Table of Content

15 January 2011, Volume 20 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

GENERAL

Select

Synchronisation of chaotic systems using a novel sampled-data fuzzy controller Feng Yi-Fu, Zhang Qing-Ling 2011, 20 (1):  010101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (406KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper presents the synchronisation of chaotic systems using a sampled-data fuzzy controller and is meaningful for many physical real-life applications. Firstly, a Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy model is employed to represent the chaotic systems that contain some nonlinear terms, then a type of fuzzy sampled-data controller is proposed and an error system formed by the response and drive chaotic system. Secondly, relaxed LMI-based synchronisation conditions are derived by using a new parameter-dependent Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and relaxed stabilisation techniques for the underlying error system. The derived LMI-based conditions are used to aid the design of a sampled-data fuzzy controller to achieve the synchronisation of chaotic systems. Finally, a numerical example is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.

Select

Second-order nonlinear differential operators possessing invariant subspaces of submaximal dimension Zhu Chun-Rong 2011, 20 (1):  010201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (215KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The invariant subspace method is used to construct the explicit solution of a nonlinear evolution equation. The second-order nonlinear differential operators that possess invariant subspaces of submaximal dimension are described. There are second-order nonlinear differential operators, including cubic operators and quadratic operators, which preserve an invariant subspace of submaximal dimension. A full description of the second-order cubic operators with constant coefficients admitting a four-dimensional invariant subspace is given. It is shown that the maximal dimension of invariant subspaces preserved by a second-order cubic operator is four. Several examples are given for the construction of the exact solutions to nonlinear evolution equations with cubic nonlinearities. These solutions blow up in a finite time.

Select

Reductions and conserved quantities for discrete compound KdV–Burgers equations He Yu-Fang, Liu Yong-Song, Fu Jing-Li 2011, 20 (1):  010202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010202 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (201KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We present two methods to reduce the discrete compound KdV–Burgers equation, which are reductions of the independent and dependent variables: the translational invariant method has been applied in order to reduce the independent variables; and a discrete spectral matrix has been introduced to reduce the number of dependent variables. Based on the invariance of a discrete compound KdV–Burgers equation under infinitesimal transformation with respect to its dependent and independent variables, we present the determining equations of transformation Lie groups for the KdV–Burgers equation and use the characteristic equations to obtain new forms of invariants.

Select

Special Lie symmetry and Hojman conserved quantity of Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion Xie Yin-Li, Jia Li-Qun, Luo Shao-Kai 2011, 20 (1):  010203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010203 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (139KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Special Lie symmetry and the Hojman conserved quantity for Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion are investigated. The definition and the criterion of the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations in a dynamical system of relative motion under infinitesimal group transformation are presented. The expression of the equation for the special Lie symmetry of Appell equations and the Hojman conserved quantity, deduced directly from the special Lie symmetry in a dynamical system of relative motion, are obtained. An example is given to illustrate the application of the results.

Select

Noether's theory of generalized linear nonholonomic mechanical systems Dong Wen-Shan, Huang Bao-Xin, Fang Jian-Hui 2011, 20 (1):  010204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010204 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (188KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   By introducing the quasi-symmetry of the infinitesimal transformation of the transformation group Gr, the Noether's theorem and the Noether's inverse theorem for generalized linear nonholonomic mechanical systems are obtained in a generalized compound derivative space. An example is given to illustrate the application of the result.

Select

The Hirota bilinear method for the coupled Burgers equation and the high-order Boussinesq–Burgers equation Zuo Jin-Ming, Zhang Yao-Ming 2011, 20 (1):  010205.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010205 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (148KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies the coupled Burgers equation and the high-order Boussinesq–Burgers equation. The Hirota bilinear method is applied to show that the two equations are completely integrable. Multiple-kink (soliton) solutions and multiple-singular-kink (soliton) solutions are derived for the two equations.

Select

Prolongation structure of the variable coefficient KdV equation Yang Yun-Qing, Chen Yong 2011, 20 (1):  010206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010206 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (163KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The prolongation structure methodologies of Wahlquist–Estabrook [Wahlquist H D and Estabrook F B 1975 J. Math. Phys. 16 1] for nonlinear differential equations are applied to a variable-coefficient KdV equation. Based on the obtained prolongation structure, a Lie algebra with five parameters is constructed. Under certain conditions, a Lie algebra representation and three kinds of Lax pairs for the variable- coefficient KdV equation are derived.

Select

Time-delay feedback control in a delayed dynamical chaos system and its applications Ye Zhi-Yong, Yang Guang, Deng Cun-Bing 2011, 20 (1):  010207.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010207 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (561KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The feedback control of a delayed dynamical system, which also includes various chaotic systems with time delays, is investigated. On the basis of stability analysis of a nonautonomous system with delays, some simple yet less conservative criteria are obtained for feedback control in a delayed dynamical system. Finally, the theoretical result is applied to a typical class of chaotic Lorenz system and Chua circuit with delays. Numerical simulations are also given to verify the theoretical results.

Select

Disturbed solution of the El Niño-southern oscillation sea–air delayed oscillator Xie Feng, Lin Wan-Tao, Lin Yi-Hua, Mo Jia-Qi 2011, 20 (1):  010208.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010208 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (222KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A class of delayed oscillators of El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) models is considered. Using the delayed theory, the perturbed theory and other methods, the asymptotic expansions of the solutions for ENSO models are obtained and the asymptotic behaviour of solution of corresponding problem is studied.

Select

Symplectic eigenvector expansion theorem of a class of operator matrices arising from elasticity theory Wang Hua, Alatancang, Huang Jun-Jie 2011, 20 (1):  010209.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010209 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (164KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper deals with the completeness of the eigenvector system of a class of operator matrices arising from elasticity theory, i.e., symplectic eigenvector expansion theorem. Under certain conditions, the symplectic orthogonality of eigenvectors of the operator matrix is demonstrated. Based on this, a necessary and sufficient condition for the completeness of the eigenvector system of the operator matrix is given. Furthermore, the obtained results are tested for the free vibration of rectangular thin plates.

Select

An analytical model for coplanar waveguide on silicon-on-insulator substrate with conformal mapping technique He Da-Wei, Cheng Xin-Hong, Wang Zhong-Jian, Xu Da-Wei, Song Zhao-Rui, Yu Yue-Hui 2011, 20 (1):  010210.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010210 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (978KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, the authors present an analytical model for coplanar waveguide on silicon-on-insulator substrate. The four-element topological network and the conformal mapping technique are used to analyse the capacitance and the conductance of the sandwich substrate. The validity of the model is verified by the full-wave method and the experimental data. It is found that the inductance, the resistance, the capacitance and the conductance from the analytical model show they are in good agreement with the corresponding values extracted from experimental S-parameter until 10 GHz.

Select

A generalized Hadamard transformation from new entangled state Xu Xing-Lei, Xu Shi-Min, Zhang Yun-Hai, Li Hong-Qi, Wang Ji-Suo 2011, 20 (1):  010301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010301 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (210KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A new entangled state | η ;θ> is proposed by the technique of integral within an ordered product. A generalized Hadamard transformation is derived by virtue of | η ;θ>, which plays a role of Hadamard transformation for (â1 sin θ–â2 cos θ ) and (â1 cos θ + â2 sin θ).

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Select

Nonlinear dynamical symmetries of Smorodinsky–Winternitz and and Fokas–Lagerstorm systems Li You-Ning, Huang Hua-Jun 2011, 20 (1):  010302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010302 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (224KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   General solutions of the Smorodinsky–Winternitz system and the Fokas–Lagerstorm system, which are superintegrable in two-dimensional Euclidean space, are obtained using the algebraic method (structure function). Their dynamical symmetries, which are governed by deformed angular momentum algebras, are revealed.

GENERAL

Select

Drinfeld twist and the domain wall partition function of the eight-vertex model Hao Kun, Chen Xi, Shi Kang-Jie, Yang Wen-Li 2011, 20 (1):  010303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010303 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (366KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   With the help of the F-basis provided by the Drinfeld twist or factorising F-matrix for the spatial optical soliton model associated with the eight-vertex model, we calculate the partition function for the eight-vertex model on an N × N square lattice with domain wall boundary condition.

Select

Solving ground eigenvalue and eigenfunction of spheroidal wave equation at low frequency by supersymmetric quantum mechanics method Tang Wen-Lin, Tian Gui-Hua 2011, 20 (1):  010304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010304 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (199KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The spheroidal wave functions are found to have extensive applications in many branches of physics and mathematics. We use the perturbation method in supersymmetric quantum mechanics to obtain the analytic ground eigenvalue and the ground eigenfunction of the angular spheroidal wave equation at low frequency in a series form. Using this approach, the numerical determinations of the ground eigenvalue and the ground eigenfunction for small complex frequencies are also obtained.

Select

Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen entanglement in time-dependent broadband pumping frequency non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier Zhao Chao-Ying, Tan Wei-Han 2011, 20 (1):  010305.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010305 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (387KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper investigates quantum fluctuations characteristic of time-dependent broadband pumping frequency non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier for below and above threshold regions. It finds that a high squeezing and entanglement can be achieved.

Select

Optimal approach to rotational state reconstruction of linear molecules Qin Xiao, Gao Jun-Yi 2011, 20 (1):  010306.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010306 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (881KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We present a simulation for the reconstruction of the rotational quantum state of linear molecules to retrieve the density matrix. An optimal approach in the sense of minimal error limit is proposed, in which a variable set of angular frequency is properly chosen and the least square inversion is then applied. This approach of reconstruction from time-dependent molecular-axis angular distribution is proved adaptable for various object states, which has a good numerical stability independent of the selected rotational space.

Select

Deterministically distinguishing a remote Bell state Zhao Zhi-Guo, Peng Wei-Min, Tan Yong-Gang 2011, 20 (1):  010307.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010307 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (167KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   It has been proven that, with a single copy provided, the four Bell states cannot be distinguished by local operations and classical communications (LOCC). Traditionally, a Bell basis projective measurement is needed to distinguish the four Bell states, which is usually carried out with a local interference between two particles. This paper presents an interesting protocol that allows two remote parties to distinguish four Bell states deterministically. We prove that our protocol of distinguishing remote Bell states is beyond LOCC.

Select

Large-scale cluster state generation with nuclear spins in diamonds Chen Qiong, Feng Mang, Du Jiang-Feng, Hai Wen-Hua 2011, 20 (1):  010308.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010308 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (797KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The cluster state is an indispensable resource for one-way quantum computing (1WQC). We propose a practical scheme for constructing cluster states among nuclear spins in nitrogen-vacancy defect centres (NV centres) in different diamonds. The entanglement of nuclear spins within an NV centre is made by hyperfine coupling via electron spin, and the entanglement between remote NV centres is accomplished using the parity projection of emitted photons. We discus the possibility to build large-scale nuclear-spin cluster states with diamonds.

Select

Dark soliton in one-dimensional Bose–Einstein condensate under a periodic perturbation of trap Liu Chao-Fei, Hu Ke, Hu Tao, Tang Yi 2011, 20 (1):  010309.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010309 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2503KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The perturbation of a confining trap leads to the collective oscillation of a Bose–Einstein condensate, thereby the propagation of a dark soliton in the condensate is affected. In this study, periodic perturbation is employed to match the soliton oscillation. We find that the soliton dynamics depends sensitively on the coupling between the moving direction of the trap and that of the soliton. The soliton energy/depth evolves periodically, and a relevant shift in the soliton trajectory occurs as compared with the unperturbed case. Overall, the soliton oscillation frequency changes little even if the perturbation amplitude and frequency vary.

Select

The spin evolution of spin-3 52Cr Bose–Einstein condensate Situ Shu-Ping, He Yan-Zhang 2011, 20 (1):  010310.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010310 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (4779KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies theoretically the spin evolution of a Bose–Einstein condensate starting from a mixture of two or three groups of 52Cr (spin-3) atoms in an optical trap. The initial state is so chosen that the condensate has total magnetization zero so that the system does not distinguish up and down. It is assumed that the system is very dilute (particle number is very small), the temperature is very low, and the frequency of the harmonic trap is large enough. In these situations, the deviation caused by the neglect of the dipole–dipole interaction and by using the single-mode approximation is reduced. A theoretical calculation beyond the mean field theory is performed and the numerical results are helpful for the evaluation of the unknown strength g0.

Select

Dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensate in a harmonic potential and a Gaussian energy barrier Hua Wei, Li Bin, Liu Xue-Shen 2011, 20 (1):  010311.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010311 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (412KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We have studied the dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensate by solving numerically the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) equation. We examined the periodic behaviour of the condensate in a shifted harmonic potential, and further demonstrated the tunneling effect of a condensate through a Gaussian energy barrier, which is inserted after the condensate has been excited by shifting the harmonic trapping potential to a side. Moreover, it is shown that the initial condensate evolves dynamically into two separate moving condensates after the tunneling time under certain conditions.

Select

Stochastic resonance in a time-delayed mono-stable system with correlated multiplicative and additive white noise Zhou Yu-Rong 2011, 20 (1):  010501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010501 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (436KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper considers the stochastic resonance for a time-delayed mono-stable system, driven by correlated multiplicative and additive white noise. It finds that the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) varies non-monotonically with the delayed times. The SNR varies non-monotonically with the increase of the intensities of the multiplicative and additive noise, with the increase of the correlation strength between the two noises, as well as with the system parameter.

Select

Horseshoe and entropy in a fractional-order unified system Li Qing-Du, Chen Shu, Zhou Ping 2011, 20 (1):  010502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010502 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (381KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies chaotic dynamics in a fractional-order unified system by means of topological horseshoe theory and numerical computation. First it finds four quadrilaterals in a carefully-chosen Poincar'e section, then shows that the corresponding map is semiconjugate to a shift map with four symbols. By estimating the topological entropy of the map and the original time-continuous system, it provides a computer assisted verification on existence of chaos in this system, which is much more convincible than the common method of Lyapunov exponents. This new method can potentially be used in rigorous studies of chaos in such a kind of system. This paper may be a start for proving a given fractional-order differential equation to be chaotic.

Select

Effects of potential functions on stochastic resonance Li Jian-Long, Zeng Ling-Zao 2011, 20 (1):  010503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010503 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (266KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, the effects of a bistable potential function U(x)=-ax2/2+b|x|2γ/(2γ) on stochastic resonance (SR) is discussed. We investigate the effects of index γ on the performance of the SR system with fixed parameters a and b, and with fixed potential barriers, respectively. To measure the performance of the SR system in the presence of an aperiodic input, the bit error rate is employed, as is commonly used in binary communications. The numerical simulations strongly support the theoretical results. The goal of this investigation is to explore the effects of the shape of potential functions on SR and give a guidance of nonlinear systems in the application of information processing.

Select

Non-smooth bifurcations in a double-scroll circuit with periodic excitation Zhang Yin, Bi Qin-Sheng 2011, 20 (1):  010504.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010504 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1661KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The fast-slow effect can be observed in a typical non-smooth electric circuit with order gap between the natural frequency and the excitation frequency. Numerical simulations are employed to show complicated behaviours, especially different types of busting phenomena. The bifurcation mechanism for the bursting solutions is analysed by assuming the forms of the solutions and introducing the generalized Jacobian matrix at the non-smooth boundaries, which can also be used to account for the evolution of the complicated structures of the phase portraits with the variation of the parameter. Period-adding bifurcation has been explored through the computation of the eigenvalues related to the solutions. At the non-smooth boundaries the so-called 'single crossing bifurcation' can occur, corresponding to the case where the eigenvalues jump only once across the imaginary axis, which leads the periodic burster to have a quasi-periodic oscillation.

Select

Protein structural classification and family identification by multifractal analysis and wavelet spectrum Zhu Shao-Ming, Yu Zu-Guo, Ahn Vo 2011, 20 (1):  010505.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010505 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (451KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Family identification is helpful for predicting protein functions. It has been known from the literature that longer sequences of base pairs or amino acids are required to study patterns in biological sequences. Since most protein sequences are relatively short, we randomly concatenate or link the protein sequences from the same family or superfamily together to form longer protein sequences. The 6-letter model, 12-letter model, 20-letter model, the revised Schneider and Wrede scale hydrophobicity, solvent accessibility and stochastic standard state accessibility are used to convert linked protein sequences into numerical sequences. Then multifractal analyses and wavelet analysis are performed on these numerical sequences. The parameters from these analyses can be used to construct parameter spaces where each linked protein is represented by a point. The four classes of proteins, namely the α,β, α+β and α/β classes, are then distinguished in these parameter spaces. The Fisher linear discriminant algorithm is used to assess the discriminant accuracy. Numerical results indicate that the discriminant accuracies are satisfactory in separating these classes. We find that the linked proteins from the same family or superfamily tend to group together and can be separated from other linked proteins. The methods are helpful for identifying the family of an unknown protein.

Select

Synchronization of chaotic Lur'e systems with delayed feedback control using deadzone nonlinearity S.M. Lee, O.M. Kwon, Ju H. Park 2011, 20 (1):  010506.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010506 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (242KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper we present a synchronization method for chaotic Lur'e systems by constructing a new piecewise Lyapunov function. Using a delayed feedback control scheme, a delay-dependent stability criterion is derived for the synchronization of chaotic systems that are represented by Lur'e systems with deadzone nonlinearity. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and by using some properties of the nonlinearity, a new delay-dependent stabilization condition for synchronization is obtained via linear matrix inequality (LMI) formulation. The criterion is less conservative than existing ones, and it will be verified through a numerical example.

Select

Hölder continuity of two types of bidirectionally coupled generalised synchronisation manifold Guo Liu-Xiao, Xu Zhen-Yuan, Hu Ai-Hua 2011, 20 (1):  010507.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010507 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (908KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies the existence of Höolder continuity of bidirectionally coupled generalised synchronisation (GS). Based on the slaving principle of synergetics and the modified system approach, it classifies the GS into several types. The existences of two main types of Hölder continuous bidirectionally coupled GS inertial manifolds are theoretically analysed and proved by using the Schauder fixed point theorem. Numerical simulations illustrate the theoretical results.

Select

Projective synchronization of a complex network with different fractional order chaos nodes Wang Ming-Jun, Wang Xing-Yuan, Niu Yu-Jun 2011, 20 (1):  010508.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010508 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (829KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Based on the stability theory of the linear fractional order system, projective synchronization of a complex network is studied in the paper, and the coupling functions of the connected nodes are identified. With this method, the projective synchronization of the network with different fractional order chaos nodes can be achieved, besides, the number of the nodes does not affect the stability of the whole network. In the numerical simulations, the chaotic fractional order Lü system, Liu system and Coullet system are chosen as examples to show the effectiveness of the scheme.

Select

A new four-dimensional hyperchaotic Lorenz system and its adaptive control Si Gang-Quan, Cao Hui, Zhang Yan-Bin 2011, 20 (1):  010509.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010509 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (474KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Based on the Lorenz chaotic system, this paper constructs a new four-dimensional hyperchaotic Lorenz system, and studies the basic dynamic behaviours of the system. The Routh–Hurwitz theorem is applied to derive the stability conditions of the proposed system. Furthermore, based on Lyapunov stability theory, an adaptive controller is designed and the new four-dimensional hyperchaotic Lorenz system is controlled at equilibrium point. Numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of this method.

Select

Synchronization of spatiotemporal chaos in a class of complex dynamical networks Zhang Qing-Ling, Lü Ling 2011, 20 (1):  010510.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010510 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1364KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies the synchronization of complex dynamical networks constructed by spatiotemporal chaotic systems with unknown parameters. The state variables in the systems with uncertain parameters are used to construct the parameter recognizers, and the unknown parameters are identified. Uncertain spatiotemporal chaotic systems are taken as the nodes of complex dynamical networks, connection among the nodes of all the spatiotemporal chaotic systems is of nonlinear coupling. The structure of the coupling functions between the connected nodes and the control gain are obtained based on Lyapunov stability theory. It is seen that stable chaos synchronization exists in the whole network when the control gain is in a certain range. The Gray–Scott models which have spatiotemporal chaotic behaviour are taken as examples for simulation and the results show that the method is very effective.

Select

Global exponential stability of mixed discrete and distributively delayed cellular neural network Yao Hong-Xing, Zhou Jia-Yan 2011, 20 (1):  010701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010701 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (245KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper concernes analysis for the global exponential stability of a class of recurrent neural networks with mixed discrete and distributed delays. It first proves the existence and uniqueness of the balance point, then by employing the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and Young inequality, it gives the sufficient condition of global exponential stability of cellular neural network with mixed discrete and distributed delays, in addition, the example is provided to illustrate the applicability of the result.

Select

Cardiac magnetic source imaging based on current multipole model Tang Fa-Kuan, Wang Qian, Hua Ning, Lu Hong, Tang Xue-Zheng, Ma Ping 2011, 20 (1):  010702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010702 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (3303KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   It is widely accepted that the heart current source can be reduced into a current multipole. By adopting three linear inverse methods, the cardiac magnetic imaging is achieved in this article based on the current multipole model expanded to the first order terms. This magnetic imaging is realized in a reconstruction plane in the centre of human heart, where the current dipole array is employed to represent realistic cardiac current distribution. The current multipole as testing source generates magnetic fields in the measuring plane, serving as inputs of cardiac magnetic inverse problem. In the heart-torso model constructed by boundary element method, the current multipole magnetic field distribution is compared with that in the homogeneous infinite space, and also with the single current dipole magnetic field distribution. Then the minimum-norm least-squares (MNLS) method, the optimal weighted pseudoinverse method (OWPIM), and the optimal constrained linear inverse method (OCLIM) are selected as the algorithms for inverse computation based on current multipole model innovatively, and the imaging effects of these three inverse methods are compared. Besides, two reconstructing parameters, residual and mean residual, are also discussed, and their trends under MNLS, OWPIM and OCLIM each as a function of SNR are obtained and compared.

Select

Consistency-dependent optical properties of lubricating grease studied by terahertz spectroscopy Tian Lu, Zhou Qing-Li, Zhao Kun, Shi Yu-Lei, Zhao Dong-Mei, Zhao Song-Qing, Zhao Hui, Bao Ri-Ma, Zhu Shou-Ming, Miao Qing, Zhang Cun-Lin 2011, 20 (1):  010703.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010703 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (782KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The optical properties of four kinds of lubricating greases (urea, lithium, extreme pressure lithium, molybdenum disulfide lithium greases) with different NLGL (National Lubricant Grease Institute of America) numbers were investigated using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Greases with different NLGL grades have unique spectral features in the terahertz range. Comparison of the experimental data with predictions based on Lorentz–Lorenz theory exhibited that the refractive indices of each kind of lubricating grease were dependent on the their consistency. In addition, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as a libricant additive shows strong absorption from 0.2 to 1.4 THz, leading to higher absorption of MoS2-lithium grease than that of lithium grease.

Select

Real-time and label-free detection of biomolecular interactions by oblique-incidence reflectivity difference method Wang Xu, Lu Heng, Dai Jun, Wen Juan, Yuan Kun, Lü Hui-Bin, Jin Kui-Juan, Zhou Yue-Liang, Yang Guo-Zhen 2011, 20 (1):  010704.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010704 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (256KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We successfully conduct the label-free and real-time detection of the interactions between epoxy groups and rabbit IgG and 5' CTT CAG GTC ATG AGC CTG AT 3' oligonucleotide, and between the hybridization of 5' CTT CAG GTC ATG AGC CTG AT 3' and its complementary 3' GAA GTC CAG TAC TCG GAC TA 5' oligonucleotide, by the oblique-incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) method. The dynamic curves of OI-RD signals, corresponding to the kinetic processes of biomolecular combination or hybridization, are acquired. In our case, the combination of epoxy groups with rabbit IgG and 5' CTT CAG GTC ATG AGC CTG AT 3' oligonucleotide need almost one and a half hours and about two hundred seconds, respectively; and the hybridization of the two oligonucleotides needs about five hundred seconds. The experimental results show that the OI-RD is a promising method for the real-time and label-free detection of biomolecular interactions.

Select

Measurement of integral diffraction coefficients of crystals on beamline 4B7 of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility Yang Jia-Min, Gan Xin-Shi, Zhao Yang, Cui Ming-Qi, Zhu Tuo, Zhao Yi-Dong, Sun Li-Juan, Zheng Lei, Yan Fen, Hu Zhi-Min, Wei Min-Xi, Zhang Ji-Yan, Yi Rong-Qing 2011, 20 (1):  010705.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/010705 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1160KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Integral diffraction coefficients of the crystal are the essential data of a crystal spectrometer which is extensively used to measure quantitative x-ray spectra of high temperature plasmas in kilo-electron-volt region. An experimental method has been developed to measure the integral diffraction coefficients of crystals on beamline 4B7 of Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The integral diffraction coefficients of several crystals including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), thallium acid phthalate (TlAP) and rubidium acid phthalate (RAP) crystals have been measured in the x-ray energy range 2100–5600 eV and compared with the calculations of the 'Darwin Prins' and the 'Mosaic' models. It is shown that the integral diffraction coefficients of these crystals are between the calculations of the 'Darwin Prins' and the 'Mosaic' models, but more close to the 'Darwin Prins' model calculations.

THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Select

Noether's theory of Lagrange systems in discrete case Lü Hong-Sheng, Zhang Hong-Bin, Gu Shu-Long 2011, 20 (1):  011101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/011101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (172KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, Noether theory of Lagrange systems in discrete case are studied. First, we briefly overview the well-known Noether theory of Lagrange system in the continuous case. Then, we introduce some definitions and notations, such as the operators of discrete translation to the right and the left and the operators of discrete differentiation to the right and the left, and give the conditions for the invariance of the difference functional on the uniform lattice and the non-uniform one, respectively. We also deduce the discrete analog of the Noether-type identity. Finally, the discrete analog of Noether's theorem is presented. An example was discussed to illustrate these results.

ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS

Select

Si3O cluster: excited properties under external electric field and oxygen-deficient defect models Xu Guo-Liang, Liu Xue-Feng, Xie Hui-Xiang, Zhang Xian-Zhou, Liu Yu-Fang 2011, 20 (1):  013101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (261KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper investigates the excited states of Si3O molecule by using the single-excitation configuration interaction and density functional theory. It finds that the visible light absorption spectrum of Si3O molecule comprises the yellow and the purple light without external electric field, however all the visible light is included except the green light under the action of external electric field. Oxygen-deficient defects, which also can be found in Si3O molecule, have been used to explain the luminescence from silicon-based materials but the microstructures of the materials are still uncertain. Our results accord with the experimental values perfectly, this fact suggests that the structure of Si3O molecule is expected to be one of the main basic structures of the materials, so the oxygen-deficient defect structural model for Si3O molecule also has been provided to research the structures of materials.

Select

Comparative analysis of energy-level splitting of Pr3+ doped in LiYF4 and LiBiF4 crystals: a complete energy matrix calculation Duan Mei-Ling, Kuang Xiao-Yu, Zhang Cai-Xia, Chai Rui-Peng 2011, 20 (1):  013102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013102 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (428KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Based on the combination of Racah's group-theoretical consideration with Slater's wavefunction, a 91 × 91 complete energy matrix is established in tetragonal ligand field D2d for Pr3+ ion. Thus, the Stark energy-levels of Pr3+ ions doped separately in LiYF4 and LiBiF4 crystals are calculated, and our calculations imply that the complete energy matrix method can be used as an effective tool to calculate the energy-levels of the systems doped by rare earth ions. Besides, the influence of Pr3+ on energy-level splitting is investigated, and the similarities and the differences between the two doped crystals are demonstrated in detail by comparing their several pairs of curves and crystal field strength quantities. We see that the energy splitting patterns are similar and the crystal field interaction of LiYF4:Pr3+ is stronger than that of LiBiF4:Pr3+.

Select

Excited state refraction of C70/toluene studied by using 4f coherent imaging system with phase object Liu Nan-Chun, Shi Guang, Yang Jun-Yi, Song Ying-Lin 2011, 20 (1):  013103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013103 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (520KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Dynamic nonlinearities of C70/toluene solution are measured and analysed by an improved picosecond time-resolved pump-probe system based on a nonlinear imaging technique with phase object. The photophysical parameters are determined by the five-level model, which is adopted to interpret the experimental data. The change of refraction index per unit density of the excited state obtained by a numerically simulation is a critical factor to determine the nonlinear behaviour of C70 in picosecond time regime.

Select

Frequency stabilization of a 399-nm laser by modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp Wang Wen-Li, Ye Jie, Jiang Hai-Ling, Bi Zhi-Yi, Ma Long-Sheng, Xu Xin-Ye 2011, 20 (1):  013201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (568KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The modulation transfer spectroscopy in an ytterbium hollow cathode lamp at 399 nm is measured. The error signal for frequency locking is optimized by measuring the dependences of its slope, linewidth and magnitude on various parameters. Under the optimum condition, the laser frequency at 399 nm can be stabilized. The long-term stability of laser frequency is measured by monitoring the fluorescence signal of the ytterbium atomic beam induced by the locked laser. The laser frequency is shown to be tightly locked, and the stabilized laser is successfully applied to the cooling of ytterbium atoms.

Select

Transmission of 18 keV negative ions Cl- through nanocapillariesin Al2O3 membrane Lü Xue-Yang, Chen Lin, Chen Xi-Meng, Jia Juan-Juan, Zhou Peng, Zhou Chun-Lin, Qiu Xi-Yu, Shao Jian-Xiong, Cui Ying, Yin Yong-Zhi, Wang Hong-Wei, Ji Ming-Chao 2011, 20 (1):  013401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013401 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1957KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We investigate the angular distribution of the transmitted 18keV negative ions Cl- through Al2O3 nanocapillaries of 50 nm in diameter and 10 μm in length. Elastic scattering ions and inelastic scattering ions are obtained simultaneously. The experimental result is partially consistent with the guiding effect. We can qualitatively explain our experimental result through a dynamic process.

Select

Experimental study of cross-section ratios in the collisions of Cq+ and Oq+(q=1–4) on atomic helium in strong-interaction region Chen Xi-Meng, Jiang Li-Juan, Zhou Peng, Zhou Chun-Lin, Gao Zhi-Min, Qiu Xi-Yu, Cui Ying, Wang Xing-An, Lou Feng-Jun, Lü Xue-Yang, Jia Juan-Juan, Chen Lin, Shao Jian-Xiong, Lü Ying, Wang Fan 2011, 20 (1):  013402.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013402 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2245KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We have measured the cross-section ratios of helium induced by Cq+ and Oq+ (q=1–4) in an energy range from 20 keV/amu to 500 keV/amu, and obtained the two-dimensional spectra by employing the coincidence method combined with the MPA-3 data acquisition system. Hence, we obtain the ratios of total single-ionization cross-sections (SI, SC, SLSI, and DLSI), total double-ionization cross-sections (DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI) and cross-sections of every process (SI, SC, SLSI, DLSI, DI, DC, TI, SLDI, and DLDI), which induce the single-ionization and double-ionization, to the total cross sections respectively. The competitive relations between the reaction-channels and the experimental data law of each reaction-channel are revealed explicitly, and the qualitative explanations involved in those results are also presented accordingly.

Select

Semiclassical calculation of ionisation rate for Rydberg helium atoms in an electric field Wang De-Hua 2011, 20 (1):  013403.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013403 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (205KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The ionisation of Rydberg helium atoms in an electric field above the classical ionisation threshold has been examined using the semiclassical method, with particular emphasis on discussing the influence of the core scattering on the escape dynamics of electrons. The results show that the Rydberg helium atoms ionise by emitting a train of electron pulses. Unlike the case of the ionisation of Rydberg hydrogen atom in parallel electric and magnetic fields, where the pulses of the electron are caused by the external magnetic field, the pulse trains for Rydberg helium atoms are created through core scattering. Each peak in the ionisation rate corresponds to the contribution of one core-scattered combination trajectory. This fact further illustrates that the ionic core scattering leads to the chaotic property of the Rydberg helium atom in external fields. Our studies provide a simple explanation for the escape dynamics in the ionisation of nonhydrogenic atoms in external fields.

Select

Theoretical study of stereodynamics for the O(3P) + H2 → OH + H reaction Liu Shi-Li, Shi Ying 2011, 20 (1):  013404.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/013404 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (296KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper employs the quasi-classical trajectory calculations to study the influence of collision energy on the title reaction on the potential energy surface of the ground 3A' triplet state developed by Rogers et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2000 104 2308). It calculates the product angular distribution of P(θr), P(φr) and P(θr, φr) which reflects vector correlation. The distribution P(θr) shows that product rotational angular momentum vectors j' of the products are strongly aligned along the relative velocity direction k. The distribution of P(φr) implies a preference for left-handed product rotation in planes parallel to the scattering plane. Four different polarisation-dependent cross-sections are also presented in the centre-of-mass frame. Results indicate that OH is sensitively affected by collision energies of H2.

CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY

Select

All-dielectric left-handed metamaterial based on dielectric resonator: design, simulation and experiment Yang Yi-Ming, Wang Jia-Fu, Xia Song, Bai Peng, Li Zhe, Wang Jun, Xu Zhuo, Qu Shao-Bo 2011, 20 (1):  014101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (5522KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Dipoles with Lorentz-type resonant electromagnetic responses can realise negative effective parameters in their negative resonant region. The electric dipole and magnetic dipole can realise, respectively, negative permittivity and negative permeability, so both the field distribution forms of electric and magnetic dipoles are fundamentals in designing left-handed metamaterial. Based on this principle, this paper studies the field distribution in high-permittivity dielectric materials. The field distributions at different resonant modes are analysed based on the dielectric resonator theory. The origination and influence factors of the electric and magnetic dipoles are confirmed. Numerical simulations indicate that by combining dielectric cubes with different sizes, the electric resonance frequency and magnetic resonance frequency can be superposed. Finally, experiments are carried out to verify the feasibility of all-dielectric left-handed metamaterial composed by this means.

Select

Wave propagation in parallel-plate waveguides filled with nonlinear left-handed material Burhan Zamir, Rashid Ali 2011, 20 (1):  014102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014102 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (430KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A theoretical investigation of field components for transverse electric mode in the parallel-plate waveguides has been studied. In this analysis two different types of waveguide structures have been discussed, i.e., (a) normal good/perfect conducting parallel-plate waveguide filled with nonlinear left-handed material and (b) high-temperature-superconducting parallel-plate waveguide filled with nonlinear left-handed material. The dispersion relations of transverse electric mode have also been discussed for these two types of waveguide structures.

Select

Interaction of two edge dislocations in free-space propagation He De, Gao Zeng-Hui, Yan Hong-Wei, Lü Bai-Da 2011, 20 (1):  014201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1122KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies in detail the interaction of two edge dislocations nested in a Gaussian beam propagating in free space. It shows that in free-space propagation the edge dislocations are unstable and vanish, and two noncanonical vortices with opposite topological charge take place when off-axis distances c1 and c2 of two edge dislocations are non-zero, and the condition k2w08+32c1c2(w02-2c1c2)z2>0 is fulfilled (k-wave number, w0-waist width). A noncanonical vortex appears when one off-axis distance is zero. However, one edge dislocation is stable when two edge dislocations are perpendicular and one off-axis distance is zero. Two perpendicular edge dislocations both with zero off-axis distance are also stable. The analytical results are illustrated by numerical examples.

Select

Tight focusing of femtosecond elliptically polarised vortex light pulses Hua Li-Min, Chen Bao-Suan, Chen Zi-Yang, Pu Ji-Xiong 2011, 20 (1):  014202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014202 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (8238KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies the tight focusing properties of femtosecond elliptically polarised vortex light pulses. Based on Richards–Wolf vectorial diffraction integral, the expressions for the electric field, the velocity of the femtosecond light pulse and the total angular momentum of focused pluses are derived. The numerical calculations are also given to illustrate the intensity distribution, phase contour, the group velocity variation and the total angular momentum near the focus. It finds that near the focus the femtosecond elliptically polarised vortex light pulse can travel at various group speeds, that is, slower or faster than light speed in vacuum, depending on the numerical aperture of the focusing objective system. Moreover, it also studies the influence of the numerical aperture of the focusing objective and the time duration of the elliptically polarised vortex light pulse on the total angular momentum distribution in the focused field.

Select

A corrected method of distorted printed circuit board image Qiao Nao-Sheng, Ye Yu-Tang, Huang Yong-Lin 2011, 20 (1):  014203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014203 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (3091KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper proposes a corrected method of distorted image based on adaptive control. First, the adaptive control relationship of pixel point positions between distorted image and its corrected image is given by using polynomial fitting, thus control point pairs between the distorted image and its corrected image are found. Secondly, the value of both image distortion centre and polynomial coefficient is obtained with least square method, thus the relationship of each control point pairs is deduced. In the course of distortion image processing, the gray value of the corrected image is changed into integer with bilinear interpolation. Finally, the experiments are performed to correct two distorted printed circuit board images. The results are perfect and the mean square errors of residual error are tiny.

Select

A new finite-dimensional thermal coherent state and its Wigner distribution function Meng Xiang-Guo, Wang Ji-Suo, Liang Bao-Long 2011, 20 (1):  014204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014204 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (785KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper constructs a new type of finite-dimensional thermal coherent states (FDTCS), which differs from the proceeding thermal coherent state in construction, as realisations of SU(2) Lie algebra. Using the technique of integration within an ordered product of operator, it investigates the orthonormality and completeness relation of the FDTCS. Based on the thermal Wigner operator in the thermal entangled state representation, the Wigner function of the FDTCS is obtained. The nonclassical properties of the FDTCS are discussed in terms of the negativity of its Wigner function.

Select

Mechanical effects of light on the Ξ-type three-level atom in a high-finesse optical cavity Liu Li-Wei, Tan Lei, Huang Gang 2011, 20 (1):  014205.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014205 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1024KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A theoretical study is carried out for the modification and implication of the effect on the Ξ-type three level atom in a high-finesse optical cavity driven by light field including spontaneous emission and the cavity decay. Analytic expressions for the dipole force, the friction force, the optical potentials and the friction coefficient are obtained. Then the numerical and graphical methods are used to investigate the friction coefficient with the controlling parameters. It is shown that the friction coefficient is strongly dependent on the controlling parameters. The cooling rate can increase by one order of magnitude more than that of a two-level atomic system. The reason can be given using the dressed states and the Sisyphus cooling mechanism, which would stimulate further experimental investigations.

Select

Simultaneous measurements of global vibrational spectra and dephasing times of molecular vibrational modes by broadband time-resolved coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectrography Yin Jun, Yu Ling-Yao, Liu Xing, Wan Hui, Lin Zi-Yang, Niu Han-Ben 2011, 20 (1):  014206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014206 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (693KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy with supercontinuum (SC), the simultaneously detectable spectral coverage is limited by the spectral continuity and the simultaneity of various spectral components of SC in an enough bandwidth. By numerical simulations, the optimal experimental conditions for improving the SC are obtained. The broadband time-resolved CARS spectrography based on the SC with required temporal and spectral distributions is realised. The global molecular vibrational spectrum with well suppressed nonresonant background noise can be obtained in a single measurement. At the same time, the measurements of dephasing times of various molecular vibrational modes can be conveniently achieved from intensities of a sequence of time-resolved CARS signals. It will be more helpful to provide a complete picture of molecular vibrations, and to exhibit a potential to understand not only both the solvent dynamics and the solute-solvent interactions, but also the mechanisms of chemical reactions in the fields of biology, chemistry and material science.

Select

Long- and short-term average intensity for multi-Gaussian beam with a common axis in turbulence Chu Xiu-Xiang 2011, 20 (1):  014207.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014207 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (311KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   With the help of the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle and the short-term mutual coherence function, the analytical formula of short-term average intensity for multi-Gaussian beam (MGB) in the turbulent atmosphere has been derived. The intensity in the absence of turbulence and the long-term average intensity in turbulence can both also be expressed in this formula. As special cases, comparisons among short-term average intensity, long-term average intensity, and the intensity in the absence of turbulence for flat topped beam and annular beam are carried out. The effects of the order of MGB, propagation distance and aperture radius on beam spreading are analysed and discussed in detail.

Select

Numerical investigation of multi-beam laser heterodyne measurement with ultra-precision for linear expansion coefficient of metal based on oscillating mirror modulation Li Yan-Chao, Wang Chun-Hui, Qu Yang, Gao Long, Cong Hai-Fang, Yang Yan-Ling, Gao Jie, Wang Ao-You 2011, 20 (1):  014208.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014208 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (301KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper proposes a novel method of multi-beam laser heterodyne measurement for metal linear expansion coefficient. Based on the Doppler effect and heterodyne technology, the information is loaded of length variation to the frequency difference of the multi-beam laser heterodyne signal by the frequency modulation of the oscillating mirror, this method can obtain many values of length variation caused by temperature variation after the multi-beam laser heterodyne signal demodulation simultaneously. Processing these values by weighted-average, it can obtain length variation accurately, and eventually obtain the value of linear expansion coefficient of metal by the calculation. This novel method is used to simulate measurement for linear expansion coefficient of metal rod under different temperatures by MATLAB, the obtained result shows that the relative measurement error of this method is just 0.4%.

Select

Band gap control of phononic beam with negative capacitance piezoelectric shunt Chen Sheng-Bing, Wen Ji-Hong, Yu Dian-Long, Wang Gang, Wen Xi-Sen 2011, 20 (1):  014301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014301 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (902KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Periodic arrays of negative capacitance shunted piezoelectric patches are employed to control the band gaps of phononic beams. The location and the extent of induced band gap depend on the mismatch in impedance generated by each patch. The total impedance mismatch is determined by the added mass and stiffness of each patch as well as the shunting electrical impedance. Therefore, the band gap of the shunted phononic beam can be actively tuned by appropriately selecting the value of negative capacitance. The control of the band gap of phononic beam with negative capacitive shunt is demonstrated numerically by employing transfer matrix method. The result reveals that using negative capacitive shunt to tune the band gap is effective.

Select

Influence of adhesive layer properties on laser-generated ultrasonic waves in thin bonded plates Sun Hong-Xiang, Xu Bai-Qiang, Zhang Hua, Gao Qian, Zhang Shu-Yi 2011, 20 (1):  014302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014302 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (458KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper studies quantitatively the generation of Lamb waves in thin bonded plates subjected to laser illumination, after considering the viscoelasticity of the adhesive layer. The displacements of such plates have been calculated in the frequency domain by using the finite element method, and the time domain response has been reconstructed by applying an inverse fast Fourier transform. Numerical results are presented showing the normal surface displacement for several configurations: a single aluminum plate, a three-layer bonded plate, and a two-layer plate. The characteristics of the laser-generated Lamb waves for each particular case have been investigated. In addition, the sensitivity of the transient responses to variations of material properties (elastic modulus, viscoelastic modulus, and thickness) of the adhesive layer has been studied in detail.

Select

A novel macroscopic traffic model based on generalized optimal velocity model Zhou Xuan-Hao, Lü Yong-Zai 2011, 20 (1):  014501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014501 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (284KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, we adopt the coarse graining method proposed by Lee H K et al. to develop a macroscopic model from the microscopic traffic model-GOVM. The proposed model inherits the parameter p which considers the influence of next-nearest car introduced in the GOVM model. The simulation results show that the new model is strictly consistent with the former microscopic model. Using this macroscopic model, we can avoid considering the details of each traffic on the road, and build more complex models such as road network model easily in the future.

Select

Anisotropic character of atoms in a two-dimensional Frenkel–Kontorova model Wang Cang-Long, Duan Wen-Shan, Chen Jian-Min, Shi Yu-Ren 2011, 20 (1):  014601.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014601 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1786KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The dynamics of a certain density of interacting atoms arranged on a two-dimensional square lattice, which is made to slide over a two-dimensional periodic substrate potential with also the quare lattice symmetry, in the presence of dissipation, by an externally applied driving force, is studied. By rotating the misfit angle θ, the dynamical behaviour displays two different tribological regimes: one is smooth, the other becomes intermittent. We comment both on the nature of the atomic dynamics in the locked-to-sliding transition, and on the dynamical states displayed during the atom motion at different values of the driving force. In tribological applications, we also investigate how the main model parameters such as the stiffness strength and the magnitude of the adhesive force affect the static friction of the system. In particular, our simulation indicates that the superlubricity will appear.

Select

Effect of E × B electron drift and plasma discharge in dc magnetron sputtering plasma Sankar Moni Borah, Arup Ratan Pal, Heremba Bailung, Joyanti Chutia 2011, 20 (1):  014701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/014701 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1263KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Study of electron drift velocity caused by E×B motion is done with the help of a Mach probe in a dc cylindrical magnetron sputtering system at different plasma discharge parameters like discharge voltage, gas pressure and applied magnetic field strength. The interplay of the electron drift with the different discharge parameters has been investigated. Strong radial variation of the electron drift velocity is observed and is found to be maximum near the cathode and it decreases slowly with the increase of radial distance from the cathode. The sheath electric field, E measured experimentally from potential profile curve using an emissive probe is contributed to the observed radial variation of the electron drift velocity. The measured values of the drift velocities are also compared with the values from the conventional theory using the experimental values of electric and magnetic fields. This study of the drift velocity variation is helpful in providing a useful insight for determining the discharge conditions and parameters for sputter deposition of thin film.

PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES

Select

Numerical studies of surface and bulk modes in attenuated total reflection spectra Yan Bao-Rong, Lü Jian-Hong, Kong Ling-Hua, Hu Xi-Wei 2011, 20 (1):  015101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1564KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The dispersion relations of normal modes in the layered constructions are studied. In the frequency region with negative permittivity, we investigate the normal modes near the air–metal and the air–matematerial interfaces and compare them. An extra bulk mode appearing in a pass band of two media is found near the air–matematerial interface, which is different from the air--metal case. Moreover, the bulk mode will be further proved by the attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique, in which the coupling between the incident electromagnetic waves and the normal modes is studied. For p-polarized incident waves, the ATR spectra based on the Otto and the Kretschmann configurations are obtained numerically, where the dips present the excitations of the surface and bulk modes. Furthermore, we also discuss the influences of the middle layer thickness, the incident angle and the damping term on the reflection in detail. It is found that the coupling frequencies and the maximum strength are strongly dependent on the above media parameters.

Select

Concentric-ring structures in an atmospheric pressure helium dielectric barrier discharge Shang Wan-Li, Zhang Yuan-Tao, Wang De-Zhen, Sang Chao-Feng, Jiang Shao-En, Yang Jia-Min, Liu Shen-Ye, M. G. Kong 2011, 20 (1):  015201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2944KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper performs a numerical simulation of concentric-ring discharge structures within the scope of a two-dimensional diffusion–drift model at atmospheric pressure between two parallel circular electrodes covered with thin dielectric layers. With a relative high frequency the discharge structures present different appearances of ring structures within different radii in time due to the evolvement of the filaments. The spontaneous electron density distributions help understanding the formation and development of self-organized discharge structures. During a cycle the electron avalanches are triggered by the electric field strengthened by the feeding voltage and the residual charged particles on the barrier surface deposited in the previous discharges. The accumulation of charges is shown to play a dominant role in the generation and annihilation of the discharge structures. Besides, the rings split and unify to bring and annihilate rings which form a new discharge structure.

Select

Analysis of Ar line spectra from indirectly-driven implosion experiments on SGII facility Pu Yu-Dong, Zhang Ji-Yan, Yang Jia-Min, Huang Tian-Xuan, Ding Yong-Kun 2011, 20 (1):  015202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015202 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (590KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper reports on the indirectly-driven implosion experiments on SGII laser facility in which Ar emission spectrum from Ar-doped D-filled plastic capsule is recorded with the crystal spectrometer. Spectral features of Ar Heβ line and its associated satellites are analysed to extract the electron temperature and density of the implosion core. Non local thermal equilibrium (NLTE) collisional-radiative atomic kinetics and Strark broadening line shape are included in the present calculation. By comparing the calculated spectrum with the measured one, the core electron temperature and density are inferred to be 700 eV and 2.5×1023 cm-3 respectively. With these inferred values of electron temperature and density, neutron yield can be estimated to agree with the measured value in magnitude despite of the very simple model used for the estimation.

Select

Dynamical behaviour of transverse plasmons in pair plasmas Liu San-Qiu, Liu Yong, Li Xiao-Qing 2011, 20 (1):  015203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015203 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (203KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper analytically investigates the nonlinear behaviour of transverse plasmons in pair plasmas on the basis of the nonlinear governing equations obtained from Vlasov–Maxwell equations. It shows that high frequency transverse plasmons are modulationally unstable with respect to the uniform state of the pair plasma. Such an instability would cause wave field collapse into a localized region. During the collapse process, ponderomotive expulsion is greatly enhanced for the increase of wave field strength, leading to the formation of localized density cavitons which are significant for the future experimental research in the interaction between high frequency electromagnetic waves and pair plasmas.

Select

Control of plasmonic wave propagating in nanocavity with tooth-shaped configuration Li Xu-Feng, Pan Shi, Guo Ying-Nan, Wang Qiao 2011, 20 (1):  015204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015204 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1242KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Characteristics of plasmonic wave propagating in nanocavity formed by two silver films are studied numerically. The groove etched inside wall of the top film makes it possible to control the propagation when light goes through the top film along a nanoslit into the cavity. It is found that the transmission wave through the channel of groove etched side can be filtered linearly with the groove of a certain depth; while the other side is still open for this wave and its intensity can be enhanced periodically with the variable groove position in both films, which are explained well based on the interference of plasmonic waves in the system.

Select

Investigation on the resonance phenomena of multi-solitons for the (3+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation Shi Yu-Ren, Zhang Juan, Yang Hong-Juan, Duan Wen-Shan, Karl E. Lonngren 2011, 20 (1):  015205.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015205 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (721KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, we theoretically investigate the four-soliton interaction and their resonance phenomena of the (3+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation. We find that the maximum amplitude of the resonantly created soliton can be 16 times that of one of the four equi-amplitude initial interacting solitons. We also find that the maximum amplitude can only be 4 times the initial soliton amplitude when the resonance phenomena does not take place. The case of four solitons with different amplitudes also has been studied analytically. The results indicate that the resonance phenomena still exists in this case. Numerical results confirm the theoretical predictions.

Select

Suppression of multiple ion bunches and generation of monoenergetic ion beams in laser foil-plasma Zhang Shan, Xie Bai-Song, Hong Xue-Ren, Wu Hai-Cheng, Aimierding Aimidula, Zhao Xue-Yan, Liu Ming-Ping 2011, 20 (1):  015206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015206 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (772KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, this paper shows that the formation of multiple ion bunches is disadvantageous to the generation of monoenergetic ion beams and can be suppressed by choosing an optimum target thickness in the radiation pressure acceleration mechanism by a circularly polarised laser pulse. As the laser pulse becomes intense, the optimum target thickness obtained by a non-relativistic treatment is no longer adequate. Considering the relativistic Doppler-shifted pressure, it proposes a relativistic formulation to determine the optimum target thickness. The theoretical predictions agree with the simulation results well. The model is also valid for two-dimensional cases. The accelerated ion beams can be compelled to be more stable by choosing the optimum target thickness when they exhibit some unstable behaviours.

Select

Diagnosis of a low pressure capacitively coupled argon plasma by using a simple collisional-radiative model Yu Yi-Qing, Xin Yu, Ning Zhao-Yuan 2011, 20 (1):  015207.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/015207 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (272KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper proposes a simple collisional-radiative model to characterise capacitively coupled argon plasmas driven by conventional radio frequency in combination with optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe measurements. Two major processes are considered in this model, electron-impact excitation and the spontaneous radiative decay. The diffusion loss term, which is found to be important for the two metastable states (4s[3/2]2, 4s'[1/2]0), is also taken into account. Behaviours of representative metastable and radiative states are discussed. Two emission lines (located at 696.5 nm and 750.4 nm) are selected and intensities are measured to obtain populated densities of the corresponding radiative states in the argon plasma. The calculated results agree well with that measured by Langmuir probe, indicating that the current model combined with optical emission spectroscopy is a candidate tool for electron density and temperature measurement in radio frequency capacitively coupled discharges.

CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES

Select

Structures and luminescence properties of Yb3+ in the double perovskites Ba2YB'O6 (B'=Ta5+, Nb5+) phosphors Zhou Wen-Long, Zhang Qing-Li, Gao Jin-Yun, Liu Wen-Peng, Ding Li-Hua, Yin Shao-Tang 2011, 20 (1):  016101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/016101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (830KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The Yb3+ doped Ba2YB'O6 (B'=Ta5+, Nb5+) were prepared by high temperature solid-state reaction method, their structures were determined by x-ray diffraction and refined by Rietveld method. The diffuse reflection absorption, excitation and emission spectra of Yb3+:Ba2YB'O6 (B'=,Ta5+, Nb5+) were measured at room temperature. Under the excitation of ultraviolet light, these phosphors exhibit broad charge transfer band emissions of TaO6 or NbO6 centre with large Stokes shift. The Yb3+ doped into these hosts are situated at Y3+ sites of cubic symmetry (Oh). The experimental energy levels of Yb3+ in Ba2YTaO6 and Ba2YNbO6 were determined by photoluminescence and diffuse reflection absorption spectra. Their wavefunctions and theoretical energy levels were obtained by diagonalising the Hamiltonian matrix. The experimental energy levels were fitted by Levenberg–Marquardt iteration algorithm to determine crystal field parameters. Then, the magnetic-pole transition line strengths of Yb3+:Ba2YB'O6(B'=Ta5+, Nb5+) from (2F5/2)Γ8- to the low-energy states were calculated.

Select

A continuous analytic channel potential solution to doped symmetric double-gate MOSFETs from the accumulation to the strong-inversion region He Jin, Liu Feng, Zhou Xing-Ye, Zhang Jian, Zhang Li-Ning 2011, 20 (1):  016102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/016102 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (589KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A continuous yet analytic channel potential solution is proposed for doped symmetric double-gate (DG) MOSFETs from the accumulation to the strong-inversion region. Analytical channel potential relationship is derived from the complete 1-D Poisson equation physically, and the channel potential solution of the DG MOSFET is obtained analytically. The extensive comparisons between the presented solution and the numerical simulation illustrate that the solution is not only accurate and continuous in the whole operation regime of DG MOSFETs, but also valid to wide doping concentration and various geometrical sizes, without employing any fitting parameter.

Select

Structural transition, dielectric and bonding properties of BeCN2 Gou Hui-Yang, Gao Fa-Ming, Zhang Jing-Wu, Li Zhi-Ping 2011, 20 (1):  016201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/016201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1454KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   By means of first principle total energy calculations, this paper studies the structural transition, elastic, mechanical, dielectric and electronic properties of BeCN2. The calculations in total energy indicate that under ambient condition, the orthorhombic BeSiN2-type BeCN2 (space group Pna21) is a more favoured structure than the tetragonal chalcopyrite-type one (space group I-42d). The results of elastic properties reveal that BeCN2 in both orthorhombic and tetragonal structure has higher bulk and shear moduli and smaller Poisson's ratio. The calculated Vicker hardness of tetragonal phase is 36.8 GPa, indicating a hard material. The analyses of electronic structure and electron density difference demonstrate that these excellent mechanical properties are attributed to the stronger covalent-bonding of CN4 and BeN4 subunits in BeCN2 crystal. Also, the orthorhombic BeCN2 phase is found to be a transparent semiconductor material with the calculated direct band gap of about 5.56 eV, superior to the indirect band gap of diamond and c-BN. Moreover, it also calculates Born effective charges and dielectric constants of BeCN2. These results suggest that BeCN2 may have some useful applications as optoelectronic, optical window and wear resistant materials.

Select

Experimental investigation of evaporative cooling mixture of bosonic 87Rb and fermionic 40K atoms with microwave and radio frequency radiation Wang Peng-Jun, Xiong De-Zhi, Fu Zheng-Kun, Zhang Jing 2011, 20 (1):  016701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/016701 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2620KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We investigate sympathetic cooling fermions 40K by evaporatively cooling bosonic 87Rb atoms in a magnetic trap with microwave and radio frequency induced evaporations in detail. The mixture of bosonic and fermionic atoms is prepared in their polarized spin states |F=9/2, mF=9/2> for 40K and |F=2, mF=2> for 87Rb, which is trapped in Quadrupole–Ioffe–Configuration trap. Comparing microwave with radio frequency evaporatively cooling bosonic 87Rb atoms with sympathetically cooling Fermi gas 40K, we find that the presence of rubidium atoms in the |2,1> Zeeman states, which are generated in the evaporative process, gives rise to a significant loss of 40K due to inelastic collisions. Thus, the rubidium atoms populated in the |2, 1> Zeeman states should be removed in order to effectively perform sympathetically cooling 40K with the evaporatively cooled 87Rb atoms.

Select

A new method for the determination of surface tension from molecular dynamics simulations applied to liquid droplets Zhu Ru-Zeng, Yan Hong 2011, 20 (1):  016801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/016801 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (274KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   For the determination of surface tension of liquid droplets by molecular dynamics simulations, the most time-consuming part is the calculation of pressure tensor in the transition layer, which makes it difficult to enhance the precision of the computation. A new method for the calculation of surface tension of liquid droplets to reduce the calculation quantity of pressure tensor in transition layer to the minimum is proposed in this paper. Two thousand particles are taken as example to show how to carry out our scheme.

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Select

First-principles calculation of electronic structure of MgxZn1-xO codoped with aluminium and nitrogen Zhang Ming, Zhang Chuan-Hui, Shen Jiang 2011, 20 (1):  017101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (707KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Aiming at developing p-type semiconductors and modulating the band gap for photoelectronic devices and band engineering, we present the ab initio numerical simulation of the effect of codoping ZnO with Al, N and Mg on the crystal lattice and electronic structure. The simulations are based on the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof generalised-gradient approximation in density functional theory. Results indicate that electrons close to the Fermi level transfer effectively when Al, Mg, and N replace Zn and O atoms, and the theoretical results were consistent with the experiments. The addition of Mg leads to the variation of crystal lattice, expanse of energy band, and change of band gap. These unusual properties are explained in terms of the computed electronic structure, and the results show promise for the development of next-generation photoconducting devices in optoelectronic information science and technology.

Select

Electronic structures and thermodynamic stabilities of aluminum-based deuterides from first principles calculations Ye Xiao-Qiu, Luo De-Li, Sang Ge, Ao Bing-Yun 2011, 20 (1):  017102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017102 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1080KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The alanates (complex aluminohydrides) have relatively high gravimetric hydrogen densities and are among the most promising solid-state hydrogen-storage materials. In this work, the electronic structures and the formation enthalpies of seven typical aluminum-based deuterides have been calculated by the plane-wave pseudopotential method, these being AlD3, LiAlD4, Li3AlD6, BaAlD5, Ba2AlD7, LiMg(AlD4)3 and LiMgAlD6. The results show that all these compounds are large band gap insulators at 0 K with estimated band gaps from 2.31 eV in AlD3 to 4.96 eV in LiMg(AlD4)3. The band gaps are reduced when the coordination of Al varies from 4 to 6. Two peaks present in the valence bands are the common characteristics of aluminum-based deuterides containing AlD4 subunits while three peaks are the common characteristics of those containing AlD6 subunits. The electronic structures of these compounds are determined mainly by aluminum deuteride complexes (AlD4 or AlD6) and their mutual interactions. The predicted formation enthalpies are presented for the studied aluminum-based deuterides.

Select

First-principles study of metallic carbon nanotubes with boron/nitrogen co-doping Chen Ling-Na, Ma Song-Shan, OuYang Fang-Ping, Xiao Jin, Xu Hui 2011, 20 (1):  017103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017103 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (747KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Using the first-principles calculations, we investigate the electronic band structure and the quantum transport properties of metallic carbon nanotubes (MCNTs) with B/N pair co-doping. The results about formation energy show that the B/N pair co-doping configuration is a most stable structure. We find that the electronic structure and the transport properties are very sensitive to the doping concentration of the B/N pairs in MCNTs, where the energy gaps increase with doping concentration increasing both along the tube axis and around the tube, because the mirror symmetry of MCNT is broken by doping B/N pairs. In addition, we discuss conductance dips of the transmission spectrum of doped MCNTs. These unconventional doping effects could be used to design novel nanoelectronic devices.

Select

Transport properties of a ladder with two random dimer chains Hu Dong-Sheng, Zhu Chen-Ping, Zhang Yong-Mei 2011, 20 (1):  017104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017104 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1453KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We investigate the transport properties of a ladder with two random dimer (RD) chains. It is found that there are two extended states in the ladder with identical RD chains and a critical state regarded as an extended state in the ladder with pairing RD chains. Such a critical state is caused by the chiral symmetry. The ladder with identical RD chains can be decoupled into two isolated RD chains and the ladder with pairing RD chains can not. The analytic expressions of the extended states are presented for the ladder with identical RD chains.

Select

Monte Carlo study of single-barrier structure based on exclusion model full counting statistics Chen Hua, Du Lei, Qu Cheng-Li, He Liang, Chen Wen-Hao, Sun Peng 2011, 20 (1):  017201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (241KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Different from the usual full counting statistics theoretical work that focuses on the higher order cumulants computation by using cumulant generating function in electrical structures, Monte Carlo simulation of single-barrier structure is performed to obtain time series for two types of widely applicable exclusion models, counter-flows model, and tunnel model. With high-order spectrum analysis of Matlab, the validation of Monte Carlo methods is shown through the extracted first four cumulants from the time series, which are in agreement with those from cumulant generating function. After the comparison between the counter-flows model and the tunnel model in a single barrier structure, it is found that the essential difference between them consists in the strictly holding of Pauli principle in the former and in the statistical consideration of Pauli principle in the latter.

Select

Detailed analysis of ultrathin fluorescent red dye interlayer for organic photovoltaic cells Zang Yue, Yu Jun-Sheng, Wang Na-Na, Jiang Ya-Dong 2011, 20 (1):  017202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017202 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1115KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The influence of an ultrathin 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) fluorescent dye layer at donor/acceptor heterojunction on the performance of small-molecule organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell is studied. The structure of OPV cell is of indium-tin oxide (ITO)/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/DCJTB/fullerene (C60)/bathophenanthroline (Bphen)/Ag. The results show that open circuit voltage (VOC) increases to 0.57 V as the film thickness of DCJTB layer increases from 0.2 to 2.0 nm. By using an equivalent circuit model, the enhancement of VOC is found to be attributed to the reduced reverse saturation current density (JS) which is due to the lower highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level in DCJTB than that in CuPc. Also, the short circuit current density (JSC) is affected when the DCJTB layer becomes thicker, resulting from the high series resistance RSA due to the low charge carrier mobility of fluorescent red dye.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Select

Development and characteristic analysis of a field-plated Al2O3/AlInN/GaN MOS–HEMT Mao Wei, Yang Cui, Hao Yao, Zhang Jin-Cheng, Liu Hong-Xia, Bi Zhi-Wei, Xu Sheng-Rui, Xue Jun-Shuai, Ma Xiao-Hua, Wang Chong, Yang Lin-An, Zhang Jin-Feng, Kuang Xian-Wei 2011, 20 (1):  017203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017203 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (823KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We present an AlInN/AlN/GaN MOS–HEMT with a 3 nm ultra-thin atomic layer deposition (ALD) Al2O3 dielectric layer and a 0.3 μm field-plate (FP)-MOS–HEMT. Compared with a conventional AlInN/AlN/GaN HEMT (HEMT) with the same dimensions, a FP-MOS–HEMT with a 0.6 μm gate length exhibits an improved maximum drain current of 1141 mA/mm, an improved peak extrinsic transconductance of 325 mS/mm and effective suppression of gate leakage in both the reverse direction (by about one order of magnitude) and the forward direction (by more than two orders of magnitude). Moreover, the peak extrinsic transconductance of the FP-MOS–HEMT is slightly larger than that of the HEMT, indicating an exciting improvement of transconductance performance. The sharp transition from depletion to accumulation in the capacitance–voltage (C–V) curve of the FP-MOS–HEMT demonstrates a high-quality interface of Al2O3/AlInN. In addition, a large off-state breakdown voltage of 133 V, a high field-plate efficiency of 170 V/μ m and a negligible double-pulse current collapse is achieved in the FP-MOS–HEMT. This is attributed to the adoption of an ultra-thin Al2O3 gate dielectric and also of a field-plate on the dielectric of an appropriate thickness. The results show a great potential application of the ultra-thin ALD-Al2O3 FP-MOS–HEMT to deliver high currents and power densities in high power microwave technologies.

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Select

Internal quantum efficiency drop induced by the heat generation inside of light emitting diodes (LEDs) Chen Yi-Xin, Shen Guang-Di, Guo Wei-Ling, Xu Chen, Li Jian-Jun 2011, 20 (1):  017204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017204 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (651KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The reasons for low output power of AlGaInP Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have been analysed. LEDs with AlGaInP material have high internal but low external quantum efficiency and much heat generated inside especially at a large injected current which would reduce both the internal and external quantum efficiencies. Two kinds of LEDs with the same active region but different window layers have been fabricated. The new window layer composed of textured 0.5 μm GaP and thin Indium-Tin-Oxide film has shown that low external quantum efficiency (EQE) has serious impaction on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE), because the carrier distribution will change with the body temperature increasing due to the heat inside, and the test results have shown the evidence of LEDs with lower output power and bigger wavelength red shift.

Select

Two-dimensional analytical models for asymmetric fully depleted double-gate strained silicon MOSFETs Liu Hong-Xia, Li Jin, Li Bin, Cao Lei, Yuan Bo 2011, 20 (1):  017301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017301 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (935KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper develops the simple and accurate two-dimensional analytical models for new asymmetric double-gate fully depleted strained-Si MOSFET. The models mainly include the analytical equations of the surface potential, surface electric field and threshold voltage, which are derived by solving two dimensional Poisson equation in strained-Si layer. The models are verified by numerical simulation. Besides offering the physical insight into device physics in the model, the new structure also provides the basic designing guidance for further immunity of short channel effect and drain-induced barrier-lowering of CMOS-based devices in nanometre scale.

Select

Effect of vacancy defect on electrical properties of chiral single-walled carbon nanotube under external electrical field Luo Yu-Pin, Tien Li-Gan, Tsai Chuen-Horng, Lee Ming-Hsien, Li Feng-Yin 2011, 20 (1):  017302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017302 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (941KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Ab initio calculations demonstrated that the energy gap modulation of a chiral carbon nanotube with mono-vacancy defect can be achieved by applying a transverse electric field. The bandstructure of this defective carbon nanotube varying due to the external electric field is distinctly different from those of the perfect nanotube and defective zigzag nanotube. This variation in bandstructure strongly depends on not only the chirality of the nanotube and also the applied direction of the transverse electric field. A mechanism is proposed to explain the response of the local energy gap between the valence band maximum state and the local gap state under external electric field. Several potential applications of these phenomena are discussed.

Select

Electronic transport through a quantum ring coupled to ferromagnetic leads Chi Feng, Sun Lian-Liang, Huang Ling, Zhao Jia 2011, 20 (1):  017303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017303 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1729KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We study the spin-dependent transport through a one-dimensional quantum ring with taking both the Rashba spin–orbit coupling (RSOC) and ferromagnetic leads into consideration. The linear conductance is obtained by the Green's function method. We find that due to the quantum interference effect arising from the RSOC-induced spin precession phase and the difference in travelling phase between the two arms of the ring, the conductance becomes spin-polarized even in the antiparallel magnetic configuration of the two leads, which is different from the case in single conduction channel system. The linear conductance, the spin polarization and the tunnel magnetoresistance are periodic functions of the two phases, and can be efficiently tuned by the structure parameters.

Select

Improved performance of 4H-SiC metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors with step p-buffer layer Deng Xiao-Chuan, Zhang Bo, Zhang You-Run, Wang Yi, Li Zhao-Ji 2011, 20 (1):  017304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017304 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (602KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   An improved 4H-SiC metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) with step p-buffer layer is proposed, and the static and dynamic electrical performances are analysed in this paper. A step p-buffer layer has been applied not only to increase the channel current, but also to improve the transconductance. This is due to the fact that the variation in p-buffer layer depth leads to the decrease in parasitic series resistance resulting from the change in the active channel thickness and modulation in the electric field distribution inside the channel. Detailed numerical simulations demonstrate that the saturation drain current and the maximum theoretical output power density of the proposed structure are about 30% and 37% larger than those of the conventional structure. The cut-off frequency and the maximum oscillation frequency of the proposed MESFETs are 14.5 and 62 GHz, respectively, which are higher than that of the conventional structure. Therefore, the 4H-SiC MESFETs with step p-buffer layer have superior direct-current and radio-frequency performances compared to the similar devices based on the conventional structure.

Select

Investigation of resistive switching behaviours in WO3-based RRAM devices Li Ying-Tao, Long Shi-Bing, Lü Hang-Bing, Liu Qi, Wang Qin, Wang Yan, Zhang Sen, Lian Wen-Tai, Liu Su, Liu Ming 2011, 20 (1):  017305.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017305 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2008KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, a WO3-based resistive random access memory device composed of a thin film of WO3 sandwiched between a copper top and a platinum bottom electrodes is fabricated by electron beam evaporation at room temperature. The reproducible resistive switching, low power consumption, multilevel storage possibility, and good data retention characteristics demonstrate that the Cu/WO3/Pt memory device is very promising for future nonvolatile memory applications. The formation and rupture of localised conductive filaments is suggested to be responsible for the observed resistive switching behaviours.

Select

Performance improvement in pentacene organic thin film transistors by inserting a C60 ultrathin layer Sun Qin-Jun, Xu Zheng, Zhao Su-Ling, Zhang Fu-Jun, Gao Li-Yan 2011, 20 (1):  017306.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017306 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (480KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The contact effect on the performances of organic thin film transistors is studied here. A C60 ultrathin layer is inserted between Al source–drain electrode and pentacene to reduce the contact resistance. By a 3 nm C60 modification, the injection barrier is lowered and the contact resistance is reduced. Thus, the field-effect mobility increases from 0.12 to 0.52 cm2/(V·s). It means that inserting a C60 ultra thin layer is a good method to improve the organic thin film transistor (OTFT) performance. The output curve is simulated by using a charge drift model. Considering the contact effect, the field effect mobility is improved to 1.15 cm2/(V·s). It indicates that further reducing the contact resistance of OTFTs should be carried out.

Select

Shot noise of the spin inelastic tunneling through a quantum dot with single molecule-magnet Chang Bo, Liang Jiu-Qing 2011, 20 (1):  017307.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017307 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (949KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We have studied the quantum fluctuations of inelastic spin-electron scattering in quantum dot with an embedded biaxial single molecule-magnet and particularly investigated the zero-frequency shot noise and Fano factor in different magnetic fields. It is found that the shot noise and Fano factor exhibit a stepwise behaviour as bias increases in the presence of interaction between the electron and molecule-magnet for a weak magnetic field. As magnetic field becomes strong, a dip is displayed in the shot-noise-bias curve due to the suppression of inelastic shot noise caused by the quantum tunneling of magnetisation. Because of the spontaneous inelastic tunneling at zero bias, a small shot noise occurs, which results in the case of Fano factor F >> 1. Moreover, our results show that the sweeping speed can also influence the shot noise and Fano factor obviously.

Select

Multilayer transition in a spin-1 Blume–Capel model with RKKY interaction and quantum transverse anisotropy N. Tahiri, H. Ez-Zahraouy, A. Benyoussef 2011, 20 (1):  017501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017501 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (304KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Using mean-field theory, we have studied the effect of quantum transverse anisotropies with RKKY interaction on the multi-layer transition and magnetic properties of the spin-1 Blume–Capel model of a system formed by two magnetic multi-layer materials, of different thicknesses, separated by a non-magnetic spacer of thickness M. It is found that the multilayer magnetic order--disorder transition temperature depends strongly on the value of the transverse anisotropy. The multilayer transition temperature decreases when increasing the transverse anisotropy. Furthermore, there exists a critical quantum transverse anisotropy ΔxL beyond which the separate transitions occur in the two magnetic layers. The critical transverse anisotropy ΔxL decreases (increases) on increasing the non-magnetic spacer of thickness M (on increasing the crystal field), and ΔxL undergoes oscillations as a function of the Fermi level.

Select

Analyses of crystal field and exchange interaction of Dy3Ga5O12 under extreme conditions Wang Wei, Qi Xin, Yue Yuan 2011, 20 (1):  017502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017502 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (279KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper theoretically investigates the effects of crystal field and exchange interaction field on magnetic properties in dysprosium gallium garnet under extreme conditions (low temperatures and high magnetic fields) based on quantum theory. Here, five sets of crystal field parameters are discussed and compared. It demonstrates that, only considering the crystal field effect, the experiments can not be successfully explained. Thus, referring to the molecular field theory, an effective exchange field associated with the Dy–Dy exchange interaction is further taken into account. Under special consideration of crystal field and the exchange interaction field, it obtains an excellent agreement between the theoretical results and experiments, and further confirms that the exchange interaction field between rare-earth ions has great importance to magnetic properties in paramagnetic rare-earth gallium garnets.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Select

Two-dimensional quantum compass model in a staggered field: some rigorous results He Pei-Song, You Wen-Long, Tian Guang-Shan 2011, 20 (1):  017503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017503 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (414KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We study the properties of the two-dimensional quantum compass model in a staggered field. Using the Perron–Fröbenius theorem and the reflection positivity method, we rigorously determine the low energy spectrum of this model and its global ground state Ψ0. Furthermore, we show that Ψ0 has a directional long-range order.

CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Select

Multiband terahertz metamaterial absorber Gu Chao, Qu Shao-Bo, Pei Zhi-Bin, Xu Zhuo, Liu Jia, Gu Wei 2011, 20 (1):  017801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017801 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1181KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper reports the design of a multiband metamaterial (MM) absorber in the terahertz region. Theoretical and simulated results show that the absorber has four distinct and strong absorption points at 1.69, 2.76, 3.41 and 5.06 THz, which are consistent with `fingerprints' of some explosive materials. The retrieved material parameters show that the impedance of MM could be tuned to match approximately the impedance of the free space to minimise the reflectance at absorption frequencies and large power loss exists at absorption frequencies. The distribution of the power loss indicates that the absorber is an excellent electromagnetic wave collector: the wave is first trapped and reinforced in certain specific locations and then consumed. This multiband absorber has applications in the detection of explosives and materials characterisation.

Select

An investigation on the magneto-optic properties of terbium gallium garnet under high magnetic field Yang Guo, Zhang Guo-Ying, Gao Jiao, Xue Liu-Ping, Xia Tian, Zhang Xue-Long 2011, 20 (1):  017802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017802 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (232KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The superexchange interaction on a magnetic ion may be represented by an effective field Hm = λM in some paramagnetic materials, here λ is the coefficient of effective field and M = χHe with χ being the magnetic susceptibility and He being the applied field. The variation of the equivalent λχ with the dynamic applied field is given and the crystal field-splitting levels of the excited configuration 4f75d1 of the Tb3+ ion are calculated in the Tb3Ga5O12. By means of the effective field Hm and the applied field He, the Faraday rotation of Tb3Ga5O12 at 6 K and 41 K, under the high magnetic field and at 0.63 μm wavelength, are presented. Our calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data.

Select

Optical parameters of Nd3+:Er3+:Yb3+ co-doped borosilicate glasses and their energy transfers at high temperature Li Cheng-Ren, Li Shu-Feng, Dong Bin, Cheng Yu-Qi, Yin Hai-Tao, Yang Jing, Chen Yu 2011, 20 (1):  017803.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017803 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (724KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper reports that a series of Nd3+:Er3+:Yb3+ co-doped borosilicate glasses have been prepared and their absorption spectra measured. The J–O intensity parameters Ωk (k=2, 4, 6), spontaneous radiative lifetime τrad, spontaneous transition probability A, fluorescence branching ratio β and oscillator strength fed of the Nd3+ ions at room temperature are calculated based on Judd–Ofelt (J–O) theory. The temperature dependence of the up-conversion photoluminescence characteristics in a Nd3+:Er3+:Yb3+ co-doped sample is studied under a 978 nm semiconductor laser excitation, and the energy transfer mechanisms among Yb3+, Er3+ and Nd3+ ions are analysed. The results show that the J–O intensity parameters Ω2 increase when the Nd3+ concentration of the Nd3+:Er3+:Yb3+ co-doped borosilicate glasses increases. The possibility of spontaneous transition is small and lifetimes are long at levels of 4F5/2 and 4F3/2. The intensity of Nd3+ emissions at 595, 691, 753, 813 and 887 nm are markedly enhanced when the sample temperature exceeds 400 K. The reasons being the cooperation of the secondary sensitization from Er3+ to Nd3+ and the contribution of a multi-phonon.

Select

Nonpolar a-plane light-emitting diode with an in-situ SiNx interlayer on r-plane sapphire grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition Fang Hao, Long Hao, Sang Li-Wen, Qi Sheng-Li, Xiong Chang, Yu Tong-Jun, Yang Zhi-Jian, Zhang Guo-Yi 2011, 20 (1):  017804.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/017804 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1916KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   We report on the growth and fabrication of nonpolar a-plane light emitting diodes with an in-situ SiNx interlayer grown between the undoped a-plane GaN buffer and Si-doped GaN layer. X-ray diffraction shows that the crystalline quality of the GaN buffer layer is greatly improved with the introduction of the SiNx interlayer. The electrical properties are also improved. For example, electron mobility and sheet resistance are reduced from high resistance to 31.6 cm2/(V·s) and 460 Ω/口 respectively. Owing to the significant effect of the SiNx interlayer, a-plane LEDs are realized. Electroluminescence of a nonpolar a-plane light-emitting diode with a wavelength of 488nm is demonstrated. The emission peak remains constant when the injection current increases to over 20 mA.

INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Select

Investigation of AlGaN/GaN fluorine plasma treatment enhancement-mode high electronic mobility transistors by frequency-dependent capacitance and conductance analysis Quan Si, Hao Yue, Ma Xiao-Hua, Yu Hui-You 2011, 20 (1):  018101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018101 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (634KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper reports fluorine plasma treatment enhancement-mode HEMTs (high electronic mobility transistors) EHEMTs and conventional depletion-mode HEMTs DHEMTs fabricated on one wafer using separate litho-photography technology. It finds that fluorine plasma etches the AlGaN at a slow rate by capacitance–voltage measurement. Using capacitance–frequency measurement, it finds one type of trap in conventional DHEMTs with τT=(0.5–6) ms and DT= (1–5) × 1013 cm-2·eV-1. Two types of trap are found in fluorine plasma treatment EHEMTs, fast with τT(f)=(0.2–2) μs and slow with τT(s)=(0.5–6) ms. The density of trap states evaluated on the EHEMTs is DT(f)=(1–3) × 1012 cm-2·eV-1 and DT(s)=(2–6) × 1012 cm-2·eV-1 for the fast and slow traps, respectively. The result shows that the fluorine plasma treatment reduces the slow trap density by about one order, but introduces a new type of fast trap. The slow trap is suggested to be a surface trap, related to the gate leakage current.

Select

Molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs on an offcut Ge substrate He Ji-Fang, Niu Zhi-Chuan, Chang Xiu-Ying, Ni Hai-Qiao, Zhu Yan, Li Mi-Feng, Shang Xiang-Jun 2011, 20 (1):  018102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018102 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (6465KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs on an offcut Ge (100) substrate has been systemically investigated. A high quality GaAs/Ge interface and GaAs film on Ge have been achieved. High temperature annealing before GaAs deposition is found to be indispensable to avoid anti-phase domains. The quality of the GaAs film is found to strongly depend on the GaAs/Ge interface and the beginning of GaAs deposition. The reason why both high temperature annealing and GaAs growth temperature can affect epitaxial GaAs film quality is discussed. High quality In0.17Ga0.83As/GaAs strained quantum wells have also been achieved on a Ge substrate. Samples show flat surface morphology and narrow photoluminescence line width compared with the same structure sample grown on a GaAs substrate. These results indicate a large application potential for III–V compound semiconductor optoelectronic devices on Ge substrates.

Select

First-principles studies of Mn-doped LiCoPO4 Lin Zhi-Ping, Zhao Yan-Ming, Zhao Yu-Jun 2011, 20 (1):  018201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (363KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper investigates Mn-doped LiCoPO4 material using first-principles calculations. Results indicate that the volume change of LiMnxCo1-xPO4 to MnxCo1-xPO4 is smaller than that of undoped LiCoPO4, which is responsible for the excellent tolerance of repeated cycling in lithium ion batteries. Combining first-principles calculations with basic thermodynamics, we calculate the average intercalation voltage of Mn-doped LiCoPO4. It is shown that the redox couple Mn3+/Mn2+ can be observed with increasing Mn content. Therefore, the Mn ion displays some electrochemical activity during discharge/charge of LiMnxCo1-xPO4 due to the coexistence of Co and Mn.

Select

A statistical RCL interconnect delay model taking account of process variations Zhu Zhang-Ming, Wan Da-Jing, Yang Yin-Tang, En Yun-Fei 2011, 20 (1):  018401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018401 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (736KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   As the feature size of the CMOS integrated circuit continues to shrink, process variations have become a key factor affecting the interconnect performance. Based on the equivalent Elmore model and the use of the polynomial chaos theory and the Galerkin method, we propose a linear statistical RCL interconnect delay model, taking into account process variations by successive application of the linear approximation method. Based on a variety of nano-CMOS process parameters, HSPICE simulation results show that the maximum error of the proposed model is less than 3.5%. The proposed model is simple, of high precision, and can be used in the analysis and design of nanometer integrated circuit interconnect systems.

Select

Thermal stability improvement of a multiple finger power SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor under different power dissipations using non-uniform finger spacing Chen Liang, Zhang Wan-Rong, Jin Dong-Yue, Shen Pei, Xie Hong-Yun, Ding Chun-Bao, Xiao Ying, Sun Bo-Tao, Wang Ren-Qing 2011, 20 (1):  018501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018501 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (4405KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A method of non-uniform finger spacing is proposed to enhance thermal stability of a multiple finger power SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor under different power dissipations. Temperature distribution on the emitter fingers of a multi-finger SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor is studied using a numerical electro-thermal model. The results show that the SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistor with non-uniform finger spacing has a small temperature difference between fingers compared with a traditional uniform finger spacing heterojunction bipolar transistor at the same power dissipation. What is most important is that the ability to improve temperature non-uniformity is not weakened as power dissipation increases. So the method of non-uniform finger spacing is very effective in enhancing the thermal stability and the power handing capability of power device. Experimental results verify our conclusions.

Select

Analytical base–collector depletion capacitance in vertical SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors fabricated on CMOS-compatible silicon on insulator Xu Xiao-Bo, Zhang He-Ming, Hu Hui-Yong, Ma Jian-Li, Xu Li-Jun 2011, 20 (1):  018502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018502 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (263KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The base–collector depletion capacitance for vertical SiGe npn heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) on silicon on insulator (SOI) is split into vertical and lateral parts. This paper proposes a novel analytical depletion capacitance model of this structure for the first time. A large discrepancy is predicted when the present model is compared with the conventional depletion model, and it is shown that the capacitance decreases with the increase of the reverse collector–base bias–and shows a kink as the reverse collector–base bias reaches the effective vertical punch-through voltage while the voltage differs with the collector doping concentrations, which is consistent with measurement results. The model can be employed for a fast evaluation of the depletion capacitance of an SOI SiGe HBT and has useful applications on the design and simulation of high performance SiGe circuits and devices.

Select

Multifunctional silicon-based light emitting device in standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology Wang Wei, Huang Bei-Ju, Dong Zan, Chen Hong-Da 2011, 20 (1):  018503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018503 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1499KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   A three-terminal silicon-based light emitting device is proposed and fabricated in standard 0.35 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology. This device is capable of versatile working modes: it can emit visible to near infra-red (NIR) light (the spectrum ranges from 500 nm to 1000 nm) in reverse bias avalanche breakdown mode with working voltage between 8.35 V–12 V and emit NIR light (the spectrum ranges from 900 nm to 1300 nm) in the forward injection mode with working voltage below 2 V. An apparent modulation effect on the light intensity from the polysilicon gate is observed in the forward injection mode. Furthermore, when the gate oxide is broken down, NIR light is emitted from the polysilicon/oxide/silicon structure. Optoelectronic characteristics of the device working in different modes are measured and compared. The mechanisms behind these different emissions are explored.

Select

InP-based evanescently coupled high-responsivity photodiodes with extremely low dark current density integrated diluted waveguide at 1550 nm Zuo Yu-Hua, Cao Quan, Zhang Yun, Zhang Ling-Zi, Guo Jian-Chuan, Xue Chun-Lai, Cheng Bu-Wen, Wang Qi-Ming 2011, 20 (1):  018504.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018504 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1079KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In this paper, we have demonstrated a high performance waveguide photodiode integrated diluted waveguide serving as a fibre-to-waveguide coupler to achieve high coupling efficiency. High responsivity (> 1 A/W), high saturation power (> 45 mA) in the static state and extremely low dark current density (0.04 pA/μm2) with 3 dB bandwidth at 13.4 GHz have been achieved.

Select

Extended triplet set C343 of DNA sequences and its application to the p53 gene Yan Yan-Yan, Zhu Ping 2011, 20 (1):  018701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018701 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (282KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   Recently, much research has indicated that more and more cancers pose a threat to human life. Cancers are caused by oncogenes. Many human oncogenes have been found and most of them are located on chromosomes. The discovery of the oncogene plays a significant role in the treatment of cancer. The p53 tumor suppressor gene has received much attention because it frequently mutates or deletes in tumor cells of most people. Thus, the study of oncogenes is significant. In order to establish the Galois field (GF(7)), the indefinite gene is introduced as D and oncogene is introduced as O, and P. Taking the polynomial coefficients a0, a1, a2 ∈ GF(7) and the bijective function f:GF(7) → {D,A,C,O,G,T,P}, where f(0) = D, f(1) = A, f(2) = C, f(3) = O, f(4) = G, f(5) = T, and f(6) = P, the bijective φ may be written as φ(a0 + a1x + a2x2). Based on the algebraic structure, we can not only analyse the DNA sequence of oncogenes, but also predict possible new cancers.

Select

Multi-target pursuit formation of multi-agent systems Yan Jing, Guan Xin-Ping, Luo Xiao-Yuan 2011, 20 (1):  018901.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018901 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (777KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   The main goal of this paper is to design a team of agents that can accomplish multi-target pursuit formation using a developed leader–follower strategy. It is supposed that every target can accept a certain number of agents. First, each agent can automatically choose its target based on the distance from the agent to the target and the number of agents accepted by the target. In view of the fact that all agents are randomly dispersed in the workplace at the initial time, we present a numbering strategy for them. During the movement of agents, not every agent can always obtain pertinent state information about the targets. So, a developed leader–follower strategy and a pursuit formation algorithm are proposed. Under the proposed method, agents with the same target can maintain a circle formation. Furthermore, it turns out that the pursuit formation algorithm for agents to the desired formation is convergent. Simulation studies are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Select

Community detection with consideration of non-topological information Zou Sheng-Rong, Peng Yu-Jing, Liu Ai-Fen, Xu Xiu-Lian, He Da-Ren 2011, 20 (1):  018902.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/018902 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (2312KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   In a network described by a graph, only topological structure information is considered to determine how the nodes are connected by edges. Non-topological information denotes that which cannot be determined directly from topological information. This paper shows, by a simple example where scientists in three research groups and one external group form four communities, that in some real world networks non-topological information (in this example, the research group affiliation) dominates community division. If the information has some influence on the network topological structure, the question arises as to how to find a suitable algorithm to identify the communities based only on the network topology. We show that weighted Newman algorithm may be the best choice for this example. We believe that this idea is general for real-world complex networks.

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Select

Preliminary research on the relationship between long-range correlations and predictability Zhang Zhi-Sen, Gong Zhi-Qiang, Zhi Rong, Feng Guo-Lin, Hu Jing-Guo 2011, 20 (1):  019201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/019201 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (1337KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   By establishing the Markov model for a long-range correlated time series (LRCS) and analysing its evolutionary characteristics, this paper defines a physical effective correlation length (ECL) τ, which reflects the predictability of the LRCS. It also finds that the ECL has a better power law relation with the long-range correlated exponent γ of the LRCS: τ= Kexp (-γ/0.3)+Y, (0 < γ < 1) – the predictability of the LRCS decays exponentially with the increase of γ. It is then applied to a daily maximum temperature series (DMTS) recorded at 740 stations in China between the years 1960–2005 and calculates the ECL of the DMTS. The results show the remarkable regional distributive feature that the ECL is about 10–14 days in west, northwest and northern China, and about 5–10 days in east, southeast and southern China. Namely, the predictability of the DMTS is higher in central-west China than in east and southeast China. In addition, the ECL is reduced by 1–8 days in most areas of China after subtracting the seasonal oscillation signal of the DMTS from its original DMTS; however, it is only slightly altered when the decadal linear trend is removed from the original DMTS. Therefore, it is shown that seasonal oscillation is a significant component of daily maximum temperature evolution and may provide a basis for predicting daily maximum temperatures. Seasonal oscillation is also significant for guiding general weather predictions, as well as seasonal weather predictions.

GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS

Select

The interaction of nonlinear waves in two-dimensional dust crystals Jiang Hong, Yang Xiao-Xia, Lin Mai-Mai, Shi Yu-Ren, Duan Wen-Shan 2011, 20 (1):  019401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/1/019401 Abstract ( 0 )   PDF (709KB) ([an error occurred while processing this directive])   This paper investigates the collision between two nonlinear waves with different propagation directions in two-dimensional dust crystals. Using the extended Poincaré–Lighthill-Kuo perturbation method, two Korteweg–de Vries equations for nonlinear waves in both the ξ and η directions are obtained, respectively, and the analytical phase shifts and trajectories after the collision of two nonlinear waves are derived. Finally, the effects of parameters of the lattice constant a, the arbitrary constant u0η, the forces f(r), and the colliding angle θ on the phase shifts of both colliding nonlinear waves are examined.