Please wait a minute...
Chin. Phys. B, 2024, Vol. 33(2): 024201    DOI: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad0e5b
Special Issue: SPECIAL TOPIC — Post-Moore era: Materials and device physics
TOPICAL REVIEW—Post-Moore era: Materials and device physics Prev   Next  

Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration for optical interconnection

Le-Liang Li(李乐良)1,2, Gui-Ke Li(李贵柯)1,2, Zhao Zhang(张钊)1,2, Jian Liu(刘剑)1,2, Nan-Jian Wu(吴南健)1,2, Kai-You Wang(王开友)1,2, Nan Qi(祁楠)1,2,†, and Li-Yuan Liu(刘力源)1,2
1 Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
2 Center of Material Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract  The performance of optical interconnection has improved dramatically in recent years. Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration is the key enabler to achieve high performance optical interconnection, which not only provides the optical gain which is absent from native Si substrates and enables complete photonic functionalities on chip, but also improves the system performance through advanced heterogeneous integrated packaging. This paper reviews recent progress of silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration in high performance optical interconnection. The research status, development trend and application of ultra-low loss optical waveguides, high-speed detectors, high-speed modulators, lasers and 2D, 2.5D, 3D and monolithic integration are focused on.
Keywords:  silicon-based heterogeneous integration      heterogeneous integrated materials      heterogeneous integrated packaging      optical interconnection  
Received:  15 September 2023      Revised:  20 November 2023      Accepted manuscript online:  21 November 2023
PACS:  42.82.-m (Integrated optics)  
  79.60.Jv (Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures)  
  85.60.Bt (Optoelectronic device characterization, design, and modeling)  
  42.79.Sz (Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers?)  
Fund: Project supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFB2206504), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 62235017), and the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2021M703125).
Corresponding Authors:  Nan Qi     E-mail:  qinan@semi.ac.cn

Cite this article: 

Le-Liang Li(李乐良), Gui-Ke Li(李贵柯), Zhao Zhang(张钊), Jian Liu(刘剑), Nan-Jian Wu(吴南健), Kai-You Wang(王开友), Nan Qi(祁楠), and Li-Yuan Liu(刘力源) Silicon-based optoelectronic heterogeneous integration for optical interconnection 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 024201

[1] Hao Y, Xiang S Y, Han G Q, et al. 2021 Sci. China-Inf. Sci. 64 201401
[2] Schulien C 2023 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), Feb. 19-23, 2023, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 519-521
[3] Raj M, Xie C, Bekele A, Chou A, Zhang W, Cao Y, Kim J W, Narang N, Zhao H, Wang Y, Tan K H, Lin W, Im J, Mahashin D, Asuncion S, Upadhyaya P and Frans Y 2023 IEEE International Solid- State Circuits Conference (ISSCC), Feb. 19-23, 2023, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 11-13
[4] Hosseini K, Kok E, Shumarayev S Y, et al. 2021 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), June 6-10, 2021, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[5] Gui T, Du H, Zheng K, Cao J, Yuan S, Yang C, Tang M and Li L 2022 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), March 6-10, 2022, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[6] Gu Q J 2020 IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine 12 20
[7] Wade M, Anderson E, Ardalan S, et al. 2020 IEEE Micro 40 2
[8] Zhang X Q and Yu S H 2021 Study on Optical Communications 47 1
[9] Houtsma V and Veen D V 2019 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), March 3-7, 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[10] Maniotis P, Schares L, Lee B G, Taubenblatt M A and Kuchta D M 2021 J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 13 1
[11] Proesel J E, Dupuis N, Ainspan H, Baks C W, Doany F, Boyer N, Cyr E and Lee B G 2020 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, June 16-19, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp. 1-2
[12] Shen Y, Harris N C, Skirlo S, Prabhu M, Baehr-Jones T, Hochberg M, Sun X, Zhao S, Larochelle H, Englund D and Soljačić M 2017 Nat. Photonics 11 441
[13] Fathololoumi S, Hui D, Jadhav S, et al. 2021 Journal of Lightwave Technology 39 1155
[14] Xiang C, Jin W R, Huang D N, Tran M A, Guo J, Wan Y T, Xie W Q, Kurczveil G, Netherton A M, Liang D, Rong H S and Bowers J E 2022 Ieee Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 28 8200515
[15] Guo X, He A and Su Y 2019 Journal of Semiconductors 40 101304
[16] Nagarajan R, Ding L, Coccioli R, Kato M, Tan R, Tumne P, Patterson M and Liu L 2023 IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 29 1
[17] Kimerling L, Ahn D, Apsel A, et al. 2006 Integrated Optoelectronic Devices, March 1, 2006, San Jose, California, United States, 612502
[18] Liu A Y and Bowers J 2018 IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 24 6000412
[19] Han C, Jin M, Tao Y, Shen B, Shu H and Wang X 2022 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), March 6-10, 2022, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[20] Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang J, Liu J, Wang L, Chen D, Chi N, Xiao X and Yu S 2022 Photonics Res. 10 1127
[21] Milivojevic B, Wiese S, Anderson S, Brenner T, Webster M and Dama B 2017 Journal of Lightwave Technology 35 768
[22] Sun J, Kumar R, Sakib M, Driscoll J B, Jayatilleka H and Rong H 2019 Journal of Lightwave Technology 37 110
[23] Zhang Y, Zhang H, Li M, Feng P, Wang L, Xiao X and Yu S 2020 European Conference on Optical Communications (ECOC), December 6-10, 2020, Brussels, Belgium, pp. 1-4
[24] Hu X, Wu D, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Chen D, Liu M, Liu J, Wang L, Xiao X and Yu S 2022 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), March 6-10, 2022, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[25] Baets R, Subramanian A Z, Clemmen S, Kuyken B, Bienstman P, Thomas N L, Roelkens G, Thourhout D V, Helin P and Severi S 2016 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), March 20-24, 2016, Anaheim, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[26] Roeloffzen C G H, Hoekman M, Klein E J, et al. 2018 IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 24 4400321
[27] Jin W, Yang Q-F, Chang L, Shen B, Wang H, Leal M A, Wu L, Gao M, Feshali A, Paniccia M, Vahala K J and Bowers J E 2021 Nat. Photonics 15 346
[28] Kippenberg T J, Gaeta A L, Lipson M and Gorodetsky M L 2018 Science 361 eaan8083
[29] Tran M A, Huang D and Bowers J E 2019 APL Phontonics 4 111101
[30] Liu Z, Li X, Niu C, Zheng J, Xue C, Zuo Y and Cheng B 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1648
[31] Hu X, Wu D, Zhang H, Li W, Chen D, Wang L, Xiao X and Yu S 2021 Photonics Res. 9 749
[32] Lischke S, Peczek A, Morgan J S, Sun K, Steckler D, Yamamoto Y, Korndörfer F, Mai C, Marschmeyer S, Fraschke M, Krüger A, Beling A and Zimmermann L 2021 Nat. Photonics 15 925
[33] Abbasi A, Moeneclaey B, Verbist J, Yin X, Bauwelinck J, Duan G H, Roelkens G and Morthier G 2017 IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 23 1501307
[34] Huang D, Tran M A, Guo J, Peters J, Komljenovic T, Malik A, Morton P A and Bowers J E 2019 Optica 6 745
[35] Morton P A, Xiang C, Khurgin J B, Morton C, Tran M, Peters J, Guo J, Morton M and Bowers J E 2021 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), June 6-10, 2021, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[36] Xiang C, Guo J, Jin W, Wu L, Peters J, Xie W, Chang L, Shen B, Wang H, Yang Q F, Kinghorn D, Paniccia M, Vahala K J, Morton P A and Bowers J E 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 6650
[37] Kurczveil G, Liang D, Fiorentino M and Beausoleil R G 2016 Opt. Express 24 16167
[38] Chen S, Li W, Wu J, Jiang Q, Tang M, Shutts S, Elliott S N, Sobiesierski A D, Seeds A J, Ross I M, Smowton P M and Liu H 2016 Nat. Photon. 10 441
[39] Malik A, Guo J, Tran M A, Kurczveil G, Liang D and Bowers J E 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1551
[40] Zhang C, Liang D, Kurczveil G, Descos A and Beausoleil R G 2019 Optica 6 1145
[41] Liang D, Srinivasan S, Descos A, Zhang C, Kurczveil G, Huang Z and Beausoleil R 2021 Optica 8 591
[42] Wan Y, Xiang C, Guo J, Koscica R, Kennedy M, Selvidge J, Zhang Z, Chang L, Xie W, Huang D, Gossard A C and Bowers J E 2021 Laser Photon. Rev. 15 2100057
[43] Wang Z, Van Gasse K, Moskalenko V, Latkowski S, Bente E, Kuyken B and Roelkens G 2017 Light: Science & Applications 6 e16260
[44] Tran M A, Huang D, Komljenovic T, Peters J, Malik A and Bowers J E 2018 Applied Sciences 8 1139
[45] Chang L, Xie W, Shu H, Yang Q F, Shen B, Boes A, Peters J D, Jin W, Xiang C, Liu S, Moille G, Yu S P, Wang X, Srinivasan K, Papp S B, Vahala K and Bowers J E 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 1331
[46] Kurczveil G, Zhang C, Descos A, Liang D, Fiorentino M and Beausoleil R 2018 IEEE International Semiconductor Laser Conference (ISLC), September 16-19, 2018, Santa Fe, NM, USA, p. 1-2
[47] Shu H, Chang L, Tao Y, Shen B, Xie W, Jin M, Netherton A, Tao Z, Zhang X, Chen R, Bai B, Qin J, Yu S, Wang X and Bowers J E 2022 Nature 605 457
[48] Wang C, Zhang M, Chen X, Bertrand M, Shams-Ansari A, Chandrasekhar S, Winzer P and Loncar M 2018 Nature 562 101
[49] Li M, Ling J, He Y, Javid U A, Xue S and Lin Q 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 4123
[50] Xu M, He M, Zhang H, Jian J, Pan Y, Liu X, Chen L, Meng X, Chen H, Li Z, Xiao X, Yu S, Yu S and Cai X 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 3911
[51] Xu M, Zhu Y, Pittalá F, Tang J, He M, Ng W C, Wang J, Ruan Z, Tang X, Kuschnerov M, Liu L, Yu S, Zheng B and Cai X 2022 Optica 9 61
[52] Yang F, Fang X S, Chen X Y, Zhu L X, Zhang F, Chen Z Y and Li Y P 2022 Chin. Opt. Lett. 20 022502
[53] Wu X, Dama B, Gothoskar P, Metz P, Shastri K, Sunder S, Spiegel J V D, Wang Y, Webster M and Wilson W 2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, February 17-21, 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 128-129
[54] Li K, Thomson D J, Liu S, Wilson P and Reed G T 2015 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium (RFIC), May 17-19, 2015, Phoenix, AZ, USA, pp. 311-314
[55] Hettrich H and Möller M 2016 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit 51 2006
[56] Li H, Sakib M, Dosunmu O, Liu A, Balamurugan G, Rong H, Jaussi J and Casper B 2019 IEEE Optical Interconnects Conference (OI), April 24-26, 2019, Santa Fe, NM, USA, p. 1-2
[57] Li H, Balamurugan G, Sakib M, Sun J, Driscoll J, Kumar R, Jayatilleka H, Rong H S, Jaussi J and Casper B 2020 Journal of Lightwave Technology 38 131
[58] Blum R 2020 SPIE OPTO p. 112860M
[59] Liao Q, Qi N, Li M, Hu S, He J, Yin B, Shi J, Liu J, Chiang P Y, Xiao X and Wu N 2020 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit 55 1282
[60] Liu Y, Qi N, Xu X, Li W, Wang L, Chen M, Cheng Q, Shi J, Liu L, Liu J, Xiao X and Wu N 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), October 12-14, 2020, Seville, Spain, pp. 1-4
[61] Zhang H, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Liao Q, He J, Hu S, Zhang B, Wang L, Xiao X, Qi N and Yu S 2020 Photonics Res. 8 1776
[62] Li W, Zhang H, Hu X, Lu D, Chen D, Chen S, He J, Wang L, Qi N, Xiao X and Yu S 2021 Opt. Express 29 14304
[63] Li M, Chen Y, Hu J and Guo C 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1815 012030
[64] Li Z, Tang M, Fan T and Pan Q 2021 IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 68 9
[65] Li S, Pan J, He J, Cao Z, Wang H, Chang S and Huang Q 2021 Integration 77 131
[66] Liao Q, Zhang Y, Ma S, Wang L, Li L, Li G, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wu N, Liu L, Chen Y, Xiao X and Qi N 2022 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit 57 767
[67] He J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Liao Q, Zhang Z, Li M, Jiang F, Shi J, Liu J, Wu N, Chen Y, Chiang P Y, Yu N, Xiao X and Qi N 2022 IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 69 1159
[68] He J, Lu D, Xue H, Chen S, Liu H, Li L, Li G, Zhang Z, Liu J, Liu L, Wu N, Yu N, Liu F, Xiao X, Chen Y and Qi N 2022 IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 69 4345
[69] Ran N, Li J, Ma S, Yang Y, Zhao W, Li H and Li D 2022 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits, Technologies and Applications (ICTA), October 28-30, 2022, Xi'an, China, pp. 5-6
[70] Shi J, Jin M, Yang T, Shu H, Yang F, Liu H, Tao Y, Deng J, Chen R, Han C, Qi N and Wang X 2023 Photonics Res. 11 143
[71] Kim D W, Au K Y, Luo H Y L X, Ye Y L, Bhattacharya S and Lo G Q 2017 IEEE 19th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference (EPTC), December 6-9, 2017, Singapore, pp. 1-4
[72] Johnson J E, Bacher K, Schaevitz R and Raghunathan V 2022 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), March 6-10, 2022, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-27
[73] Patel D, Sharif-Bakhtiar A and Carusone T C 2023 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit 58 771
[74] Aoki T, Sekiguchi S, Simoyama T, Tanaka S, Nishizawa M, Hatori N, Sobu Y, Sugama A, Akiyama T, Hayakawa A, Muranaka H, Mori T, Chen Y, Jeong S H, Tanaka Y and Morito K 2018 Journal of Lightwave Technology 36 1262
[75] Daudlin S, Rizzo A, Abrams N C, Lee S, Khilwani D, Murthy V, Robinson J, Collier T, Molnar A and Bergman K 2021 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC), June 6-10, 2021, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[76] Sun T, Rogers J, Rogers M, Dedic I, Parvizi M, Zhao Y, Chen L, Chen L and Aroca R 2021 IEEE BiCMOS and Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuits and Technology Symposium (BCICTS), December 5-8, 2021, Monterey, CA, USA, pp. 1-5
[77] Moss B R, Sun C, Georgas M, Shainline J, Orcutt J S, Leu J C, Wade M, Chen Y H, Nammari K, Wang X, Li H, Ram R, Popovic M A and Stojanovic V 2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers, February 17-21, 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp. 126-127
[78] Gill D M, Xiong C, Proesel J E, Rosenberg J C, Orcutt J, Khater M, Ellis-Monaghan J, Stricker A, Kiewra E, Martin Y, Vlasov Y, Haensch W and Green W M J 2016 IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 28 1410
[79] Sun C, Wade M, Georgas M, Lin S, Alloatti L, Moss B, Kumar R, Atabaki A H, Pavanello F, Shainline J M, Orcutt J S, Ram R J, Popović M and Stojanović V 2016 IEEE J. Solid-State Circuit 51 893
[80] Mehta N, Sun C, Wade M, Lin S, Popovic M and Stojanovic V 2016 ESSCIRC Conference 2016: 42nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, October 20, 2016, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 491-494
[81] Rito P, Garcia Lopez I, Petousi D, Zimmermann L, Kroh M, Lischke S, Knoll D, Micusik D, Awny A, Ulusoy A C J I T O M T and Techniques 2016 IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 64 4561
[82] Kress C, Gudyriev S, Zwickel H, Kemal J N, Lischke S, Zimmermann L, Koos C and Scheytt J C 2018 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exposition (OFC), March 11-15, 2018, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 1-3
[83] Lin S, Moazeni S and Stojanovic V 2018 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, June 18-22, 2018, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp. 273-274
[84] Sun C, Jeong D, Zhang M, et al. 2020 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology, June 16-19, 2020, Honolulu, HI, USA, pp. 1-2
[1] Zero-bias high-responsivity high-bandwidth top-illuminated germanium p–i–n photodetectors
Li Chong (李冲), Xue Chun-Lai (薛春来), Liu Zhi (刘智), Cheng Bu-Wen (成步文), Li Chuan-Bo (李传波), Wang Qi-Ming (王启明). Chin. Phys. B, 2014, 23(3): 038506.
No Suggested Reading articles found!