Towards a 229Th nuclear clock: Understanding nucleus-electron-environment interactions

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ae1f7b

Abstract Recent advances in atomic optical clocks based on electronic transitions have achieved frequency uncertainties at the $10^{-19}$ level, enabling wide applications in testing variations of physical constants, exploring dark matter signatures, and enhancing precision metrology for position, navigation, and timing systems. To pursue higher-precision optical clocks, the development of nuclear optical clocks has emerged, with the ²²⁹Th system distinguished by its unique low-lying isomeric state at $\sim8.4$ eV and a natural linewidth of approximately 100 μHz, promising uncertainties below $10^{-19}$. The intrinsic insensitivity of nuclear transitions to external perturbations and their subatomic-scale spatial confinement provide significant advantages over electronic transitions in mitigating environmental shifts. Recent experimental breakthroughs include the excitation of the nuclear clock transition in solid-state ²²⁹Th-doped crystals with spectral resolution at the kHz level. However, critical challenges persist, particularly in implementing effective laser excitation schemes (e.g., via the electronic bridge mechanism) and closed-loop quantum control in trapped ion systems. Addressing these requires comprehensive understanding of complex many-body interactions in ²²⁹Th, encompassing electronic structure, nuclear deformation, hyperfine and field shift, and solid-state environmental coupling. This review synthesizes recent advancements in (i) the characterization of nuclear and atomic structures of the ²²⁹Th nuclear clock, and (ii) precise evaluation and mitigation of external perturbations affecting the clock transitions. The analysis provides a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for optimizing ²²⁹Th-based nuclear clock performance.

Keywords: ²²⁹Th nuclear clock electronic bridge external field effects

Received: 02 September 2025
Revised: 23 October 2025
Accepted manuscript online: 14 November 2025

PACS:	31.15.ac	(High-precision calculations for few-electron (or few-body) atomic systems)
	32.60.+i	(Zeeman and Stark effects)
	32.10.Fn	(Fine and hyperfine structure)
	27.90.+b	(A ≥ 220)

Fund: We thank Zong-Chao Yan for comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDB0920100 and XDB0920101), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12174402, 12393821, and 12274417), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (Grant No. YSBR-055).

Corresponding Authors: Li-Yan Tang
E-mail: lytang@apm.ac.cn

Cite this article:

Yan-Ling Xu(徐艳玲), Hong-Yuan Zheng(郑弘远), Xi-Chen Yu(喻希辰), Yong-Hui Zhang(张永慧), Ting-Yun Shi(史庭云), and Li-Yan Tang(唐丽艳) Towards a ²²⁹Th nuclear clock: Understanding nucleus-electron-environment interactions 2026 Chin. Phys. B 35 023101

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Towards a ²²⁹Th nuclear clock: Understanding nucleus-electron-environment interactions