Table of contents

02 March 2005, Volume 14 Issue 3 Previous issue    Next issue

GENERAL

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Form invariances and Lutzky conserved quantities for Lagrange systems Mei Feng-Xiang (梅凤翔), Xu Xue-Jun (许学军) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  449-451.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/001 Abstract ( 1153 )   PDF (197KB) ( 588 )   This paper focuses on studying a form invariance which can result in a Lutzky conserved quantity for a Lagrange system. The criterion of the form invariance for the system is given. The necessary and sufficient condition under which the form invariance is a Lie symmetry for the system is obtained. Lutzky's result is utilized to prove that the form invariance can lead to a Lutzky conserved quantity. Two examples are finally given to illustrate the application of the result.

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Lie-form invariance of the Lagrange system Wu Hui-Bin (吴惠彬) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  452-454.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/002 Abstract ( 1470 )   PDF (173KB) ( 688 )   In this paper, the Lie-form invariance of the Lagrange system is studied. The definition and the criterion of the Lie-form invariance of the Lagrange system are given. The Hojman conserved quantity and a new type of conserved quantity deduced from the Lie-form invariance are obtained. Finally, two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the results.

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Exact travelling wave solutions to some fifth order dispersive nonlinear wave equations Hu Jian-Lan (胡建兰) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  455-459.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/003 Abstract ( 1293 )   PDF (209KB) ( 673 )   Exact travelling wave solutions to some nonlinear equations of fifth order derivatives are derived by using some accurate ansatz methods.

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Mapping of the position-dependent mass Schrödinger equation under point canonical transformation Chen Gang (陈刚) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  460-462.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/004 Abstract ( 1164 )   PDF (182KB) ( 563 )   In this paper, the three-dimensional radial position-dependent mass Schr?dinger equation is exactly solved through mapping this wave equation into the constant mass Schr?dinger equation with Coulomb potential by means of point canonical transformation. The wavefunctions here can be given in terms of confluent hypergeometric functions.

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Bound states of Klein—Gordon equation for double ring-shaped oscillator scalar and vector potentials Lu Fa-Lin (陆法林), Chen Chang-Yuan (陈昌远), Sun Dong-Sheng (孙东升) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  463-467.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/005 Abstract ( 1264 )   PDF (225KB) ( 814 )   In spherical polar coordinates, double ring-shaped oscillator potentials have supersymmetry and shape invariance for $\theta$ and r coordinates. Exact bound state solutions of Klein—Gordon equation with equal double ring-shaped oscillator scalar and vector potentials are obtained. The normalized angular wavefunction expressed in terms of Jacobi polynomials and the normalized radial wavefunction expressed in terms of the Laguerre polynomials are presented. Energy spectrum equations are obtained.

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Divergence structure of the statistical entropy of the Dirac field in a plane symmetry black hole geometry Li Gu-Qiang (李固强) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  468-471.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/006 Abstract ( 1073 )   PDF (215KB) ( 471 )   The divergences at all levels for the statistical entropy of a plane symmetry black hole arising from the massless Dirac field are considered using the brick-wall model. It is shown that if we ignore the usual contribution from the vacuum surrounding the system, then the statistical entropy consists of two parts: one is the linearly divergent term which has the geometric character, the other consists of two logarithmically divergent terms which are not proportional to the surface area of the horizon. The entropy of the Dirac field on extremal plane symmetry spacetime background has higher divergence than usual.

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An active control synchronization for two modified Chua circuits Li Guo-Hui (李国辉) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  472-475.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/007 Abstract ( 1204 )   PDF (227KB) ( 549 )   From modern control theory, an active control method to synchronize two modified Chua circuits with each other, which exhibit chaos, is presented. Some sufficient conditions of linear stability of the chaotic synchronization are obtained from rigorous mathematic justification. On the basis of the state-observer, the controller is analytically deduced using the active control. It is shown that this technique can be applied to achieve synchronization of the two systems with each other, whether they are identical or not. Finally, numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

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Manifesting mutual relation of spatiotemporally chaotic signals by symbolic analysis Xiao Fang-Hong (肖方红), Yan Gui-Rong (阎桂荣), Zhu Chang-Chun (朱长春) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  476-481.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/008 Abstract ( 1315 )   PDF (332KB) ( 593 )   Based on the coupled map lattice models, the mutual relation of spatiotemporally chaotic signals is studied using the symbolic analysis method. Numerical computation results show that the conditional entropy of two directly coupled lattices or that of two indirectly coupled but near lattices has a sharp minimum, whereas the conditional entropy of two distant lattices has no sharp minimum. Thus, the mutual relation of spatiotemporally chaotic signals produced by the coupled map lattice systems can be manifested by the symbolic analysis method.

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Absorption measurements for highly sensitive diode laser of CO2 near 1.3μm at room temperature Shao Jie (邵杰), Zhang Wei-Jun (张为俊), Gao Xiao-Ming (高晓明), Ning Li-Xin (宁利新), Yuan Yi-Qian (袁怿谦) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  482-486.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/009 Abstract ( 1321 )   PDF (250KB) ( 552 )   Fifteen new absorption lines were observed when studying CO2 absorption spectroscopy by wavelength modulation technique with a distributed feedback laser. The overtone spectra of CO2 around 1.31μm and the corresponding spectral parameters (i.e. positions, intensities, self-broadening coefficients) are presented. The intensity of the weakest line detected is 2.25163×10-27cm-1/(molecule·cm-2) at the pressure of 667Pa, with a corresponding absorption of 3.88×10-8.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

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A study on the decay of 72As Li Yan (李燕), Shen Shui-Fa (沈水法), Gu Jia-Hui (顾嘉辉), Shi Shuang-Hui (石双惠), Liu Jing-Yi (刘静怡) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  487-493.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/010 Abstract ( 1105 )   PDF (396KB) ( 357 )   The excited states of the 72Ge nucleus were investigated in radioactive decay of 72As. Three new transitions with 1996.58, 2125.59 and 2255.49keV have been found for the first time. One $\gamma$-ray with 912.09keV has been placed in the decay scheme for the first time, and the placement of 1938.88, 2116.79, 2785.59, 2833.03, 2950.69 and 3338.00keV $\gamma$-rays are confirmed again in the present work. One new level at 2027.72keV excitation energy is proposed. The level scheme was established and for a number of levels spin-parity assignments are suggested on the basis of logft values and $\gamma$-branching ratios.

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Multipacting phenomenon at high electric fields of superconducting cavities Zhu Feng (朱凤), Proch D., Hao Jian-Kui (郝建奎) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  494-499.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/011 Abstract ( 1095 )   PDF (368KB) ( 690 )   Recently multipacting (MP) recalculation of the TeV Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator (TESLA) resonator was performed. In addition to the normal MP which occurs at a peak electric field of around 40MV/m for the TESLA cavity, another type of multipacting with resonant electron trajectory that is far from the equator is also seen. It occurs at a gradient around 60MV/m to 70MV/m. This result seems to explain some experimental observations.

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Neutronic studies of the coupled moderators for spallation neutron sources Yin Wen (殷雯), Liang Jiu-Qing (梁九卿) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  500-504.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/012 Abstract ( 1008 )   PDF (1369KB) ( 473 )   We investigate the neutronic performance of coupled moderators to be implemented in spallation neutron sources by Monte-Carlo simulation and give the slow neutron spectra for the cold and thermal moderators. CH4 moderator can provide slow neutrons with highly desirable characteristics and will be used in low-power spallation neutron sources. The slow neutron intensity extracted from different angles has been calculated. The capability of moderation of liquid H2 is lower than H2O and liquid CH4 due to lower atomic number density of hydrogen but we can compensate for this disadvantage by using a premoderator. The H2O premoderator of 2cm thickness can reduce the heat deposition in the cold moderator by about 33% without spoiling the neutron pulse.

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

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Resonance calculations of d－f intervals for the lithium Rydberg states Chen Chao (陈超), Wang Zhi-Wen (王治文) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  505-510.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/013 Abstract ( 1026 )   PDF (218KB) ( 449 )   By using the energies of the 1s2nd(n=3—5) and 1s2nf(n=4—6) states for a lithium atom, calculated with the full core plus correlation method, quantum defect functions are obtained which vary smoothly with energy based on quantum defect theory. Then these functions are separately used to construct a system equation to calculate the energies and quantum defects of the 1s2nd and 1s2nf(n=7—11) states for the lithium atom. Separations between the centres of gravity of the nd and nf levels (n=7—11) are also predicted and compared with the experimental and theoretical data available in the literature.

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Measurement of hyperfine structure and isotope shifts in the 580.56nm line of 142－145,146,148,150Nd+ Ma Hong-Liang (马洪良) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  511-515.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/014 Abstract ( 1117 )   PDF (240KB) ( 450 )   Isotope shifts and hyperfine spectrum of singly ionized neodymium ion was measured by collinear fast-ion-beam laser spectroscopy. The hyperfine A constants and B constants are obtained for the (23230)o9/2 level and 4f45d 6K9/2 level, respectively. The optical isotope shifts between seven isotopes in the 580.56 nm of 142-145,146,148,150Nd+ line are determined. The configuration admixtures for (23230)o9/2 level were quantitatively analysed to be 4f46p, 4f35d2, and 4f35d6p with mixing coefficients of 67%, 5%, and 28%, respectively.

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Multiplet patterns due to co-existing intermolecular dipolar and intramolecular scalar couplings in liquid nuclear magnetic resonance Zhu Xiao-Qin (朱小钦), Cai Cong-Bo (蔡聪波), Chen Zhong (陈忠), Zhong Jian-Hui (钟健晖) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  516-523.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/015 Abstract ( 1014 )   PDF (330KB) ( 475 )   When both intermolecular dipolar couplings (D couplings) and intramolecular scalar couplings (J couplings) exist in a highly polarized multiple-spin liquid, some forbidden nuclear magnetic resonance signals originating from intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences may become observable. Moreover, their multiplet patterns are quite different from what are observed in a multiple-spin system with J couplings only. In this paper, these forbidden resonance peaks and unique multiplet patterns are studied theoretically and experimentally. For comparison and verification, an I2S3+X spin system is chosen as an example to present five types of signal patterns from the interactions of D and J couplings with either selective or non-selective radio-frequency pulse sequences for double-quantum coherences. The multiplet pattern rules for a more general IpSq+Xk (p, q, k=1, 2, 3,…) spin system are derived as well. It is demonstrated that some unusual multiplet amplitude patterns such as (1:0:—1) may "magnify" J splittings, allowing more accurate measurement of J coupling in the case of small J coupling constants and/or in inhomogeneous fields. It is shown that the theoretical predictions, computer simulations, and experimental observations are all in agreement with one another very well.

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Optical—optical double-resonant multiphoton ionization spectra of Rydberg states of nitrogen dioxide Zhang Gui-Yin (张贵银), Zhang Lian-Shui (张连水), Sun Bo (孙博), Han Xiao-Feng (韩小峰), Yu Wei (于威) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  524-528.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/016 Abstract ( 1099 )   PDF (245KB) ( 521 )   The optical—optical double-resonant multiphoton ionization (OODR-MPI) technique has been applied to the study of the Rydberg states of nitrogen dioxide. The results show that, although the OODR-MPI spectra of NO2 are composed of regular progression bands at different pump laser intensities, their ionization pathways are different. The NO2 molecule is ionized through the (3+1+1) double-resonant process as the pump laser intensity is in a high value, or else it is through the (1+2+1) process. The final resonant states in the two ionizing processes have been attributed to different Rydberg states.

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Ab initio study of the electronic properties of the planar Ga5N5 cluster Zheng Hao-Ping (郑浩平), Hao Jing-An (郝静安) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  529-532.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/017 Abstract ( 1247 )   PDF (296KB) ( 575 )   The first-principles, all-electron, ab initio calculations have been performed for an the amazing stable planar structure of Ga5N5 cluster based on the density functional theory. Electronic structure, electron affinity, ionization potential, and binding energy are obtained. No spin magnetic moment is found. The results show that the planar structure of the Ga5N5 cluster is stable. It is found that for the planar structure of Ga5N5 cluster, three nitrogen atoms in the N3 subunit bind together with large electron transfer although no free N3 can exist. This may be important to the stability of the planar structure of the Ga5N5 cluster which has the lowest ground-state energy.

CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY

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Robust scheme for the generation of entangled states for N atoms in a cavity Zheng Shi-Biao (郑仕标) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  533-535.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/018 Abstract ( 1211 )   PDF (168KB) ( 504 )   A scheme is proposed for the generation of W entangled states for several atoms trapped in a cavity by detecting photon decay. The scheme works in the regime, where the cavity decay rate is larger than the atom-cavity coupling strength. Thus, the requirement for the quality factor of the cavity is greatly loosened, which is of importance in view of experiment. Another advantage of this scheme is that the atoms are always populated in two ground states coupled by Raman transitions, thus the spontaneous emission can also be suppressed.

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Entropy evolution properties in a system of two entangled atoms interacting with light field Liu Tang-Kun (刘堂昆), Wang Ji-Suo (王继锁), Feng Jian (冯健), Zhan Ming-Sheng (詹明生) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  536-540.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/019 Abstract ( 1300 )   PDF (249KB) ( 628 )   In this paper, we use the field entropy as a measurement of the degree of entanglement between the light field and the atoms of the system which is composed of two dipole—dipole interacting two-level atoms initially in an entangled state interacting with the single mode coherent field in a Kerr medium. The influence of the coupling constant of dipole—dipole interaction between atoms and the coupling strength of the Kerr medium with the light field and the intensity of the light field on the field entropy are discussed by numerical calculations. It is shown that when the coupling strength of the Kerr medium with the light field is large enough, and the light field is strong, the degree of entanglement between the atoms with the light field becomes weaker. The degree of entanglement only changes slightly with the change of the coupling constant of dipole—dipole interaction between atoms.

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A quantum identification scheme based on polarization modulation He Guang-Qiang (何广强), Zeng Gui-Hua (曾贵华) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  541-545.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/020 Abstract ( 1211 )   PDF (237KB) ( 548 )   A quantum identification scheme including registration and identification phases is proposed. The users' passwords are transmitted by qubit string and recorded as a set of quantum operators. The security of the proposed scheme is guaranteed by the no-cloning theorem. Based on photon polarization modulation, an experimental approach is also designed to implement our proposed scheme.

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Effect of coupling between linear absorption and nonlinear absorption on Z-scan measurements Zang Wei-Ping (臧维平), Tian Jian-Guo (田建国), Liu Zhi-Bo (刘智波), Zhou Wen-Yuan (周文远), Song Feng (宋峰), Zhang Chun-Ping (张春平) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  546-550.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/021 Abstract ( 1155 )   PDF (228KB) ( 641 )   The contribution of multiphoton absorption to open-aperture Z-scan measurements is analysed by coordinate transformation. The approximate closed-form solution is obtained, which is suitable for application in higher-optical power regime. As an example, the coupling between linear absorption and two-photon absorption is discussed in detail.

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Structure dependence of ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity for Ge—Ga—Cd sulfide glasses Wang Zhen-Wei (王振伟), Wang Xue-Feng (王学锋), Liu Chun-Ling (刘春玲), Zhao Xiu-Jian (赵修建), Xiang Hong (向红), Yu Jia-Guo (余家国), Gong Qi-Huang (龚旗煌), Gu Shao-Xuan (顾少轩) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  551-555.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/022 Abstract ( 1342 )   PDF (275KB) ( 606 )   Ultrafast third-order nonlinear optical responses of GeS2—Ga2S3—CdS glasses have been measured by using femtosecond time-resolved optical Kerr effect (OKE) technique at the wavelengths of 820nm and 640nm respectively. The experimental results show that GeS2—Ga2S3—CdS glasses have large femtosecond third-order optical nonlinear responses and their OKE signals vary considerably with the composition. The relationship of structure-property is discussed by means of Raman spectroscopy analysis, suggesting that the tetrahedron unit [GeS4] or [GaS4] plays an important role in the ultrafast third-order nonlinear optical response. In addition, the experimental results also reveal that the ultrafast third-order optical nonlinearity of these glasses does not obey the Miller rule.

PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES

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Effect of void formation during MEVVA tungsten ion implantation on the microstructure and surface properties of H13 die steel Yang Jian-Hua (杨建华), Zhang Tong-He (张通和) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  556-559.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/023 Abstract ( 1058 )   PDF (922KB) ( 525 )   H13 die steel was implanted with tungsten using a metal vapour vacuum arc (MEVVA) ion source. When the pulsed beam current density of tungsten ions increased to 6mA$\cdot$cm-2, some voids appeared in the high voltage electron microscope (HVEM) micrograph, which would disappear at an annealing temperature of 600℃. HVEM and x-ray diffraction were used for observing the phase structure of the annealed and un-annealed H13 steel after the steel was implanted. Results of wear and hardness tests indicated that whether the voids appear significantly influences the hardness and wear of H13 steel. Reasons for the formation of voids and the relation between the surface mechanical property and voids are discussed in terms of collision theory.

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Plasma boundary identification in HL-2A by means of the finite current element method You Tian-Xue (游天雪), Yuan Bao-Shan (袁保山), Liu Li (刘莉), Li Fang-Zhu (李芳著) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  560-564.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/024 Abstract ( 1228 )   PDF (312KB) ( 410 )   In this paper, the finite current element (FCE) method used in HL-2A is described. The calculation and test results show that the error of the reconstructed boundary given by the FCE method (<3mm) is smaller than that obtained by the current filament method used before (<6mm). Even if some current elements are located out of the plasma boundary, the FCE method can also identify the plasma boundary successfully. If the location of the finite current elements is changed in a certain area, the error of the reconstructed boundary is always very small. By employing a conventional PC (Pentium 4 2.4GHz), the calculation time of one set of plasma discharge parameters does not exceed 1ms. Thus, the FCE method can identify the diverted plasma configuration quickly and accurately. This is essential and important for real-time shape control in HL-2A.

CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES

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Effect of the technology of implanting nitrogen into buried oxide on the radiation hardness of the top gate oxide for partially depleted SOI PMOSFET Zheng Zhong-Shan (郑中山), Liu Zhong-Li (刘忠立), Zhang Guo-Qiang (张国强), Li Ning (李宁), Fan Kai (范楷), Zhang En-Xia (张恩霞), Yi Wan-Bing (易万兵), Chen Meng (陈猛), Wang Xi (王曦) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  565-570.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/025 Abstract ( 1373 )   PDF (279KB) ( 983 )   The effect of implanting nitrogen into buried oxide on the top gate oxide hardness against total irradiation does has been investigated with three nitrogen implantation doses (8×1015, 2×1016 and 1×1017cm-2) for partially depleted SOI PMOSFET. The experimental results reveal the trend of negative shift of the threshold voltages of the studied transistors with the increase of nitrogen implantation dose before irradiation. After the irradiation with a total dose of 5×105rad(Si) under a positive gate voltage of 2V, the threshold voltage shift of the transistors corresponding to the nitrogen implantation dose 8×1015cm-2 is smaller than that of the transistors without implantation. However, when the implantation dose reaches 2×1016 and 1×1017cm-2, for the majority of the tested transistors, their top gate oxide was badly damaged due to irradiation. In addition, the radiation also causes damage to the body-drain junctions of the transistors with the gate oxide damaged. All the results can be interpreted by tracing back to the nitrogen implantation damage to the crystal lattices in the top silicon.

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Propagation and collision of compacton-like kinks in Klein—Gordon lattice system Xia Qing-Lin (夏庆林), Yi Jian-Hong (易健宏), Li Li-Ya (李丽娅), Peng Yuan-Dong (彭元东) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  571-575.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/026 Abstract ( 1232 )   PDF (247KB) ( 453 )   We study the propagation and collision of the compacton-like kinks in the system of an anharmonic lattice with a double well on-site potential by a direct algebraic method and numerical experiments. It is found that the localization of the compacton-like kinks is related to the nonlinear coupling parameter Cnl and the potential barrier height V0 of the double well potential. The velocity of the propagation of the compacton-like kinks is determined by the linear coupling parameter Cl , the nonlinear coupling parameter Cnl and the localization parameter q. Numerical experiments demonstrate that appropriate Cl  is not detrimental to a stable propagation of the compacton-like kinks. However, the collision of compacton-like kinks and anti-kinks in the lattice with comparatively small Cl leads to the emergence of a discrete stationary breather and small amplitude nonlinear oscillation background, while moderate Cl results in the emergence of two deformed kinks with radiating oscillations and lower propagation velocities.

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Phase transitions in a new car-following traffic flow model Li Li (李莉), Shi Peng-Fei (施鹏飞) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  576-582.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/027 Abstract ( 1450 )   PDF (319KB) ( 615 )   In this paper, we investigate the performance of the well-known optimal velocity car-following model (the OVM) with numerical simulation in describing the acceleration process that is induced by the motion of a leading car with a pre-specified speed profile. Results show that this model is to some extent deficient in performing this process. Modification of the OVM to overcome the deficiency is demonstrated. The linear stability for the modified model is analysed. If the linear stability condition can not be satisfied, phase transitions occur on varying the initial homogeneous headway of the traffic flow.

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

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6H-SiC Schottky barrier source/drain NMOSFET with field-induced source/drain extension Tang Xiao-Yan (汤晓燕), Zhang Yi-Men (张义门), Zhang Yu-Ming (张玉明), Gao Jin-Xia (郜锦侠) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  583-585.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/028 Abstract ( 1201 )   PDF (223KB) ( 687 )   A novel SiC Schottky barrier source/drain NMOSFET (SiC SBSD-NMOSFET) with field-induced source/drain (FISD) extension is proposed and demonstrated by numerical simulation for the first time. In the new device the FISD extension is induced by a metal field-plate lying on top of the passivation oxide, and the width of Schottky barrier is controlled by the metal field-plate. The new structure not only eliminates the effect of the sidewalls but also significantly improves the on-state current. Moreover, the performance of the present device exhibits very weak dependence on the widths of sidewalls.

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The synthesis of one-dimensional controllable ZnO microrods Zhang Lin-Li (张琳丽), Guo Chang-Xin (郭常新), Chen Jian-Gang (陈建刚), Hu Jun-Tao (胡俊涛) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  586-591.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/029 Abstract ( 1110 )   PDF (2292KB) ( 894 )   Various morphology ZnO submicrorods and microrods have been fabricated onto glass substrates through chemical solution growth by the source of zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2$\cdot$2H2O) and hexamethylene tetraamine ((CH2)6N4). We discuss the influence of PH and the concentration of the solution on the shapes of the as-synthesized ZnO samples. And analyse the growth mechanism. The regular hexagonal ZnO rods align has been made by control of a certain concentration and proper PH. The hexagonal ZnO columns mainly grew in the [002] direction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) are used to characterize the structure, the morphology and optical property of the samples. The photoluminescence spectrum of hexagonal ZnO columns shows that there are a broad strong red band (650nm) and a broad band in short wavelength which are two overlapped emission bands with the peaks at about 380nm and 430nm.The UV emission (～387nm) comes from recombination of free excitons. The blue emission with peak at 430nm is assigned for the recombination from an electron at interstitial Zn to a hole in VB. The red emission at 650nm is ascribed to the recombination from an electron at Vo2+ to a hole in VB.

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Analytical theory of DC SQUID with a resistively shunted inductance driven by thermal noises Lü Hai-Feng (吕海峰), Gu Jiao (辜姣), Huang Xin-Tang (黄新堂) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  592-598.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/030 Abstract ( 1063 )   PDF (303KB) ( 478 )   An analytical expression for the stationary probability distribution of the DC superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with a resistively shunted inductance driven by thermal noise is derived from the two-dimensional Fokker—Planck equation. The effects on the SQUID characteristics subject to a large thermal fluctuation with a noise parameter $\varGamma$ >0.20 are discussed by taking into account the thermal noise in the accuracy of numerical simulation. This theory is valid for a reduced inductance $\beta$ ≤1. The analytical formulae for the SQUID characteristics, e.g. the circulating current, the average voltage and the voltage modulation, are obtained and discussed. The theory shows that the voltage modulation increases with the shunted inductance more efficiently for a large inductance parameter β and small fluctuation parameter $\varGamma$.

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Effect of ion flux on recrystallization and resistance lowering in phosphorus-implanted (0001)-oriented 4H—SiC Gao Xin (高欣), Sun Guo-Sheng (孙国胜), Li Jin-Min (李晋闽), Zhang Yong-Xin (张永兴), Wang Lei (王雷), Zhao Wan-Shun (赵万顺), Zeng Yi-Ping (曾一平) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  599-603.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/031 Abstract ( 1333 )   PDF (275KB) ( 507 )   High-dose ion implantation of phosphorus into 4H—SiC (0001) has been investigated with three different ion fluxes ranging from 1.0 to 4.0×1012 P+cm-2$\cdot$s-1 and keeping the implantation dose constant at 2.0×1015 P+cm-2. The implantations are performed at room temperature and subsequently annealed at 1500℃. Photoluminescence and Raman scattering are employed to investigate the implantation-induced damages and the residual defects after annealing. The electrical properties of the implanted layer are evaluated by Hall effect measurements on the sample with a van der Pauw configuration. Based on these results, it is revealed that the damages and defects in implanted layers can be greatly reduced by decreasing the ion flux. Considering room temperature implantation and a relatively low annealing temperature of 1500℃, a reasonably low sheet resistance of 106Ω/□ is obtained at ion flux of 1.0×1012 P+cm-2$\cdot$s-1 with a donor concentration of 4.4×1019cm-3.

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Dependence of the coercivity of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films on substrate and thickness Xiong Chang-Min (熊昌民), Sun Ji-Rong (孙继荣), Wang Deng-Jing (王登京), Liu Guan-Juan (刘光娟), Zhang Hong-Wei (张宏伟), Shen Bao-Gen (沈保根) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  604-609.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/032 Abstract ( 1195 )   PDF (875KB) ( 813 )   We investigate the effects of strain and film thickness on the coercivity of La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films grown on SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. Textured microstructure with the grain [001] pseudo-cubic axis normal to the film surface is obtained. The average grain size decreases with decreasing film thickness t. The magnetic anisotropy depends upon the substrate-induced strain. Firstly, the intrinsic coercivity iHC increases as t varies from 5 nm to 10 nm, then attains a maximum at t～10—25nm. A further increase in t yields a gradual reduction of iHC. By the analysis of the dependence of iHC on the measured direction of magnetic field, the coercivity mechanism is assumed to be mainly determined by the nucleation of reversed domain and the domain wall pining for t≤10nm and t≥25nm, respectively, which were further verified by the investigation of the initial magnetization curves for the LCMO/STO films with t=5, 10, 25 and 400nm, and the minor magnetic loops for the LCMO/LAO films with t=5 and 50nm. Moreover, the size of the inhomogeneous region in which the nucleation or pinning takes place is discussed.

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Optical properties of SrTiO3 thin films prepared by metalorganic decomposition Ma Jian-Hua (马建华), Meng Xiang-Jian (孟祥建), Sun Jing-Lan (孙璟兰), Lin Tie (林铁), Shi Fu-Wen (石富文), Chu Jun-Hao (褚君浩) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  610-614.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/033 Abstract ( 1226 )   PDF (255KB) ( 537 )   SrTiO3 thin films were deposited on vitreous silica substrates by metalorganic decomposition (MOD). The films are polycrystalline cubic in structure with the lattice constants of a=0.39nm. Their optical constants (refractive index n and extinction coefficient k) were calculated by the envelope method from the transmittance spectra in the wavelength range of 190nm to 1100nm. The refractive index of the present films is found to be higher than that of the other SrTiO3 films prepared by RF sputtering, sol—gel and chemical vapour deposition. The dispersion of the refractive index in the films follows the single electronic oscillator model with oscillator strength (S0) of 0.88×1014m-2 and oscillator energy (E0

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Microstructure and photoluminescence of Er-doped SiOx films synthesized by ion beam assisted deposition Duan Shu-Qing (段淑卿), Tan Na (谭娜), Zhang Qing-Yu (张庆瑜) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  615-619.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/034 Abstract ( 1050 )   PDF (1409KB) ( 532 )   Er-doped SiOx films were synthesized at 500℃ by ion beam assisted deposition technique and annealed at 800 and 1100℃ for 2h in the air atmosphere. The analysis by using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy showed that the ratio of Si to O decreased from 3 in the as-deposited films to about 1 in the annealed films. The investigation by using transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction indicated that annealing induces a microstructure change from amorphous to crystalline. The grain sizes in the films were about 10 and 40nm when annealed at 800 and 1100℃, respectively. The films annealed at temperatures of 800 and 1100℃ exhibited a sharp photoluminescence (PL) at 1.533μm from the Er centres when pumped by 980nm laser. The influence of microstructure and grain size on the PL from Er-doped SiOx films has been studied and discussed.

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Eulerian simulation of sedimentation flows in vertical and inclined vessels Wu Chun-Liang (吴春亮), Zhan Jie-Min (詹杰民) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  620-627.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/035 Abstract ( 1005 )   PDF (541KB) ( 612 )   Sedimentation of particles in inclined and vertical vessels is numerically simulated using a finite volume method where the Eulerian multiphase model is applied. The particulate phase as well as the fluid phase is regarded as a continuum while the viscosity and solid stress of the particulate phase are modelled by the kinetic theory of granular flows. The numerical results show an interesting phenomenon of the emergence of two circulation vortices of the sedimentation flow in a vertical vessel but only one in the inclined vessel. Several sensitivity tests are simulated to understand the factors that influence the dual-vortex flow structure in vertical sedimentation. Results show that a larger fluid viscosity makes the two vortex centres much closer to each other and the boundary layer effect at lateral walls is the key factor to induce this phenomenon. In the fluid boundary layer particles settle down more rapidly and drag the local carrier fluid to flow downward near the lateral walls and thus form the dual-vortex flow pattern.

GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS

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On the climate prediction of nonlinear and non-stationary time series with the EMD method Wan Shi-Quan (万仕全), Feng Guo-Lin (封国林), Dong Wen-Jie (董文杰), Li Jian-Ping (李建平), Gao Xin-Quan (高新全), He Wen-Ping (何文平) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  628-633.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/036 Abstract ( 1437 )   PDF (307KB) ( 810 )   At present, most of the statistical prediction models are built on the basis of the hypothesis that the time series or the observation data are linear and stationary. However, the observations are ordinarily nonlinear and non-stationary in nature, which are very difficult to be predicted by those models. Aiming at the nonlinearity/non-stationarity of the observation data, we introduce a new prediction scheme in this paper, in which firstly using the empirical mode decomposition the observations are stationarized and a variety of intrinsic mode functions (IMF) are obtained; secondly the IMFs are predicted by the mean generating function model separately; finally the predictions are used as new samples to fit and predict the original series. Research results show that the individual IMF, especially the eigen-IMF (namely eigen-hierarchy), has more stable predictability than the traditional methods. The scheme may effectively provide a new approach for the climate prediction.

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Overtone spectrum of SiH stretching in H2SiCl2 Chen Ping (陈平), Zhu Huai (朱淮), Hao Lu-Yuan (郝绿原), Hu Shui-Ming (胡水明), Liu An-Wen (刘安雯), Zheng Jing-Jing (郑晶晶), Ding Yun (丁昀) Chinese Physics, 2005, 14 (3):  634-641.  DOI: 10.1088/1009-1963/14/3/037 Abstract ( 1173 )   PDF (304KB) ( 426 )   The overtone spectra of H2SiCl2 molecule in the regions of 2000—9000cm-1 and 12000—12900cm-1 at room temperatures have been studied by use of high-resolution Fourier transform spectroscopy and sensitive-intracavity-laser absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The variations of vibrational quantum numbers ΔVSiH=1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 for the overtones of the SiH stretching have been analysed and assigned with the local mode model and the normal mode model. The values of harmonic frequency $\omega$m, anharmonicity constant $\chi$m, bond coupling constant $\lambda$, the Morse oscillator parameters De, $\alpha$, and interaction force constant frr′ are derived from the experimental spectrum with nonlinear least-squares fitting. The most striking feature of the SiH2Cl2 is that the larger the vibrational energy, the smaller the energy difference between a couple of lowest stretching states of a given manifold, and finally, the couple of lowest stretching states are degenerated within the experimental error for ΔVSiH≥4 vibrational manifolds. The degenerate energy level structure resembles that of a diatomic Morse oscillator; the transition energies show a remarkable fit to the Birge—Sponer relation. The high vibrational states can be described straightforward with a SiH diatomic Morse oscillator wavefunction, this is an indication of vibrational bond localization.