyin@iphy.ac.cn;billwyang@163.com
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Cite this article:
Xiang-Gong Zhang(张祥功), Wei Wu(吴伟), Si-Si Zhou(周思思), Fei Huang(黄飞), Shi-Hao Xu(许诗浩), Liang Yin(尹良), Wei Yang(杨伟), and Hong Li(李泓) Zr-doping stabilizes spinel LiMn2O4 as a low cost long cycle life cathode for lithium ion batteries 2023 Chin. Phys. B 32 056101
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