Electromagnetic backscattering from freak waves in (1+1)-dimensional deep-water

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/19/5/054102

Abstract To study the electromagnetic (EM) backscatter characteristics of freak waves at moderate incidence angles, we establish an EM backscattering model for freak waves in (1+1)-dimensional deep water. The nonlinear interaction between freak waves and Bragg short waves is considered to be the basic hydrodynamic spectra modulation mechanism in the model. Numerical results suggest that the EM backscattering intensities of freak waves are less than those from the background sea surface at moderate incidence angles. The normalised radar cross sections (NRCSs) from freak waves are highly polarisation dependent, even at low incidence angles, which is different from the situation for normal sea waves; moreover, the NRCS of freak waves is more polarisation dependent than the background sea surface. NRCS discrepancies between freak waves and the background sea surface with using horizontal transmitting horizomtal (HH) polarisation are larger than those with using vertical transmitting vertical (VV) polarisation, at moderate incident angles. NRCS discrepancies between freak waves and background sea surface decreases with the increase of incidence angle, in both HH and VV polarisation radars. As an application, in the synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imaging of freak waves, we suggest that freak waves should have extremely low backscatter NRCSs for the freak wave facet with the strongest slope. Compared with the background sea surface, the freak waves should be darker in HH polarisation echo images than in VV echo images, in SAR images. Freak waves can be more easily detected from the background sea surface in HH polarisation images than in VV polarisation images. The possibility of detection of freak waves at low incidence angles is much higher than at high incidence angles.

Keywords: freak wave nonlinearities electromagnetic backscattering sea surface

Received: 21 August 2009
Revised: 11 October 2009
Accepted manuscript online:

PACS:	92.10.Dh	(Deep ocean processes)
	91.50.Iv	(Marine magnetics and electromagnetics)
	41.20.Jb	(Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation)

Fund: Project supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2007AA12Z170), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40706058), the Science-Technology Chenguang Foundation for Young Scientist of Wuhan, China (Grant No. 200850731388) and the Wind and Waves Component of the Canadian Space Agency GRIP Project Entitled Building Satellite Data into Fisheries and Oceans Operational Systems.

Cite this article:

Xie Tao(谢涛), Shen Tao(沈涛), William Perrie, Chen Wei(陈伟), and Kuang Hai-Lan(旷海兰) Electromagnetic backscattering from freak waves in (1+1)-dimensional deep-water 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 054102

[1]	Draper L 1965 Mar. Obs. 35 193
[2]	Dean R G 1990 Freak Waves: A Possible Explanation, Water Wave Kinematics (Amsterdam: Kluwer) p609
[3]	Kharif C E 2003 Europe J. Mech. { B: Fluid 22 603
[4]	Smith R 1976 J. Fluid Mech. 77 417
[5]	Haver S In: {Olagnon M and Atanassoulis G (Eds.) 2001 Rogue Waves. p129
[6]	Pelinovsky E, Talipova T and Kharif C 2000 Physics D 147 83
[7]	Janssen P A E M 2003 J. Phys. Oceanography 33 863
[8]	Peterson P, Soomere T, Engelbrecht J and Groesen E 2003 Nonlinear Progresses in Geophysics 10 503
[9]	Mori N 2004 Ocean Engineering 31 165
[10]	Touboul J, Giovanangeli J P, Kharif C and Pelinovsky E 2006 J. Eur. J. Mech. B/Fluid 25 662
[11]	Porubov A V, Tsuji H, Lavrenov I V and Oikawa M 2005 Wave Motion 42 202
[12]	Onorato M, Osborne A R and Serio M 2006 Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 14503
[13]	Lavrenov I V and Porubov A V 2006 J. Eur. J. Mech. { B: Fluid 25 574
[14]	Petrova P, Cherneva Z and Soares C G 2007 Ocean Engineering 34 956
[15]	Fochesato C, Grilli S and Dias F 2007 Wave Motion 44 395
[16]	Francesco F 2008 Physica D 237 2127
[17]	Janssen P A E M 2008 J. Comput. Phys. 227 3572
[18]	Lavrenov L 1998 Natural Hazards 17 117
[19]	Yasuda T, Mori N and Ito K 1992 Proc. of the 23th Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng. (Venice 1992 ASCE) 1 751
[20]	Yasuda T and Mori N 1994 International Symposium: Waves-Physical and Numerical Modelling (Vancouver 1994) 2 823
[21]	Fedele F and Arena F 2005 Physics of Fluids 17 26601
[22]	Boccotti P 1983 Appl. Ocean. Res. 5 134
[23]	Boccotti P 1997 Ocean Engineering 24 265
[24]	Osborne A R, Onorato M, Serio M and Bertone S 2000 Phys. Lett. A 275 386
[25]	Schober C M 2005 www.soest.hawaii.edu/PubServices/ 2005pdfs/Schober.pdf 59
[26]	Islas A L and Schober C M 2005 Physics of Fluids 17 31701
[27]	Lehner S and G\"{Unther H 2004 Proceeding of IGARSS 04' III 1880
[28]	Schulz-Stellenfleth J, Konig T and Lehner S 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 C03019
[29]	Wrighe J 1968 IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation 16 217
[30]	Holliday D 1987 IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation 35 120
[31]	Fung A K and Chen K S 1991 J. Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 5 205
[32]	Johnson J T, Toporkov J V and Brown G S 2001 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 39 2411
[33]	Xie T, Li B H, Chen W J and He Y J 2004 Proceeding of IGARSS'04 IV 2776
[34]	Xie T, He Y J, Li B H and Chen W J 2004 Proceeding of IGARSS'04 IV 2772
[35]	Xie T, He C, William P, Kuang H L, Zou G H and Chen W 2010 Chin. Phys. B 19 024101
[36]	Beckmann P and Spizzichino A 1987 Norwell (MA: Artech House) p511
[37]	Berizzi F and Mese E D 2002 IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation 50 426
[38]	Plant W J and Keller W C 1990 J. Geophys. Res. 95 16299
[39]	Plant W J 2002 J. Geophys. Res. 107 3120
[40]	Guo L X and Ren X C 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 2956
[41]	Guo L X and Ren X C 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 2491
[42]	Guo L X, He M X, Wang Y H and Zhang Y M 2008 Chin. Phys. B 17 3696
[43]	Kudryavtsev V, Hauser D and Caudal G 2003 J. Geophys. Res. 108 8054
[44]	Franceschetti G, Migliaccio M and Riccio D 1998 IEEE Trans. Geosci Remote Sensing 36 84
[45]	Dysthe K, Krogstad H E and M\"{Uller P 2008 Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 40 287
[46]	Peregrine D H 1983 J. Australian Math. Soc. 25 16
[47]	Xie T, Nan C F, Kuang H L, Zou G H and Chen W 2009 Acta Phys. Sin. 58 4011 (in Chinese)
[48]	Pan G D and Johnson J T 2006 IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 44 2880
[49]	Longuet-Higgins M S and Stewart R W 1960 J. Fluid Mech. 8 565
[50]	Xie T, Kuang H L, William P, Zou G H, Nan C F, He C, Shen T and Chen W 2009 Chin. Phys. B 18 3090

[1]	Effective dielectric constant model of electromagnetic backscattering from stratified air-sea surface film-sea water medium Tao Xie(谢涛), William Perrie, He Fang(方贺), Li Zhao(赵立), Wen-Jin Yu(于文金), Yi-Jun He(何宜军). Chin. Phys. B, 2017, 26(5): 054102.
[2]	A study of the early warning signals of abrupt change in the Pacific decadal oscillation Wu Hao (吴浩), Hou Wei (侯威), Yan Peng-Cheng (颜鹏程), Zhang Zhi-Sen (张志森), Wang Kuo (王阔). Chin. Phys. B, 2015, 24(8): 089201.
[3]	Universal quantum computation using all-optical hybrid encoding Guo Qi (郭奇), Cheng Liu-Yong (程留永), Wang Hong-Fu (王洪福), Zhang Shou (张寿). Chin. Phys. B, 2015, 24(4): 040303.
[4]	Effects of clouds, sea surface temperature, and its diurnal variation on precipitation efficiency Shen Xin-Yong (沈新勇), Qing Tao (庆涛), Li Xiao-Fan (李小凡). Chin. Phys. B, 2013, 22(9): 094213.
[5]	Effects of sea surface temperature, cloud radiative and microphysical processes, and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations Jiang Zhe(蒋哲), Li Xiao-Fan(李小凡), Zhou Yu-Shu(周玉淑), and Gao Shou-Ting(高守亭) . Chin. Phys. B, 2012, 21(5): 054215.
[6]	Optical nonlinearity measurement of 4-(N-methyl, N-hydroxyethl)amino, 4'-nitroazobenzene using a transmittance technique with a phase object (T-PO) with top-hat beams at 600-nm wavelength Jin Xiao (金肖), Li Zhong-Guo (李中国), Zhang Xue-Ru (张学如), Yang Kun (杨昆), Wang Yu-Xiao (王玉晓), Song Ying-Lin (宋瑛林). Chin. Phys. B, 2012, 21(10): 104201.
[7]	Implementation of nonlocal Bell-state measurement and quantum information transfer with weak Kerr nonlinearity Bai Juan(白娟), Guo Qi(郭奇), Cheng Liu-Yong(程留永), Shao Xiao-Qiang(邵晓强), Wang Hong-Fu(王洪福), Zhang Shou(张寿), and Yeon Kyu-Hwang . Chin. Phys. B, 2011, 20(12): 120307.
[8]	Analysis of multiple scattering from two-dimensional dielectric sea surface with iterative Kirchhoff approximation Luo Wei(罗伟), Zhang Min(张民), Zhou Ping(周平), and Yin Hong-Cheng(殷红成). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(8): 084102.
[9]	Microwave Doppler spectra of sea return at small incidence angles: specular point scattering contribution Zhang Yan-Min(张彦敏), Wang Yun-Hua(王运华), and Zhao Chao-Fang(赵朝方). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(8): 084103.
[10]	An angular cutoff composite model for investigation on electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional rough sea surfaces Nie Ding(聂丁) and Zhang Min(张民). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(7): 074101.
[11]	Investigation on the Doppler shifts induced by 1-D ocean surface wave displacements by the first order small slope approximation theory: comparison of hydrodynamic models Wang Yun-Hua(王运华), Zhang Yan-Min(张彦敏), and Guo Li-Xin(郭立新). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(7): 074103.
[12]	Investigation on global positioning system signal scattering and propagation over the rough sea surface Yang Chao(杨超), Guo Li-Xin(郭立新), and Wu Zhen-Sen(吴振森). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(5): 054101.
[13]	Study of scattering from time-varying Gerstners sea surface using second-order small slope approximation Zhang Yan-Min(张彦敏), Wang Yun-Hua(王运华), and Guo Li-Xin(郭立新). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(5): 054103.
[14]	A two scale nonlinear fractal sea surface model in a one dimensional deep sea Xie Tao(谢涛),Zou Guang-Hui(邹光辉), William Perrie, Kuang Hai-Lan(旷海兰), and Chen Wei(陈伟). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(5): 059201.
[15]	Application of the method of equivalent edge currents to composite scattering from the cone-cylinder above a dielectric rough sea surface Guo Li-Xin(郭立新), Wang Rui(王蕊), and Wu Zhen-Sen(吴振森). Chin. Phys. B, 2010, 19(4): 044102.

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Metrics
Related Articles

Electromagnetic backscattering from freak waves in (1+1)-dimensional deep-water

Cite this article:

Online attention