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SPECIAL TOPIC — New generation solar cells
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Regulation of Zn/Sn ratio in kesterite absorbers to boost 10% efficiency of Cu
2
ZnSn(S, Se)
4
solar cells
Xue Min(闵雪), Jiangjian Shi(石将建), Linbao Guo(郭林宝), Qing Yu(于晴), Pengpeng Zhang(张朋朋), Qingwen Tian(田庆文), Dongmei Li(李冬梅), Yanhong Luo(罗艳红), Huijue Wu(吴会觉), Qingbo Meng(孟庆波), Sixin Wu(武四新)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 016402. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016402
Abstract
(
620
)
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)
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The Zn/Sn ratio in Cu
2
ZnSn(S, Se)
4
(CZTSSe) films has been regulated to control the composition-related phase, defect, and photoelectric properties for high performance kesterite solar cells. It is found that the increase in the Zn/Sn ratio can slightly narrow the energy band gap to extend the light absorption range and improve the photocurrent. Optimal Zn/Sn ratio of 1.39 in CZTSSe film is obtained with the least secondary phase, the lowest defect density, and the longest charge recombination lifetime. Up to 10.1% photoelectric conversion efficiency has been achieved by this composition regulation.
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Effect of hydroxyl on dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with TiO
2
nanorods
Lijian Meng(孟立建), Tao Yang(杨涛), Sining Yun(云斯宁), Can Li(李灿)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 016802. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016802
Abstract
(
881
)
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)
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TiO
2
nanorods have been prepared on ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The hydroxyl groups have been introduced on the nanorods surface. The structure and the optical properties of these nanorods have been studied. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been assembled using these TiO
2
nanorods as photoelectrode. And the effect of the hydroxyl groups on the properties of the photoelectric conversion of the DSSCs has been studied.
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Performance enhancement of ZnO nanowires/PbS quantum dot depleted bulk heterojunction solar cells with an ultrathin Al
2
O
3
interlayer
Shuaipu Zang(臧帅普), Yinglin Wang(王莹琳), Meiying Li(李美莹), Wei Su(苏蔚), Meiqi An(安美琦), Xintong Zhang(张昕彤), Yichun Liu(刘益春)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 018503. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018503
Abstract
(
858
)
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Depleted bulk heterojunction (DBH) PbS quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), appearing with boosted short-circuit current density (
J
sc
), represent the great potential of solar radiation utilization, but suffer from the problem of increased interfacial charge recombination and reduced open-circuit voltage (
V
oc
). Herein, we report that an insertion of ultrathin Al
2
O
3
layer (ca. 1.2 Å thickness) at the interface of ZnO nanowires (NWs) and PbS quantum dots (QDs) could remarkably improve the performance of DBH-QDSCs fabricated from them, i.e., an increase of
V
oc
from 449 mV to 572 mV,
J
sc
from 21.90 mA/cm
2
to 23.98 mA/cm
2
, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 4.29% to 6.11%. Such an improvement of device performance is ascribed to the significant reduction of the interfacial charge recombination rate, as evidenced by the light intensity dependence on
J
sc
and
V
oc
, the prolonged electron lifetime, the lowered trap density, and the enlarged recombination activation energy. The present research therefore provides an effective interfacial engineering means to improving the overall performance of DBH-QDSCs, which might also be effective to other types of optoelectronic devices with large interface area.
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420 nm thick CH
3
NH
3
PbI
3-
x
Br
x
capping layers for efficient TiO
2
nanorod array perovskite solar cells
Long Li(李龙), Cheng-Wu Shi(史成武), Xin-Lian Deng(邓新莲), Yan-Qing Wang(王艳青), Guan-Nan Xiao(肖冠南), Ling-Ling Ni(倪玲玲)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 018804. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018804
Abstract
(
689
)
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)
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The rutile TiO
2
nanorod arrays with 240 nm in length, 30 nm in diameter, and 420 μm
-2
in areal density were prepared by the hydrothermal method to replace the typical 200-300 nm thick mesoporous TiO
2
thin films in perovskite solar cells. The CH
3
NH
3
PbI
3-
x
Br
x
capping layers with different thicknesses were obtained on the TiO
2
nanorod arrays using different concentration PbI
2
· DMSO complex precursor solutions in DMF and the photovoltaic performances of the corresponding solar cells were compared. The perovskite solar cells based on 240 nm long TiO
2
nanorod arrays and 420 nm thick CH
3
NH
3
PbI
3-
x
Br
x
capping layers showed the best photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.56% and the average PCE of 14.93±0.63% at the relative humidity of 50%-54% under the illumination of simulated AM 1.5 sunlight (100 mW· cm
-2
).
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Key parameters of two typical intercalation reactions to prepare hybrid inorganic-organic perovskite films
Biao Shi(石标), Sheng Guo(郭升), Changchun Wei(魏长春), Baozhang Li(李宝璋), Yi Ding(丁毅), Yuelong Li(李跃龙), Qing Wan(万青), Ying Zhao(赵颖), Xiaodan Zhang(张晓丹)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 018807. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018807
Abstract
(
554
)
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)
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A star hybrid inorganic-organic perovskite material selected as an outstanding absorbing layer in solar cells benefits from multiple preparation techniques and excellent photoelectric characteristics. Among numerous synthetic processes, uniform, compact, and multi-stack perovskite thin films can be manufactured using vacuum deposition. During sequential vacuum deposition, the penetration ability of the organic molecules cannot be effectively controlled. In addition, the relationship between the thickness of the inorganic seeding layer and the organic molecule concentration for optimized devices using an evaporation-solution method is unclear. In this work, we prepared high-quality perovskite films by effectively controlling the penetration ability and chemical quantity of organic methyl ammonium iodide by monitoring the evaporation pressure and time. Thus, a device efficiency of over 15% was achieved with an all-vacuum prepared perovskite film. For the evaporation-solution method, we reacted different thicknesses of inorganic lead iodine with various concentrations of the organic molecule solution. The inorganic layer thickness and organic molecule concentration showed a linear relationship to achieve an optimum perovskite film, and an empirical formula was obtained. This work noted the key parameters of two intercalation reactions to prepare perovskite films, which paves a way to deliver a device that enables multi-layered structures, such as tandem solar cells.
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Preparation of Se-based solar cell using spin-coating method in ambient condition
Menghua Zhu(朱孟花), Yaxin Deng(邓雅心), Weiwei Liu(刘伟伟), Xin Li(李欣)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 015202. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/015202
Abstract
(
890
)
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)
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A new hybrid organic-inorganic structure of FTO/TiO
2
/Se/HTL/Au based selenium solar cell has been fabricated through a low-cost spin-coating process in air. In this process, selenium is completely dissolved in hydrazine, to form a homogeneous precursor solution. After spin-coating the precursor solution on the TiO
2
substrates, following by sintering at 200℃ for 5min, a uniform selenium film with crystalline grains is formed. The selenium based solar cell exhibits an efficiency of 1.23% under AM1.5 illumination (100 mW·cm
-2
), short-circuit current density of 8 mA·cm
-2
, open-circuit voltage of 0.55 V, and fill factor of 0.37. Moreover, the device shows a stable ability with almost the same performance after 60 days.
Select
Novel hole transport layer of nickel oxide composite with carbon for high-performance perovskite solar cells
Sajid, A M Elseman, Jun Ji(纪军), Shangyi Dou(窦尚轶), Hao Huang(黄浩), Peng Cui(崔鹏), Dong Wei(卫东), Meicheng Li(李美成)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 017305. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017305
Abstract
(
851
)
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A depth behavioral understanding for each layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and their interfacial interactions as a whole has been emerged for further enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, NiO@Carbon was not only simulated as a hole transport layer but also as a counter electrode at the same time in the planar heterojunction based PSCs with the program wxAMPS (analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures)-1D. Simulation results revealed a high dependence of PCE on the effect of band offset between hole transport material (HTM) and perovskite layers. Meanwhile, the valence band offset (Δ
E
v
) of NiO-HTM was optimized to be -0.1 to -0.3 eV lower than that of the perovskite layer. Additionally, a barrier cliff was identified to significantly influence the hole extraction at the HTM/absorber interface. Conversely, the Δ
E
v
between the active material and NiO@Carbon-HTM was derived to be -0.15 to 0.15 eV with an enhanced efficiency from 15% to 16%.
Select
Importance of ligands on TiO
2
nanocrystals for perovskite solar cells
Yao Zhao(赵耀), Yi-Cheng Zhao(赵怡程), Wen-Ke Zhou(周文可), Rui Fu(伏睿), Qi Li(李琪), Da-Peng Yu(俞大鹏), Qing Zhao(赵清)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 018401. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018401
Abstract
(
646
)
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)
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The fabrication of high-quality electron-selective layers at low temperature is a prerequisite to realizing efficient flexible and tandem perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A colloidal-quantum-dot ink that contains TiO
2
nanocrystals enables the deposition of a flat film with matched energy level for PSCs; however, the selection of ligands on the TiO
2
surface is still unexplored. Here, we systematically studied the effect of the titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TiAc
2
) ligand on the performance of PSCs with a planar n-i-p architecture. We prepared TiO
2
nanocrystals from TiCl
4
and ethyl alcohol with Cl
-
ligands attached on its surface and we found that a tiny amount of TiAc
2
treatment of as-prepared TiO
2
nanocrystals in a mixed solution of chloroform and methyl alcohol can enhance PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 14.7% to 18.3%. To investigate the effect of TiAc
2
ligand on PSCs, TiO
2
samples with different TiAc
2
content were prepared by adding TiAc
2
into the as-obtained TiO
2
nanocrystal solution. We use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to identify the content of Cl so as to reveal that Cl ligands can be substituted by TiAc
2
. We speculate that the improvement in PCE originates from amorphous TiO
2
formation on the TiO
2
nanocrystal surface, whereby a single-molecule layer of amorphous TiO
2
facilitates charge transfer between the perovskite film and the TiO
2
electronic transport layer, but excessive TiAc
2
lowers the PSC performance dramatically. We further prove our hypothesis by x-ray diffraction measurements. We believe the PCE of PSCs can be further improved by carefully choosing the type and changing the content of surface ligands on TiO
2
nanocrystal.
Select
Precisely tuning Ge substitution for efficient solution-processed Cu
2
ZnSn(S, Se)
4
solar cells
Xinshou Wang(王新收), Dongxing Kou(寇东星), Wenhui Zhou(周文辉), Zhengji Zhou(周正基), Qingwen Tian(田庆文), Yuena Meng(孟月娜), Sixin Wu(武四新)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 018809. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018809
Abstract
(
802
)
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(1791KB)(
345
)
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The kesterite Cu
2
ZnSn(S,Se)
4
(CZTSSe) solar cells have yielded a prospective conversion efficiency among all thin-film photovoltaic technology. However, its further development is still hindered by the lower open-circuit voltage (
V
oc
), and the non-ideal bandgap of the absorber is an important factor affecting this issue. The substitution of Sn with Ge provides a unique ability to engineer the bandgap of the absorber film. Herein, a simple precursor solution approach was successfully developed to fabricate Cu
2
Zn(Sn
y
Ge
1-
y
)(S
x
Se
1-
x
)
4
(CZTGSSe) solar cells. By precisely adjusting the Ge content in a small range, the
V
oc
and
J
sc
are enhanced simultaneously. Benefitting from the optimized bandgap and the maintained spike structure and light absorption, the 10% Ge/(Ge+Sn) content device with a bandgap of approximately 1.1 eV yields the highest efficiency of 9.36%. This further indicates that a precisely controlled Ge content could further improve the cell performance for efficient CZTGSSe solar cells.
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TiO
2
composite electron transport layers for planar perovskite solar cells by mixed spray pyrolysis with precursor solution incorporating TiO
2
nanoparticles
Jiaqi Tian(田嘉琪), Hongcui Li(李红翠), Haiyue Wang(王海月), Bo Zheng(郑博), Yebin Xue(薛叶斌), Xizhe Liu(刘喜哲)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 018810. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018810
Abstract
(
626
)
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320
)
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Perovskite solar cells with planar structure are attractive for their simplified device structure and reduced hysteresis effect. Compared to conventional mesoporous devices, TiO
2
porous scaffold layers are removed in planar devices. Then, compact TiO
2
electron transport layers take the functions of extracting electrons, transporting electrons, and blocking holes. Therefore, the properties of these compact TiO
2
layers are important for the performance of solar cells. In this work, we develop a mixed spray pyrolysis method for producing compact TiO
2
layers by incorporating TiO
2
nanoparticles with different size into the precursor solutions. For the optimized nanoparticle size of 60 nm, a power conversion efficiency of 16.7% is achieved, which is obviously higher than that of devices without incorporated nanoparticles (9.9%). Further investigation reveals that the incorporation of nanoparticles can remarkably improve the charge extraction and recombination processes.
Select
Electron transport properties of TiO
2
shell on Al
2
O
3
core in dye-sensitized solar cells
Dongmei Xie(解东梅), Xiaowen Tang(唐小文), Yuan Lin(林原), Pin Ma(马品), Xiaowen Zhou(周晓文)
Chin. Phys. B, 2018, 27 (
1
): 017804. DOI:
10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017804
Abstract
(
839
)
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)
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The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is strongly affected by the properties of semiconductor nanoparticles. In this work, we used TiO
2
particles prepared by TiCl
4
hydrolysis
n
times on Al
2
O
3
films (A/T(
n
)), and investigated morphology, photoelectric, and electron transport properties of A/T(
n
). The TiO
2
shell was composed of 10-20 nm nanoparticles and the number of nanoparticles increased with increasing TiCl
4
treatment times. The highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of 3.23% was obtained as A/T(4). IMPS results indicated that electron transport rate was high enough to conduct current, and was not the dominating effect to limit the
J
sc
.
J
sc
was mainly determined by dye loading on TiO
2
and the interconnection of TiO
2
. These may provide a new strategy for preparing semiconductor working electrodes for DSSC.