ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS |
Prev
Next
|
|
|
Effects of sea surface temperature, cloud radiative and microphysical processes, and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations |
Jiang Zhe(蒋哲)a), Li Xiao-Fan(李小凡)b), Zhou Yu-Shu(周玉淑)c), and Gao Shou-Ting(高守亭) c)† |
a. Institute of Remoting Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
b. NOAA/NESDIS/Center for Satellite Applications and Research Camp Springs, Maryland 21029, USA;
c. Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms (LACS), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China |
|
|
Abstract The effects of sea surface temperature (SST), cloud radiative and microphysical processes, and diurnal variations on rainfall statistics are documented with grid data from the two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations. For a rain rate of higher than 3 mm·h-1, water vapor convergence prevails. The rainfall amount decreases with the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃, the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST, or the exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds and radiative effects of water clouds, which are primarily associated with the decreases in water vapor convergence. However, the amount of rainfall increases with the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃, the exclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle, and the exclusion of the radiative effects of ice clouds, which are primarily related to increases in water vapor convergence. For a rain rate of less than 3 mm·h-1, water vapor divergence prevails. Unlike rainfall statistics for rain rates of higher than 3 mm·h-1, the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃ and the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds increase the rainfall amount, which corresponds to the suppression in water vapor divergence. The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the amount of rainfall, which corresponds to the enhancement in water vapor divergence. The amount of rainfall is less sensitive to the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃ and to the radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.
|
Received: 09 October 2011
Revised: 27 April 2012
Accepted manuscript online:
|
PACS:
|
42.68.Ge
|
(Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena)
|
|
92.60.N-
|
(Cloud physics and chemistry)
|
|
92.60.jf
|
(Precipitation)
|
|
92.60.Wc
|
(Weather analysis and prediction)
|
|
Fund: Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2012CB417201) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41075034, 40930950, 40975034, and 41075044) |
Cite this article:
Jiang Zhe(蒋哲), Li Xiao-Fan(李小凡), Zhou Yu-Shu(周玉淑), and Gao Shou-Ting(高守亭) Effects of sea surface temperature, cloud radiative and microphysical processes, and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations 2012 Chin. Phys. B 21 054215
|
[1] |
Yoshizaki M 1986 J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 64 469
|
[2] |
Nicholls M E 1987 Mon. Wea. Rev. 115 3055
|
[3] |
McCumber M, Tao W K, Simpson J, Penc R and Soong S T 1991 J. Appl. Meteor. 30 985
|
[4] |
Tao W K, Simpson J and Soong S T 1991 Mon. Wea. Rev. 119 2699
|
[5] |
Lau K M, Sui C H and Tao W K 1993 Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 74 1313
|
[6] |
Lau K M, Sui C H, Chou M D and Tao W K 1994 Geophys. Res. Lett. 21 1157
|
[7] |
Wu X and Moncrieff M W 1999 J. Geophys. Res. 104 6093
|
[8] |
Wu X 2002 J. Atmos. Sci. 59 1885
|
[9] |
Grabowski W W and Moncrieff M W 2001 Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 127 445
|
[10] |
Grabowski W W 2001 J. Climate 13 2306
|
[11] |
Grabowski W W 2003 Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 129 67
|
[12] |
Cui X and Li X 2006 J. Geophys. Res. 111 D17112
|
[13] |
Gao S, Cui X, Zhou Y and Li X 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 D10202
|
[14] |
Ping F, Luo Z and Li X 2007 Mon. Wea. Rev. 135 2794
|
[15] |
Zhou Y and Li X 2009 Atmos. Res. 92 212
|
[16] |
Gao S, Zhou Y and Li X 2007 J. Atmos. Sci. 64 656
|
[17] |
Gao S 2008 J. Geophys. Res. 113 D03108
|
[18] |
Sui C H, Lau K M, Tao W K and Simpson J 1994 J. Atmos. Sci. 51 711
|
[19] |
Sui C H, Li X, and Lau K M 1998 J. Atmos. Sci. 55 2345
|
[20] |
Li X, Sui C H, Lau K M and Chou M D 1999 J. Atmos. Sci. 56 3028
|
[21] |
Soong S T and Ogura Y 1980 J. Atmos. Sci. 37 2035
|
[22] |
Soong S T and Tao W K 1980 J. Atmos. Sci. 37 2016
|
[23] |
Tao W K and Simpson J 1993 Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci. 4 35
|
[24] |
Lin Y L, Farley R D and Orville H D 1983 J. Climate Appl. Meteor. 22 1065
|
[25] |
Rutledge S A and Hobbs P V 1983 J. Atmos. Sci. 40 1185
|
[26] |
Rutledge S A and Hobbs P V 1984 J. Atmos. Sci. 41 2949
|
[27] |
Tao W K, Simpson J and McCumber M 1989 Mon. Wea. Rev. 117 231
|
[28] |
Krueger S K, Fu Q, Liou K N and Chin H N S 1995 J. Appl. Meteor. 34 281
|
[29] |
Chou M D, Kratz D P and Ridgway W 1991 J. Climate 4 424
|
[30] |
Chou M D, Suarez M J, Ho C H, Yan M M H and Lee K T 1998 J. Atmos. Sci. 55 201
|
[31] |
Gao S and Li X 2008 Cloud-Resolving Modeling of Convective Processes (Berlin:Springer) pp. 1--206
|
[32] |
Sui C H, Li X, Yang M J and Huang H L 2005 J. Atmos. Sci. 62 4358
|
[33] |
Moncrieff M W and Miller M J 1976 Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 102 373
|
[34] |
Rotunno R, Klemp J B and Weisman M L 1988 J. Atmos. Sci. 45 463
|
[35] |
Xu K M, Cederwall R T, Donner L J, Grabowski W W, Guichard F, Johnson D E, Khairoutdinov M, Krueger S K, Petch J C, Randall D A, Seman C J, Tao W K, Wang D, Xie S C, Yio J J and Zhang M H 2002 Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. 128 593
|
[36] |
Gao S, Cui X, Zhou Y, Li X and Tao W K 2005 J. Geophys. Res. 110 D17104
|
[37] |
Gao S 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D18109
|
[38] |
Tao W K and Soong S T 1986 J. Atmos. Sci. 43 2653
|
[39] |
Tao W K, Simpson J and Soong S T 1987 J. Atmos. Sci. 44 3175
|
[40] |
Grabowski W W, Wu X, Moncrieff M W and Hall W D 1998 J. Atmos. Sci. 55 3264
|
[41] |
Tompkins A M 2000 Mon. Wea. Rev. 128 1521
|
[42] |
Khairoutdinov M F and Randall D A 2003 J. Atmos. Sci. 60 607
|
[43] |
Gao S, Ping F, Li X and Tao W K 2004 J. Geophys. Res. 109 D14106
|
[44] |
Gao S, Li X, Tao WK, Shie C L and Lang S 2007 J. Geophys. Res. 112 D01105
|
[45] |
Sui C H, Lau K M, Takayabu Y N and Short D 1997 J. Atmos. Sci. 54 639
|
No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
Altmetric
|
blogs
Facebook pages
Wikipedia page
Google+ users
|
Online attention
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.
View more on Altmetrics
|
|
|