1 Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; 2 Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 102206, China; 3 Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China; 4 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; 5 Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas(MoE) and School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; 6 Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA(CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; 7 Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; 8 State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing 100083, China; 9 School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; 10 School of Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai 264209, China; 11 Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Guangdong 523808, China; 12 School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Abstract It is challenging to make an ultrafast diagnosis of the temporal evolution of small and short-lived plasma in two dimensions. To overcome this difficulty, we have developed a well-timed diagnostic utilizing an x-ray streak camera equipped with a row of multi-pinhole arrays. By processing multiple sets of one-dimensional streaked image data acquired from various pinholes, we are capable of reconstructing high-resolution two-dimensional images with a temporal resolution of 38 ps and a spatial resolution of 18 μm. The temporal fiducial pulses accessed from external sources can advance the precise timing and accurately determine the arrival time of the laser. Moreover, it can correct the nonlinear sweeping speed of the streak camera. The effectiveness of this diagnostic has been successfully verified at the Shenguang-II laser facility, providing an indispensable tool for observing complex physical phenomena, such as the implosion process of laser-fusion experiments.
Fund: This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDA25030700 and XDA25030500), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant Nos. 2022YFA1603200 and 2022YFA1603203), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12175018, 12135001, 12075030, and 11903006).
[1] Nuckolls J, Wood L, Thiessen A and Zimmerman G 1972 Nature239 139 [2] Heya M, Nakasuji M, Shiraga H, Miyanaga N, Azechi H, Takabe H, Yamanaka T and Mima K 1997 Rev. Sci. Instrum.68 820 [3] Bradley D K, Bell P M, Kilkenny J D, Hanks R, Landen O, Jaanimagi P A, McKenty P W and Verdon C P 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum.63 4813 [4] Bradley D K, Bell P M, Landen O L, Kilkenny J D and Oertel J 1995 Rev. Sci. Instrum.66 716 [5] Shiraga H, Miyanaga N, Heya M, Nakasuji M, Aoki Y, Azechi H, Yamanaka T and Mima K 1997 Rev. Sci. Instrum.68 745 [6] Choi P and Aliaga R 1990 Rev. Sci. Instrum.61 2747 [7] Landen O L 1992 Rev. Sci. Instrum.63 5075 [8] Shiraga H, Heya M, Fujishima A, Maegawa O, Shimada K, Kato Y, Yamanaka T and Nakai S 1995 Rev. Sci. Instrum.66 722 [9] Shiraga H, Heya M, Fujioka S, Miyanaga N, Matsuoka M, Azechi H and Yamanaka T 2001 Proceedings of SPIE4183 339 [10] Zhong J, Shiraga H and Azechi H 2008 Rev. Sci. Instrum.79 396 [11] Tabak M, Hammer J, Glinsky M E, Kruer W L, Wilks S C, Woodworth J, Campbell E M, Perry M D and Mason R J 1994 Phys. Plasmas1 1626 [12] Zhang J, Wang W M, Yang X H, Wu D, Ma Y Y, Jiao J L, Zhang Z, Wu F Y, Yuan X H, Li Y T and Zhu J Q 2020 Philos. T. R. Soc. A378 20200015
Altmetric calculates a score based on the online attention an article receives. Each coloured thread in the circle represents a different type of online attention. The number in the centre is the Altmetric score. Social media and mainstream news media are the main sources that calculate the score. Reference managers such as Mendeley are also tracked but do not contribute to the score. Older articles often score higher because they have had more time to get noticed. To account for this, Altmetric has included the context data for other articles of a similar age.
