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Stabilizing 459 nm passive optical clock for pumping 1470 nm active optical clock |
| Haoyang Wu(吴浩洋)1,2, Zhiqiang Wen(温智强)1,2, Chen Wang(王琛)1,†, Zhenfeng Liu(刘珍峰)3, Jingbiao Chen(陈景标)4,5, Shougang Zhang(张首刚)1,2, and Deshui Yu(于得水)1,6 |
1 National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China;
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3 Zhejiang Faraday Laser Technology Company Limited, Wenzhou 325000, China;
4 State Key Laboratory of Photonics and Communications, Institute of Quantum Electronics, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
5 Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China;
6 Key Laboratory of Time Reference and Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710600, China |
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Abstract Optical clocks with thermal atoms are characterized by compact size, simple structure, reduced weight, and low power consumption and have the potential for broad out-of-the-lab and commercial applications. Here, we demonstrate a 459~nm optical clock based on the 6S$_{1/2}$—7P$_{1/2}$ transition in thermal $^{133}$Cs atoms. Two methods, modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) and frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS), are employed to stabilize the frequency of a 459~nm commercial laser to the atomic transition. The MTS-MTS and MTS-FMS beat-note measurements show short-term frequency stabilities of $3.7\times10^{-13}/\sqrt{\tau}$ and $6.4\times10^{-13}/\sqrt{\tau}$, respectively, at the averaging time $\tau$. The 459~nm passive optical clock further serves as the pump for an active 1470~nm optical clock based on the cavityless lasing. The resultant 1470~nm output power reaches over 10 μW and the pump-beam-induced light shift is estimated to be $2\pi\times11$~Hz with a fractional uncertainty of $2.4\times10^{-18}$. These results demonstrate the feasibility of hybridizing passive and active optical clocks, providing a promising route toward compact multi-wavelength optical frequency standards.
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Received: 22 June 2025
Revised: 20 August 2025
Accepted manuscript online: 26 August 2025
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PACS:
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42.50.-p
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(Quantum optics)
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42.62.Fi
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(Laser spectroscopy)
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43.58.Hp
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(Tuning forks, frequency standards; frequency measuring and recording instruments; time standards and chronographs)
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| Fund: D.Y. acknowledges the funding provided by CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (Grant No. YSBR-085) and National Time Service Center (Grant No. E239SC1101). Z.L. thanks the funding of Wenzhou Major Science & Technology Innovation Key Project (Grant No. ZG2023021). J.C. is supported by Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021ZD0303200). |
Corresponding Authors:
Chen Wang
E-mail: wangchen@ntsc.ac.cn
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Cite this article:
Haoyang Wu(吴浩洋), Zhiqiang Wen(温智强), Chen Wang(王琛), Zhenfeng Liu(刘珍峰), Jingbiao Chen(陈景标), Shougang Zhang(张首刚), and Deshui Yu(于得水) Stabilizing 459 nm passive optical clock for pumping 1470 nm active optical clock 2025 Chin. Phys. B 34 114201
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