Three-party quantum key agreement with seven-particle entangled states against collective noise: IBM Qiskit implementation

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ae53b6

Abstract Quantum key agreement (QKA) constitutes a vital branch of quantum cryptography, referring to the collaborative establishment of a shared key among multiple participants. Among these, the three-party quantum key agreement (TPQKA) represents a specific form of QKA involving only three participants. Quantum states inevitably suffer from noise during transmission through quantum channels, which reduces the efficiency of qubits. To significantly improve the efficiency of qubits and further enhance their reliability in quantum applications, this paper proposes two TPQKA protocols based on seven-particle entangled states to provide protection against collective noise effects. In this paper, IBM Qiskit is employed to present the preparation circuit of the seven-particle entangled state, as well as the quantum circuits under two types of collective noise. In both protocols, the three parties apply a hash function to their own keys. In the particle transmission process, according to the measurement results of the particles, the three parties perform the corresponding unitary operation, and ultimately they equally negotiate the final shared key. Both protocols are robust against collective noise, and their qubit efficiency reaches 19.35%. In addition, the security analysis shows that both protocols are resistant to participant attacks and outside attacks, including intercept-resend attacks and entangle-measure attacks. This paper details the detection method of eavesdropping by eavesdroppers in collective noise through simulation, and finally presents key post-processing.

Keywords: three-party quantum key agreement seven-particle entangled states collective noise simulation key post-processing

Received: 20 January 2026
Revised: 15 March 2026
Accepted manuscript online: 18 March 2026

PACS:	03.67.-a	(Quantum information)
	03.67.Dd	(Quantum cryptography and communication security)
	03.67.Hk	(Quantum communication)

Fund: Project supported by the Coal-Major Project (Grant No. 2025ZD1700704), the Talent Introduction Fund of the Anhui University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021yjrc34), and the Scientific Research Fund of the Anhui Provincial Education Department (Grant No. KJ2020A0301).

Corresponding Authors: She-Xiang Jiang
E-mail: sxjiang@aust.edu.cn

Cite this article:

She-Xiang Jiang(蒋社想) and Jin-Huan Li(李金欢) Three-party quantum key agreement with seven-particle entangled states against collective noise: IBM Qiskit implementation 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 070307

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Three-party quantum key agreement with seven-particle entangled states against collective noise: IBM Qiskit implementation

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