A 532 nm molecular iodine optical frequency standard based on modulation transfer spectroscopy
Feihu Cheng(程飞虎), Ning Jin(金宁), Fenglei Zhang(张风雷), Hui Li(李慧), Yuanbo Du(杜远博), Jie Zhang(张洁), Ke Deng(邓科)†, and Zehuang Lu(陆泽晃)‡
MOE Key Laboratory of Fundamental Physical Quantities Measurement, Hubei Key Laboratory of Gravitation and Quantum Physics, PGMF and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
Abstract We report construction of an iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard at 532 nm based on modulation transfer spectroscopy (MTS) technology with good reproducibility. A frequency stability of at 1 s averaging time is achieved, and the frequency reproducibility has a relative uncertainty of , demonstrating the great stability of our setup. The systematic uncertainty of the iodine-stabilized laser frequency standard is evaluated, especially the contribution of the residual amplitude modulation (RAM). The contribution of the RAM in MTS cannot be evaluated directly. To solve this problem, we theoretically deduce the MTS signal with RAM under large modulation depth, and prove that the non-symmetric shape of the MTS signal is directly related to the MTS effect. The non-symmetric shape factor can be calibrated with a frequency comb, and in real experiments, this value can be obtained by least-squares fitting of the MTS signal, from which we can infer the RAMinduced frequency shift. The full frequency uncertainty is evaluated to be 5.3 kHz (corresponding to a relative frequency uncertainty of . The corrected transition frequency has a difference from the BIPM-recommended value of 2 kHz, which is within uncertainty, proving the validity of our evaluation.
Fund: Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0304401), Key-Area Research and Development Program of GuangDong Province, China (Grant No. 2019B030330001), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11174095, 61875065, 91536116, and 11804108).
Corresponding Authors:
Ke Deng, Zehuang Lu
E-mail: ke.deng@hust.edu.cn;zehuanglu@hust.edu.cn
Cite this article:
Feihu Cheng(程飞虎), Ning Jin(金宁), Fenglei Zhang(张风雷), Hui Li(李慧), Yuanbo Du(杜远博), Jie Zhang(张洁), Ke Deng(邓科), and Zehuang Lu(陆泽晃) A 532 nm molecular iodine optical frequency standard based on modulation transfer spectroscopy 2021 Chin. Phys. B 30 050603
[1] Giacomo P 1984 Metrologia20 25 [2] Felder R 2005 Metrologia42 323 [3] Bjorklund G C 1980 Opt. Lett.5 15 [4] Hall J L, Hollberg L, Baer T and Robinson H G 1981 Appl. Phys. Lett.39 680 [5] Janik G R, Carlisle C B and Gallagher T F 1986 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B3 1070 [6] Arie A and Byer R L 1993 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B10 1990 [7] Döringshoff K, Schuldt T, Kovalchuk E, Stühler J, Braxmaier C and Peters A 2017 Appl. Phys. B123 183 [8] Schuldt T, Döringshoff K, Kovalchuk E V, Keetman A, Pahl J, Peters A and Braxmaier C 2017 Appl. Opt.56 1101 [9] Ye J, Ma L S and Hall J L 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett.87 270801 [10] Gürlebeck N, Wörner L, Schuldt T, Döringshoff K, Gaul K, Gerardi D, Grenzebach A, Jha N, Kovalchuk E, Resch A, Wendrich T, Berger R, Herrmann S, Johann U, Krutzik M, Peters A, Rasel E M and Braxmaier C 2018 Phys. Rev. D97 124051 [11] Colace L, Masini G and Assanto G 2003 J. Light. Technol.21 1749 [12] Demtröder W 2014 Laser Spectroscopy, Volume Ⅱ: Experimental Techniques, 4th edn. (Springer) pp. 65 [13] Helmcke J and Bayer-Helms F 1974 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.23 529 [14] Lenth W 1983 Opt. Lett.8 575 [15] Camy G, Bordé C and Ducloy M 1982 Opt. Commun.41 325 [16] Shirley J H 1982 Opt. Lett.7 537 [17] Eickhoff M L and Hall J L 1995 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.44 155 [18] Diddams S A, Jones D J, Ye J, Cundiff S T, Hall J L, Ranka J K, Windeler R S, Holzwarth R, Udem T and Hänsch T W 2000 Phys. Rev. Lett.84 5102 [19] Hong F L, Ishikawa J, Zhang Y, Guo R, Onae A and Matsumoto H 2004 Opt. Commun.235 377 [20] Nevsky A, Holzwarth R, Reichert J, Udem T, Hänsch T, Zanthier J, Walther H, Schnatz H, Riehle F, Pokasov P, Skvortsov M and Bagayev S 2001 Opt. Commun.192 263 [21] Li T C, private communications [22] Cheng F, Deng K, Liu K, Liu H, Zhang J and Lu Z 2019 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B36 1816 [23] Zhang F, Liu K, Li Z, Cheng F, Feng X, Li K, Lu Z and Zhang J 2020 Rev. Sci. Instrum.91 013001 [24] Zang E J, Cao J P, Li Y, Li C Y, Deng Y K and Gao C Q 2007 IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.56 673 [25] Diddams S A, Hollberg L, Ma L S and Robertsson L 2002 Opt. Lett.27 58 [26] Ashkin A, Boyd G D, Dziedzic J M, Smith R G, Ballman A A, Levinstein J J and Nassau K 1966 Appl. Phys. Lett.9 72 [27] Gehrtz M and Bjorklund G 1986 J. Mol. Struct.141 153 [28] Whittaker E A, Gehrtz M and Bjorklund G C 1985 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B2 1320 [29] Whittaker E A, Shum C M, Grebel H and Lotem H 1988 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B5 1253 [30] Wong N C and Hall J L 1985 J. Opt. Soc. Am. B2 1527 [31] McCarron D J, King S A and Cornish S L 2008 Meas. Sci. Technol.19 105601 [32] Preuschoff T, Schlosser M and Birkl G 2018 Opt. Express26 24010 [33] Jaatinen E and Chartier J M 1998 Metrologia35 75 [34] Gillespie L J and Fraser L H D 1936 J. Am. Chem. Soc.58 2260 [35] Fredin-Picard S 1989 Metrologia26 235 [36] Chartier J M, Picard-Fredin S and Chartier A 1992 Metrologia29 361 [37] Zucco M, Robertsson L and Wallerand J P 2013 Metrologia50 402 [38] Hrabina J, Zucco M, Philippe C, Pham T M, Hola M, Acef O, Lazar J and Cip O 2017 Sensors17 102 [39] Leonhardt V and Camp J B 2006 Appl. Opt.45 4142 [40] Luo J, Chen L S, Duan H Z, et al. 2016 Class. Quantum Grav.33 035010 [41] Seto N, Kawamura S and Nakamura T 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett.87 221103
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.
