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    2011年, 第20卷, 第3期 刊出日期:2011-03-15 上一期    下一期
    GENERAL
    Conformal invariance and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity of the Nambu system
    李燕, 方建会, 张克军
    2011 (3):  30201-030201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030201
    摘要 ( 1626 )   PDF(150KB) ( 926 )  
    Conformal invariance and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity of the Nambu system under infinitesimal transformations are studied. The definition and the determining equation of conformal invariance of the system are presented. The necessary and sufficient condition under which the conformal invariance of the system would have Lie symmetry under infinitesimal transformations is derived. Then, the condition of existence and a kind of Hojman conserved quantity are obtained. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the results.
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    Mei symmetries and Mei conserved quantities for higher-order nonholonomic constraint systems
    姜文安, 李状君, 罗绍凯
    2011 (3):  30202-030202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030202
    摘要 ( 1578 )   PDF(197KB) ( 970 )  
    This paper presents the Mei symmetries and new types of non-Noether conserved quantities for a higher-order nonholonomic constraint mechanical system. On the basis of the form invariance of differential equations of motion for dynamical functions under general infinitesimal transformation, the determining equations, the constraint restriction equations and the additional restriction equations of Mei symmetries of the system are constructed. The criterions of Mei symmetries, weak Mei symmetries and strong Mei symmetries of the system are given. New types of conserved quantities, i.e. the Mei symmetrical conserved quantities, the weak Mei symmetrical conserved quantities and the strong Mei symmetrical conserved quantities of a higher-order nonholonomic system, are obtained. Then, a deduction of the first-order nonholonomic system is discussed. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the application of the method and then the results.
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    Evolutionary games in a generalized Moran process with arbitrary selection strength and mutation
    全吉, 王先甲
    2011 (3):  30203-030203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030203
    摘要 ( 1434 )   PDF(303KB) ( 737 )  
    By using a generalized fitness-dependent Moran process, an evolutionary model for symmetric 2×2 games in a well-mixed population with a finite size is investigated. In the model, the individuals' payoff accumulating from games is mapped into fitness using an exponent function. Both selection strength β and mutation rate ε are considered. The process is an ergodic birth-death process. Based on the limit distribution of the process, we give the analysis results for which strategy will be favoured when ε is small enough. The results depend on not only the payoff matrix of the game, but also on the population size. Especially, we prove that natural selection favours the strategy which is risk-dominant when the population size is large enough. For arbitrary β and ε values, the 'Hawk--Dove' game and the 'Coordinate' game are used to illustrate our model. We give the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) of the games and compare the results with those of the replicator dynamics in the infinite population. The results are determined by simulation experiments.
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    GENERAL
    A new finite difference scheme for a dissipative cubic nonlinear Schr"odinger equation
    张荣培, 蔚喜军, 赵国忠
    2011 (3):  30204-030204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030204
    摘要 ( 1579 )   PDF(236KB) ( 800 )  
    This paper considers the one-dimensional dissipative cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions on a bounded domain. The equation is discretized in time by a linear implicit three-level central difference scheme, which has analogous discrete conservation laws of charge and energy. The convergence with two orders and the stability of the scheme are analysed using a priori estimates. Numerical tests show that the three-level scheme is more efficient.
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    A meshless method for the nonlinear generalized regularized long wave equation
    王聚丰, 白福浓, 程玉民
    2011 (3):  30206-030206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030206
    摘要 ( 1612 )   PDF(314KB) ( 1063 )  
    This paper presents a meshless method for the nonlinear generalized regularized long wave (GRLW) equation based on the moving least-squares approximation. The nonlinear discrete scheme of the GRLW equation is obtained and is solved using the iteration method. A theorem on the convergence of the iterative process is presented and proved using theorems of the infinity norm. Compared with numerical methods based on mesh, the meshless method for the GRLW equation only requires the scattered nodes instead of meshing the domain of the problem. Some examples, such as the propagation of single soliton and the interaction of two solitary waves, are given to show the effectiveness of the meshless method.
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    GENERAL
    Influence of selective atomic measurement on the entanglement properties of a two-atom outside cavity
    卢道明
    2011 (3):  30301-030301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030301
    摘要 ( 1367 )   PDF(392KB) ( 642 )  
    Considering three two-level atoms initially in the W or Greenberger--Horne--Zeilinger (GHZ) state, one of the three atoms is put into an initially coherent light cavity and made to resonantly interact with the cavity. The two-atom entanglement evolution outside the cavity is investigated. The influences of state-selective measurement of the atom inside the cavity and strength of the light field on the two-atom entanglement evolution outside the cavity are discussed. The results obtained from the numerical method show that the two-atom entanglement outside the cavity is strengthened through state-selective measurement of the atom inside the cavity. In addition, the strength of the light field also influences the two-atom entanglement properties.
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    Complex frequencies of a massless scalar field in loop quantum black hole spacetime
    陈菊华, 王永久
    2011 (3):  30401-030401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030401
    摘要 ( 1396 )   PDF(314KB) ( 698 )  
    Recently, considerable progress has been made in understanding the early universe by loop quantum cosmology. Modesto et al. investigated the loop quantum black hole (LQBH)using improved semiclassical analysis and they found that the LQBH has two horizons, an event horizon and a Cauchy horizon, just like the Reissner--Nordström black hole. This paper focuses on the dynamical evolution of a massless scalar wave in the LQBH background. By investigating the relation between the complex frequencies of the massless scalar field and the LQBH parameters using the numerical method, we find that the polymeric parameter P makes the massless scalar field decay more quickly and makes the ground scalar wave oscillate slowly. However, the polymeric parameter P causes the frequency of the high harmonic massless scalar wave to shift according to its value. We also find that the loop quantum gravity area gap parameter a0 causes the massless scalar field to decay more slowly and makes the period of the massless scalar field wave become longer. In the complex ω plane, the frequency curves move counterclockwise when the polymeric parameter P increases and this spiral effect is more obvious for a higher harmonic scalar wave.
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    Fermion tunneling from squashed black holes in the Gödel universe and charged Kaluza–Klein space–time
    李慧玲
    2011 (3):  30402-030402.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030402
    摘要 ( 1274 )   PDF(164KB) ( 742 )  
    This paper is devoted to the investigation the fermion tunneling radiation of squashed black holes in the Gödel universe and charged Kaluza--Klein space--time. For black holes with different dimensions, establishing a set of appropriate matrices γμ for the general covariant Dirac equation plays an important role in the semi-classical tunneling method. By constructing two sets of γμ matrices, we have successfully derived the tunneling probability and Hawking temperature of the black holes.
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    The Stochastic stability of a Logistic model with Poisson white noise
    段东海, 徐伟, 苏军, 周丙常
    2011 (3):  30501-030501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030501
    摘要 ( 1447 )   PDF(360KB) ( 1210 )  
    The stochastic stability of a logistic model subjected to the effect of a random natural environment, modeled as Poisson white noise process, is investigated. The properties of the stochastic response are discussed for calculating the Lyapunov exponent, which had proven to be the most useful diagnostic tool for the stability of dynamical systems. The generalised It? differentiation formula is used to analyse the stochastic stability of the response. The results indicate that the stability of the response is related to the intensity and amplitude distribution of the environment noise and the growth rate of the species.
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    GENERAL
    Corrigendum: Stochastic resonance in a parallel array of linear elements
    董小娟
    2011 (3):  30502-030502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030502
    摘要 ( 1398 )   PDF(147KB) ( 602 )  
    In this paper, we point out the errors occurring in the paper (Dong X J 2009 Chin. Phys. B 18 70) and present a correct conclusion.
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    Effects of an electromagnetic field on intracellular calcium oscillations in a cell with external noise
    段卫龙, 杨林静, 梅冬成
    2011 (3):  30503-030503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030503
    摘要 ( 1317 )   PDF(382KB) ( 770 )  
    Intracellular calcium ion concentration oscillation in a cell subjected to external noise and irradiated by an electromagnetic field is considered. The effects of the intensity E0, the polar angle θ and the frequency omega of the external electric field on steady-state probability distribution and the mean Ca2+ concentration, respectively, are investigated by a numerical calculation method. The results indicate that (i) variation of ω cannot affect the intracellular calcium oscillation; (ii) the steady-state probability distribution presents a meaningful modification due to the variations of E0 and θ, while variation of θ does not affect the steady-state probability distribution under the condition of a small E0, and E0 cannot affect the steady-state probability distribution either when θ = π/2; (iii) the mean Ca2+ concentration increases as E0 increases when θ < π/2 and, as θ increases, it first increases and then decreases. However, it does not vary with E0 increasing when θ = π/2, but it increases with θ increasing when E0 is small.
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    GENERAL
    Global synchronization of general delayed complex networks with stochastic disturbances
    涂俐兰
    2011 (3):  30504-030504.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030504
    摘要 ( 1484 )   PDF(217KB) ( 907 )  
    In this paper, global synchronization of general delayed complex networks with stochastic disturbances, which is a zero-mean real scalar Wiener process, is investigated. The networks under consideration are continuous-time networks with time-varying delay. Based on the stochastic Lyapunov stability theory, It?'s differential rule and the linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization technique, several delay-dependent synchronous criteria are established, which guarantee the asymptotical mean-square synchronization of drive networks and response networks with stochastic disturbances. The criteria are expressed in terms of LMI, which can be easily solved using the Matlab LMI Control Toolbox. Finally, two examples show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed synchronous conditions.
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    Synchronizing spiral waves in a coupled Rössler system
    高加振, 杨舒心, 谢玲玲, 高继华
    2011 (3):  30505-030505.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030505
    摘要 ( 1677 )   PDF(351KB) ( 827 )  
    The synchronisation of spiral patterns in a drive-response Rössler system is studied. The existence of three types of synchronisation is revealed by inspecting the coupling parameter space. Two transient stages of phase synchronisation and partial synchronisation are observed in a comparatively weak feedback coupling parameter regime, whilst complete synchronisation of spirals is found with strong negative couplings. Detailed observations of the synchronous process, such as oscillatory frequencies, parameters mismatches and amplitude variations, etc, are investigated via numerical simulations.
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    Impulsive synchronisation of a class of fractional-order hyperchaotic systems
    王兴元, 张永雷, 林达, 张娜
    2011 (3):  30506-030506.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030506
    摘要 ( 1492 )   PDF(330KB) ( 981 )  
    In this paper, an impulsive synchronisation scheme for a class of fractional-order hyperchaotic systems is proposed. The sufficient conditions of a class of integral-order hyperchaotic systems' impulsive synchronisation are illustrated. Furthermore, we apply the sufficient conditions to a class of fractional-order hyperchaotic systems and well achieve impulsive synchronisation of these fractional-order hyperchaotic systems, thereby extending the applicable scope of impulsive synchronisation. Numerical simulations further demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
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    Electronic band structure of a type-II 'W' quantum well calculated by an eight-band k·p model
    迂修, 谷永先, 王青, 韦欣, 陈良惠
    2011 (3):  30507-030507.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030507
    摘要 ( 1418 )   PDF(272KB) ( 707 )  
    In this paper, we present an investigation of type-II 'W' quantum wells for the InAs/Ga1-xInxSb/AlSb family, where 'W' denotes the conduction profile of the material. We focus our attention on using the eight-band k?p model to calculate the band structures within the framework of finite element method. For the sake of clarity, the simulation in this paper is simplified and based on only one period---AlSb/InAs/Ga1-xInxSb/InAs/AlSb. The obtained numerical results include the energy levels and wavefunctions of carriers. We discuss the variations of the electronic properties by changing several important parameters, such as the thickness of either InAs or Ga1-xInxSb layer and the alloy composition in Ga1-xInxSb separately. In the last part, in order to compare the eight-band k?p model, we recalculate the conduction bands of the 'W' structure using the one-band k?p model and then discuss the difference between the two results, showing that conduction bands are strongly coupled with valence bands in the narrow band gap structure. The in-plane energy dispersions, which illustrate the suppression of the Auger recombination process, are also obtained.
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    Phase transition, structural and thermodynamic properties of Mg2Si polymorphs
    余本海, 陈东
    2011 (3):  30508-030508.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030508
    摘要 ( 1368 )   PDF(425KB) ( 3161 )  
    The plane-wave pseudo-potential method within the framework of first principles is used to investigate the structural and elastic properties of Mg2Si in its intermediate pressure (Pnma) and high pressure phases (P63/mmc). The lattice constants, the band structures. The bulk moduli of the Mg2Si polymorphs are presented and discussed. The phase transition from anti-cotunnite to Ni2In-type Mg2Si is successfully reproduced using a vibrational Debye-like model. The phase boundary can be described as P=24.02994+3.93×10-3T-4.66816×10-5T2-2.2501×10-9T3+2.33786×1011T4. To complete the fundamental characteristics of these polymorphs we have analysed thermodynamic properties, such as thermal expansion and heat capacity, in a pressure range of 0--40 GPa and a temperature range of 0--1300 K. The obtained results tend to support the available experimental data and other theoretical results. Therefore, the present results indicate that the combination of first principles and a vibrational Debye-like model is an efficient scheme to simulate the high temperature behaviours of Mg2Si.
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    GENERAL
    Performance optimization analysis of a thermoelectric refrigerator with two resonances
    罗小光, 何济洲
    2011 (3):  30509-030509.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030509
    摘要 ( 1416 )   PDF(288KB) ( 1061 )  
    Based on electron transport theory, the performance of kx and kr filtered thermoelectric refrigerators with two resonances are studied in this paper. The performance characteristic curves between the cooling rate and the coefficient of performance are plotted by numerical calculation. It is shown that the maximum cooling rate of the thermoelectric refrigerator with two resonances increases but the maximum coefficient of performance decreases compared with those with one resonance. No matter which resonance mechanism is used (kx or kr filtered), the cooling rate and the performance coefficient of the kr filtered refrigerator are much better than those of the kx filtered one.
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    Global exponential stability of reaction–diffusion neural networks with discrete and distributed time-varying delays
    张为元, 李俊民
    2011 (3):  30701-030701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030701
    摘要 ( 1506 )   PDF(232KB) ( 814 )  
    This paper investigates the global exponential stability of reaction--diffusion neural networks with discrete and distributed time-varying delays. By constructing a more general type of Lyapunov--Krasovskii functional combined with a free-weighting matrix approach and analysis techniques, delay-dependent exponential stability criteria are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities. The obtained results are dependent on the size of the time-varying delays and the measure of the space, which are usually less conservative than delay-independent and space-independent ones. These results are easy to check, and improve upon the existing stability results. Some remarks are given to show the advantages of the obtained results over the previous results. A numerical example has been presented to show the usefulness of the derived linear matrix inequality (LMI)-based stability conditions.
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    Simulation study of a magnetocardiogram based on a virtual heart model: effect of a cardiac equivalent source and a volume conductor
    寿国法, 夏灵, 马平, 唐发宽, 戴灵
    2011 (3):  30702-030702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030702
    摘要 ( 1275 )   PDF(650KB) ( 851 )  
    In this paper, we present a magnetocardiogram (MCG) simulation study using the boundary element method (BEM) and based on the virtual heart model and the realistic human volume conductor model. The different contributions of cardiac equivalent source models and volume conductor models to the MCG are deeply and comprehensively investigated. The single dipole source model, the multiple dipoles source model and the equivalent double layer (EDL) source model are analysed and compared with the cardiac equivalent source models. Meanwhile, the effect of the volume conductor model on the MCG combined with these cardiac equivalent sources is investigated. The simulation results demonstrate that the cardiac electrophysiological information will be partly missed when only the single dipole source is taken, while the EDL source is a good option for MCG simulation and the effect of the volume conductor is smallest for the EDL source. Therefore, the EDL source is suitable for the study of MCG forward and inverse problems, and more attention should be paid to it in future MCG studies.
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    Dispersion characteristics of a slow wave structure with a modified photonic band gap
    高喜, 杨梓强, 曹卫平, 姜彦南
    2011 (3):  30703-030703.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/030703
    摘要 ( 1554 )   PDF(359KB) ( 1364 )  
    This paper studies the dispersion characteristics of a modified photonic band-gap slow-wave structure with an open boundary by simulation and experiment. A mode launcher with a wheel radiator and a coupling probe is presented to excite a pure TM01-like mode. The cold test and simulation results show that the TM01-like mode is effectively excited and no parasitic modes appear. The dispersion characteristics obtained from the cold test are in good agreement with the calculated results.
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    Density functional theory study of neutral AlSn(n=,2–9) clusters
    李听昕, 王林, 王飞, 陈军, 姜振益, 李莉莎
    2011 (3):  33101-033101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033101
    摘要 ( 1462 )   PDF(375KB) ( 859 )  
    This paper investigates the geometrical structures and relative stabilities of neutral AlSn(n,=,2--9) using the density functional theory. Structural optimisation and frequency analysis are performed at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level. The ground state structures of the AlSn show that the sulfur atoms prefer not only to evenly distribute on both sides of the aluminum atom but also to form stable structures in AlSn clusters. The structures of pure Sn are fundamentally changed due to the doping of the Al atom. The fragmentation energies and the second-order energy differences are calculated and discussed. Among neutral AlSn(n,=,2--9) clusters, AlS4 and AlS6 are the most stable.
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    Conformation effects on the molecular orbitals of serine
    王克栋, 马鹏飞, 单旭
    2011 (3):  33102-033102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033102
    摘要 ( 1248 )   PDF(292KB) ( 778 )  
    This paper calculates the five most stable conformers of serine with Hartree--Fock theory, density functional theory (B3LYP), Moller--Plesset perturbation theory (MP4(SDQ)) and electron propagation theory with the 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set. The calculated vertical ionization energies for the valence molecular orbitals of each conformer are in agreement with the experimental data, indicating that a range of molecular conformations would coexist in an equilibrium sample. Information of the five outer valence molecular orbitals for each conformer is explored in coordinate and momentum spaces using dual space analysis to investigate the conformational processes, which are generated from the global minimum conformer Ser1 by rotation of C2--C3 (Ser4), C1--C2 (Ser5) and C1--O2 (Ser2 and Ser3). Orbitals 28a, 27a and 26a are identified as the fingerprint orbitals for all the conformational processes.
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    Relativistic calculations of 3s2 1S0–3s3p 1P1 and 3s2 1S0–3s3p 3P1,2 transition probabilities in the Mg isoelectronic sequence
    程诚, 高翔, 青波, 张小乐, 李家明
    2011 (3):  33103-033103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033103
    摘要 ( 1401 )   PDF(224KB) ( 783 )  
    Using the multi-configuration Dirac--Fock self-consistent field method and the relativistic configuration-interaction method, calculations of transition energies, oscillator strengths and rates are performed for the 3s2 1S0–3s3p 1P1 spin-allowed transition, 3s2 1S0–3s3p 3P1,2 intercombination and magnetic quadrupole transition in the Mg isoelectronic sequence (Mg I, Al II, Si III, P IV and S V). Electron correlations are treated adequately, including intravalence electron correlations. The influence of the Breit interaction on oscillator strengths and transition energies are investigated. Quantum electrodynamics corrections are added as corrections. The calculation results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data and other theoretical calculations.
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    ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Photodetachment of H- near an elastic surface in a magnetic field
    汪磊, 杨海峰, 柳晓军, 刘红平
    2011 (3):  33104-033104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033104
    摘要 ( 1413 )   PDF(296KB) ( 780 )  
    This paper investigates the photodetachment of the negative hydrogen ion H- near an elastic wall in a magnetic field. The magnetic field confines the perpendicular motion of the electron, which results in a real three-dimensional well for the detached electron. The analytical formulas for the cross section of the photodetachment in the three-dimensional quantum well are derived based on both the quantum approach and closed-orbit theory. The magnetic field and the elastic surface lead to two completely different modulations to the cross section of the photodetachment. The oscillation amplitude depends on the strength of the magnetic field, the ion-wall distance and the photon polarization as well. Specially, for the circularly polarized photon-induced photodetachment, the cross sections display a suppressed (E-Eth)-1/2 threshold law with energy E in the vicinity above Landau energy Eth, contrasting with the (E-Eth)-1/2 threshold law in the presence of only the magnetic field. The semiclassical calculation fits the quantum result quite well, although there are still small deviations. The difference is attributed to the failure of semiclassical mechanics.
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    Isomers of the Cu5 cluster: a density function theory study
    龚恒风, 李公平, 贾艳辉
    2011 (3):  33105-033105.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033105
    摘要 ( 1361 )   PDF(185KB) ( 1347 )  
    In this work, a systematic study of some possible isomer structures of the Cu5 cluster obtained from density functional theory methods is presented. The polarisation and pseudopotential basis sets are employed in the calculations. The results show that the binding energies, frequencies, coordination numbers and average bond lengths are in reasonable agreement with reported experimental data. Moreover, four isomers of the Cu5 cluster are obtained according to calculations, in which the most stable configuration is the planar structure. Meanwhile, two three-dimensional structures of the Cu5 cluster are obtained in this work, which might be valuable for further theoretical and experimental studies. In addition, our study proves the possibility of the isomer structures of the Cu5 cluster.
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    Accurate potential energy function and spectroscopic study of the X2Σ+, A2П and B2Σ+ states of the CP radical
    刘玉芳, 贾毅
    2011 (3):  33106-033106.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033106
    摘要 ( 1465 )   PDF(188KB) ( 717 )  
    This paper calculates the equilibrium internuclear separations, the harmonic frequencies and the potential energy curves of the X2Σ+, A2П and B2Σ+ states of the CP radical by the highly accurate valence internally contracted multireference configuration interaction method with correlation-consistent basis sets (aug-cc-pV6Z for C atom and aug-cc-pVQZ for P atom). The potential energy curves are all fitted with the analytic potential energy function by the least-square fitting. Employing the analytic potential energy function, we determine the spectroscopic constants (Be, αe and ωeχe) of these states. For the X2Σ+ state, the obtained values of De, Be, αe, ωeχe, Re and ωe are 5.4831 eV, 0.792119 cm-1, 0.005521 cm-1, 6.89653 cm-1, 0.15683 nm, 12535.11 cm-1, respectively. For the A2П state, the present values of De, Be, αe, ωeχe, Re and ωe are 4.586 eV, 0.703333 cm-1, 0.005458 cm-1, 6.03398 cm-1, 0.16613 nm, 1057.89 cm-1, respectively. For the B2Σ+ state, the present values of De, Be, αe, ωeχe, Re and ωe are 3.506 eV, 0.677561 cm-1, 0.00603298 cm-1, 5.68809 cm-1, 0.1696 nm, 822.554 cm-1, respectively. For these states, the vibrational states with the rotational quantum number J equals zero (J = 0) are studied by solving the radial nuclear Schr"odinger equation using the Numerov method. For each vibrational state, the vibrational level, the classical turning points, the rotational inertial and the centrifugal distortion constants are calculated. Comparison is made with recent theoretical and experimental results.
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    An ab initio study of the Ne–CO complex
    王忠全, 张春早, 余海军, 杜建明, 马建国
    2011 (3):  33107-033107.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033107
    摘要 ( 1403 )   PDF(309KB) ( 804 )  
    A new ab initio potential energy surface of the Ne–CO complex is developed using single and double excitation coupled-cluster theory with noniterative treatment of triple excitations [CCSD(T)]. The potential has a minimum value of -49.396 cm-1 at Re=6.40a0 with approximately T-shaped geometry ($\theta_{\rm e}=82.5^\circ$). Bound state energies are calculated up to J=12. The theoretically predicted transition frequencies and spectroscopic constants are in good agreement with the available experimental results.
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    Determination of the transport properties in 4H-SiC wafers by Raman scattering measurement
    孙国胜, 刘兴昉, 吴海雷, 闫果果, 董林, 郑柳, 赵万顺, 王雷, 曾一平, 李锡光, 王占国
    2011 (3):  33301-033301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033301
    摘要 ( 1581 )   PDF(252KB) ( 1236 )  
    The free carrier density and mobility in n-type 4H-SiC substrates and epilayers were determined by accurately analysing the frequency shift and the full-shape of the longitudinal optic phonon--plasmon coupled (LOPC) modes, and compared with those determined by Hall-effect measurement and that provided by the vendors. The transport properties of thick and thin 4H-SiC epilayers grown in both vertical and horizontal reactors were also studied. The free carrier density ranges between 2×1018 cm-3 and 8×1018 cm-3 with a carrier mobility of 30--55 cm2/(V·s) for n-type 4H-SiC substrates and 1×1016--3×1016 cm-3 with mobility of 290--490 cm2/(V·s) for both thick and thin 4H-SiC epilayers grown in a horizontal reactor, while thick 4H-SiC epilayers grown in vertical reactor have a slightly higher carrier concentration of around 8.1×1016 cm-3 with mobility of 380 cm2/(V·s). It was shown that Raman spectroscopy is a potential technique for determining the transport properties of 4H-SiC wafers with the advantage of being able to probe very small volumes and also being non-destructive. This is especially useful for future mass production of 4H-SiC epi-wafers.
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    The dynamical properties of a Rydberg hydrogen atom between two parallel metal surfaces
    刘伟, 李洪云, 杨善迎, 林圣路
    2011 (3):  33401-033401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033401
    摘要 ( 1371 )   PDF(537KB) ( 740 )  
    This paper presents the dynamical properties of a Rydberg hydrogen atom between two metal surfaces using phase space analysis methods. The dynamical behaviour of the excited hydrogen atom depends sensitively on the atom--surface distance d. There exists a critical atom--surface distance dc = 1586 a.u. When the atom--surface distance d is larger than the critical distance dc, the image charge potential is less important than the Coulomb potential, the system is near-integrable and the electron motion is regular. As the distance d decreases, the system will tend to be non-integrable and unstable, and the electron might be captured by the metal surfaces.
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    ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    Cross sections of Oq+(q=1 - 4) electron loss in collisions with He, Ne and Ar
    鲁彦霞, 路兴强, 宋想, 张泊丽
    2011 (3):  33402-033402.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033402
    摘要 ( 1318 )   PDF(218KB) ( 748 )  
    Electron-loss cross sections of Oq+ (q=1-4) colliding with He, Ne and Ar atoms are measured in the intermediate velocity regime. The ratios of the cross sections of two-electron loss to that of one-electron loss R21 are presented. It is shown that single-channel analysis is not sufficient to explain the results, but that projectile electron loss, electron capture by the projectile and target ionization must be considered together to interpret the experimental data. The screening and antiscreening effects can account for the threshold velocity results, but cannot explain the dependence of the ratio R21 on velocity quantitatively. In general, the effective charge of the target atom increases with velocity increasing because the high-speed projectile ion can penetrate into the inner electronic shell of target atom. Ne and Ar atoms have similar effective charges in this velocity regime, but He atoms have smaller ones at the same velocities due to its smaller nuclear charge.
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    Dynamical effects of the four-wave mixing enhancement induced by constructive quantum interference
    薛艳, 王刚, 吴金辉, 张冰, 高锦岳
    2011 (3):  33403-033403.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/033403
    摘要 ( 1444 )   PDF(281KB) ( 811 )  
    In a four-level system of ultracold 87Rb atoms, through analytical and numerical calculations we propose an efficient scheme to achieve the enhanced four-wave mixing process and demonstrate its dynamical control by various parameters such as the travel distance z, probe detuning $\delta$ and the probe pulse width $\tau$. In particular, we find that the maximal intensity of the nonlinearly generated signal pulse can be about 80% of the initial input probe under the optimal condition. This greatly enhanced conversion efficiency occurs due to the constructive quantum interference between two different components of the generated signal pulse.
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    A planar left-handed metamaterial based on electric resonators
    陈春晖, 屈绍波, 王甲富, 马华, 王新华, 徐卓
    2011 (3):  34101-034101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034101
    摘要 ( 1386 )   PDF(386KB) ( 993 )  
    A planar left-handed metamaterial(LHM) composed of electric resonator pairs is presented in this paper. Theoretical analysis, an equivalent circuit model and simulated results of a wedge sample show that this material exhibits a negative refraction pass-band around 9.6GHz under normal-incidence and is insensitive to a change in incidence angle. Furthermore, as the angle between the arm of the electric resonators and the strip connecting the arms increases, the frequency range of the pass-band shifts downwards. Consequently, this LHM guarantees a relatively stable torlerence of errors when it is practically fabricated. Moreover, it is a candidate for designing multi-band LHM through combining the resonator pairs with different angles.
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    CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
    Absorption characteristic of arc plasma in the infrared region
    陈云云, 宋旸, 李振华, 贺安之
    2011 (3):  34201-034201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034201
    摘要 ( 1215 )   PDF(347KB) ( 735 )  
    In this paper, argon arc plasma is chosen as an example to study the absorption characteristics of arc plasma in the infrared region. Firstly, the phase and the attenuation constants are deduced for the given temperature, pressure and probe wavelength regions. Based on those constants, the dependence of the attenuation constant on the temperature and pressure in the vicinity of a certain probe wavelength is found. Then, theoretical analysis and discussion are conducted. Maximal absorption occurs at the position where the contributions of neutral particles and electrons come to a balance in a physical point of view, which may provide some measures to take for decreasing or controlling the plasma absorption of electromagnetic waves.
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    Approximate analytical expressions of apertured broadband beams in the far field
    陆世专, 游开明, 陈列尊, 王友文
    2011 (3):  34202-034202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034202
    摘要 ( 1318 )   PDF(338KB) ( 914 )  
    The approximate analytical expressions of the apertured broadband beams in the far field with Gaussian and Laguerre--Gaussian spatial modes are presented. For the radially polarized Laguerre--Gaussian beam, the result reveals that the electromagnetic field in the far field is transverse magnetic. The influences of bandwidth ($\varGamma$) and truncation parameter ($C_0$) on the transverse intensity distribution of the Gaussian beam and on the energy flux distribution of radially polarized Laguerre--Gaussian beam are analysed.
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    Controllable cross-Kerr interaction between microwave photons in circuit quantum electrodynamics
    吴琴琴, 廖洁桥, 匡乐满
    2011 (3):  34203-034203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034203
    摘要 ( 1374 )   PDF(629KB) ( 996 )  
    We propose a scheme to enable a controllable cross-Kerr interaction between microwave photons in a circuit quantum electrodynamics (QED) system. In this scheme we use two transmission-line resonators (TLRs) and one superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) type charge qubit, which acts as an artificial atom. It is shown that in the dispersive regime of the circuit-QED system, a controllable cross-Kerr interaction can be obtained by properly preparing the initial state of the qubit, and a large cross-phase shift between two microwave fields in the two TLRs can then be reached. Based on this cross-Kerr interaction, we show how to create a macroscopic entangled state between the two TLRs.
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    Modeling the pulse shape of Q-switched lasers to account for terminal-level relaxation
    曾钦勇, 万勇, 熊吉川, 朱大勇
    2011 (3):  34204-034204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034204
    摘要 ( 1201 )   PDF(253KB) ( 2308 )  
    To account for the effect of lower-level relaxation, we have derived a characteristic equation for describing the laser pulse from the modified rate equations for Q-switched lasers. The pulse temporal profile is related to the ratio of the lower-level lifetime to the cavity lifetime and the number of times the population inversion density is above the threshold. By solving the coupled rate equations numerically, the effect of terminal-level lifetime on pulse temporal behaviour is analysed. The mode is applied to the case of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser that is passively Q-switched by a Cr4+:YAG absorber. Theoretical results show good agreement with the experiments.
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    Theoretical study and optimization of a high power mid-infrared erbium-doped ZBLAN fibre laser
    李剑峰, Stuart D. Jackson
    2011 (3):  34205-034205.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034205
    摘要 ( 1333 )   PDF(431KB) ( 1224 )  
    Based on the rate equations describing the erbium-doped fluoride glass (ZBLAN) fibre lasers with different pumping configurations being taken into account, this paper presents theoretical calculations related to the dynamic population density and the operation performance of a high power mid-infrared all-fibre erbium-doped ZBLAN fibre laser. It shows that the ground-state absorption, excited-state absorption and energy-transfer-upconversion processes co-exist and produce a population balance, causing the laser to operate stably at a continuous wave state. A good agreement between the theoretical results and recent experimental measurement is obtained. Furthermore, the laser structure parameters including fibre length, reflectance of output fibre Bragg grating and pumping configurations are quantitatively optimised to achieve the best performance. The results show, as expected, that the slope efficiency of the fibre laser can be improved significantly through optimisation, which then provides an important guide for the design of high-performance mid-infrared erbium-doped ZBLAN fibre lasers.
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    CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
    Magnetic field measurement based on a stimulated two-photon Raman transition
    周子超, 魏荣, 史春艳, 李唐, 王育竹
    2011 (3):  34206-034206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034206
    摘要 ( 1312 )   PDF(387KB) ( 969 )  
    The magnetic field in the microwave interaction zone of the fountain atomic clock was measured by stimulated Raman transitions. By measuring the two-photon transition frequency between the Zeeman levels of the two ground states, we achieved a magnetic field measurement accuracy of the order of 0.28 nT. This method is immune to the Doppler shift and the AC Stark shift. The second order Zeeman shift of the fountain clock is 170.7×10-15, with the uncertainty of 7.2×10-16.
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    Noise-free frequency conversion of quantum states
    白云飞, 翟淑琴, 郜江瑞, 张俊香
    2011 (3):  34207-034207.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034207
    摘要 ( 1276 )   PDF(218KB) ( 709 )  
    In this paper, the frequency conversion of quantum states based on the intracavity nonlinear interaction is proposed. The fidelity of an input state after frequency conversion is calculated, and it is shown the noise-free frequency conversion of a quantum state can be achieved by injecting a strong signal field. The dependences of conversion efficiency on the pump parameter, extra losses and input state amplitude are also analysed.
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    Spatial solitons in photonic lattices with large-scale defects
    杨晓雨, 郑江波, 董亮伟
    2011 (3):  34208-034208.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034208
    摘要 ( 1374 )   PDF(370KB) ( 750 )  
    We address the existence, stability and propagation dynamics of solitons supported by large-scale defects surrounded by the harmonic photonic lattices imprinted in the defocusing saturable nonlinear medium. Several families of soliton solutions, including flat-topped, dipole-like, and multipole-like solitons, can be supported by the defected lattices with different heights of defects. The width of existence domain of solitons is determined solely by the saturable parameter. The existence domains of various types of solitons can be shifted by the variations of defect size, lattice depth and soliton order. Solitons in the model are stable in a wide parameter window, provided that the propagation constant exceeds a critical value, which is in sharp contrast to the case where the soliton trains is supported by periodic lattices imprinted in defocusing saturable nonlinear medium. We also find stable solitons in the semi-infinite gap which rarely occur in the defocusing media.
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    Investigation of the influence of extra noises in seed beams on continuous-variable entanglement generation
    商娅娜, 闫智辉, 贾晓军, 苏晓龙, 谢常德
    2011 (3):  34209-034209.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034209
    摘要 ( 1303 )   PDF(494KB) ( 581 )  
    The influence of the extra classical noises in seed beams on the entanglement between the signal and the idler modes of the output fields generated by a non-degenerate optical parametric amplifier operating at deamplification is investigated theoretically and experimentally. With the increase of the extra classical noises in the seed beams, the correlation degree of the output entangled optical fields, which is scaled by the quantum noise limit, decreases rapidly. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.
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    Numerical investigation of slow solitons in Bragg gratings with a hyperbolic tangent apodization
    王葵如, 程洁琳, 桑新柱, 陈功
    2011 (3):  34210-034210.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034210
    摘要 ( 1387 )   PDF(371KB) ( 959 )  
    This paper numerically and analytically investigates the formation and propagation motion of optical soliton in the Bragg grating. We choose the fibre Bragg grating with hyperbolic tangent apodization in the middle section in order to obtain slower solitons. Optical fibre soliton but not Bragg grating soliton is used as input pulse in the discussion, which is much more approximate to the light source for the practical purpose. We discuss in detail the effects of the soliton's velocity with some parameters in the process of transmission. The results show that by choosing special parameters, one can make the soliton slow-down with a little distortion and energy decay and obtain tunable time-delay on a small scale.
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    Application of the Tikhonov regularization method to wind retrieval from scatterometer data I. Sensitivity analysis and simulation experiments
    钟剑, 黄思训, 杜华栋, 张亮
    2011 (3):  34301-034301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034301
    摘要 ( 1277 )   PDF(304KB) ( 798 )  
    Scatterometer is an instrument which provides all-day and large-scale wind field information, and its application especially to wind retrieval always attracts meteorologists. Certain reasons cause large direction error, so it is important to find where the error mainly comes. Does it mainly result from the background field, the normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) or the method of wind retrieval? It is valuable to research. First, depending on SDP2.0, the simulated `true' NRCS is calculated from the simulated 'true' wind through the geophysical model function NSCAT2. The simulated background field is configured by adding a noise to the simulated 'true' wind with the non-divergence constraint. Also, the simulated 'measured' NRCS is formed by adding a noise to the simulated 'true' NRCS. Then, the sensitivity experiments are taken, and the new method of regularization is used to improve the ambiguity removal with simulation experiments. The results show that the accuracy of wind retrieval is more sensitive to the noise in the background than in the measured NRCS; compared with the two-dimensional variational (2DVAR) ambiguity removal method, the accuracy of wind retrieval can be improved with the new method of Tikhonov regularization through choosing an appropriate regularization parameter, especially for the case of large error in the background. The work will provide important information and a new method for the wind retrieval with real data.
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    Geometric formulations and variational integrators of discrete autonomous Birkhoff systems
    刘世兴, 刘畅, 郭永新
    2011 (3):  34501-034501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034501
    摘要 ( 1221 )   PDF(309KB) ( 839 )  
    The variational integrators of autonomous Birkhoff systems are obtained by the discrete variational principle. The geometric structure of the discrete autonomous Birkhoff system is formulated. The discretization of mathematical pendulum shows that the discrete variational method is as effective as symplectic scheme for the autonomous Birkhoff systems.
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    CLASSICAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY
    Symmetry of Hamiltonian and conserved quantity for a system of generalized classical mechanics
    张毅
    2011 (3):  34502-034502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034502
    摘要 ( 1284 )   PDF(151KB) ( 966 )  
    This paper focuses on a new symmetry of Hamiltonian and its conserved quantity for a system of generalized classical mechanics. The differential equations of motion of the system are established. The definition and the criterion of the symmetry of Hamiltonian of the system are given. A conserved quantity directly derived from the symmetry of Hamiltonian of the generalized classical mechanical system is given. Since a Hamilton system is a special case of the generalized classical mechanics, the results above are equally applicable to the Hamilton system. The results of the paper are the generalization of a theorem known for the existing nonsingular equivalent Lagrangian. Finally, two examples are given to illustrate the application of the results.
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    A fast computing method to distinguish the hyperbolic trajectory of an non-autonomous system
    贾蒙, 樊养余, 田维坚
    2011 (3):  34701-034701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034701
    摘要 ( 1224 )   PDF(314KB) ( 618 )  
    Attempting to find a fast computing method to DHT (distinguished hyperbolic trajectory), this study first proves that the errors of the stable DHT can be ignored in normal direction when they are computed as the trajectories extend. This conclusion means that the stable flow with perturbation will approach to the real trajectory as it extends over time. Based on this theory and combined with the improved DHT computing method, this paper reports a new fast computing method to DHT, which magnifies the DHT computing speed without decreasing its accuracy.
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    Pattern selection in a predation model with self and cross diffusion
    王玮明, 王文娟, 林晔智, 谭永基
    2011 (3):  34702-034702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/034702
    摘要 ( 1346 )   PDF(302KB) ( 973 )  
    In this paper, we present the amplitude equations for the excited modes in a cross-diffusive predator--prey model with zero-flux boundary conditions. From these equations, the stability of patterns towards uniform and inhomogenous perturbations is determined. Furthermore, we present novel numerical evidence of six typical turing patterns, and find that the model dynamics exhibits complex pattern replications: for μ1<μμ2, the steady state is the only stable solution of the model; for μ2<μμ4, by increasing the control parameter μ, the sequence Hπ-hexagons → H0-hexagon-stripe mixtures rightarrow stripes → Hπ-hexagon-stripe mixtures → H0-hexagons is observed; for μ>μ4, the stripe pattern emerges. This may enrich the pattern formation in the cross-diffusive predator--prey model.
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    Plastic analysis of the crack problem in two-dimensional decagonal Al-Ni-Co quasicrystalline materials of point group 10,10
    李梧, 范天佑
    2011 (3):  36101-036101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036101
    摘要 ( 1402 )   PDF(220KB) ( 635 )  
    The fundamental plastic nature of the quasicrystalline materials remains an open problem due to its essential complicacy. By developing the proposed generalized cohesive force model, the plastic deformation of crack in point group 10,10 decagonal quasicrystals is analysed strictly and systematically. The crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the size of the plastic zone around the crack tip are determined exactly. The quantity of the crack tip opening displacement can be used as a parameter of nonlinear fracture mechanics of quasicrystalline material. In addition, the present work may provide a way for the plastic analysis of quasicrystals.
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    The relation between the generalised Eshelby integral and the generalised BCS and DB modelsvspace1mm
    范天佑, 范蕾
    2011 (3):  36102-036102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036102
    摘要 ( 1451 )   PDF(224KB) ( 841 )  
    The generalised BCS dislocation group model and the generalised DB atomic cohesive force zone model have obtained the same results on nonlinear fracture study of some one-, two- and three-dimensional quasicrystals. This work reveals some inherent connection between the two models, and finds that their common basis is the generalised Eshelby integral based on the generalised Eshelby energy--momentum tensor for quasicrystals. Further applications of the theory in solving nonlinear fracture problems of the materials are also discussed.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Hydrothermal synthesis and chromic properties of hexagonal WO3 nanowires
    袁华军, 陈亚琦, 余芳, 彭跃华, 何熊武, 赵丁, 唐东升
    2011 (3):  36103-036103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036103
    摘要 ( 1371 )   PDF(333KB) ( 3288 )  
    This paper reports that highly purified hexagonal WO3 nanowires are synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The as-synthesized WO3 nanowires are investigated in detail by ultraviolet--visible--near infrared spectroscopy and electrical transport measurements under different conditions. It finds that the optical band gap and the diffuse reflection coefficient in the wavelength region above 450 nm of WO3 nanowires decrease observably upon exposure to ultraviolet light or NH3 gas. It is also found that there are electrons being trapped or released in individual WO3 nanowires when scanning bias voltage in different directions upon exposure to ultraviolet and NH3 gas. The experimental results suggest that the chromic properties might be attributed to the injection/extraction of hydrogen ions induced by ultraviolet light irradiation in air or creation/annihilation of oxygen vacancies induced by NH3 gas exposure, which serve as colour centres and trap electrons as polarons. The experimental results also suggest that the hexagonal WO3 nanowires will be a good candidate for sensing reduced gas such as NH3.
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    Be-composition effect on structure, electronic and optical properties of BexZn1-xO alloys
    吕兵, 周勋, 令狐荣锋, 王晓璐, 杨向东
    2011 (3):  36104-036104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036104
    摘要 ( 1468 )   PDF(470KB) ( 956 )  
    This paper carries out first principles calculation of the structure, electronic and optical properties of BexZn1-xO alloys based on the density-functional theory for the compositions x=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0. The lattice constants deviations of alloys obey Vegard's law well. The BexZn1-xO alloys have the direct band gap (Γ--Γ) character, and the bowing coefficients are less than the available theoretical values. Moreover, it investigates in detail the optical properties (dielectric functions, absorption spectrum and refractive index) of these ternary mixed crystals. The obtained results agree well with the available theoretical and experimental values.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Molecular dynamics study of helium bubble pressure in titanium
    张宝玲, 汪俊, 侯氢
    2011 (3):  36105-036105.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036105
    摘要 ( 1628 )   PDF(371KB) ( 1457 )  
    In this paper, the pressure state of the helium bubble in titanium is simulated by a molecular dynamics (MD) method. First, the possible helium/vacancy ratio is determined according to therelation between the bubble pressure and helium/vacancy ratio; then the dependences of the helium bubble pressure on the bubble radius at different temperatures are studied. It is shown that the product of the bubble pressure and the radius is approximately a constant, a result justifying the pressure-radius relation predicted by thermodynamics-based theory for gas bubble. Furthermore, a state equation of the helium bubble is established based on the MD calculations. Comparison between the results obtained by the state equation and corresponding experimental data shows that the state equation can describe reasonably the state of helium bubble and thus could be used for Monte Carlo simulations of the evolution of helium bubble in metals.
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    Novel model of a AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor based on an artificial neural network
    程知群, 胡莎, 刘军
    2011 (3):  36106-036106.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036106
    摘要 ( 1449 )   PDF(316KB) ( 1341 )  
    In this paper we present a novel approach to modeling AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with an artificial neural network (ANN). The AlGaN/GaN HEMT device structure and its fabrication process are described. The circuit-based Neuro-space mapping (neuro-SM) technique is studied in detail. The EEHEMT model is implemented according to the measurement results of the designed device, which serves as a coarse model. An ANN is proposed to model AlGaN/GaN HEMT based on the coarse model. Its optimization is performed. The simulation results from the model are compared with the measurement results. It is shown that the simulation results obtained from the ANN model of AlGaN/GaN HEMT are more accurate than those obtained from the EEHEMT model.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Control of random Boolean networks via average sensitivity of Boolean functions
    陈士剑, 洪奕光
    2011 (3):  36401-036401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036401
    摘要 ( 1327 )   PDF(418KB) ( 646 )  
    In this paper, we discuss how to transform the disordered phase into an ordered phase in random Boolean networks. To increase the effectiveness, a control scheme is proposed, which periodically freezes a fraction of the network based on the average sensitivity of Boolean functions of the nodes. Theoretical analysis is carried out to estimate the expected critical value of the fraction, and shows that the critical value is reduced using this scheme compared to that of randomly freezing a fraction of the nodes. Finally, the simulation is given for illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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    Evidence for the anomalous scaling behaviour of the molecular-beam epitaxy growth equation
    唐刚, 夏辉, 郝大鹏, 寻之朋, 温荣吉, 陈玉岭
    2011 (3):  36402-036402.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036402
    摘要 ( 1367 )   PDF(256KB) ( 593 )  
    According to the scaling idea of local slope, we investigate numerically and analytically anomalous dynamic scaling behaviour of (1+1)-dimensional growth equation for molecular-beam epitaxy. The growth model includes the linear molecular-beam epitaxy (LMBE) and the nonlinear Lai--Das Sarma--Villain (LDV) equations. The anomalous scaling exponents in both the LMBE and the LDV equations are obtained, respectively. Numerical results are consistent with the corresponding analytical predictions.
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    CO adsorption on small Aun(n=1–7) clusters supported on a reduced rutile TiO2(110) surface: a first-principles study
    王云江, 王崇愚, 王山鹰
    2011 (3):  36801-036801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/036801
    摘要 ( 1472 )   PDF(374KB) ( 868 )  
    CO adsorption on small Aun(n=1-7) clusters which are supported by a partially reduced rutile TiO2(110) surface has been investigated by the first-principles method. The low coordinated sites of Au clusters are favorable for CO adsorption. CO--Aun--TiO2 system displays surface magnetism. There is a strong interaction between the adsorbed CO molecule and the supported Au clusters.
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    First-principles study of electronic properties and stability of Nb5SiB2 (001) surface
    许昱江子, 尚家香, 王福合
    2011 (3):  37101-037101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037101
    摘要 ( 1541 )   PDF(350KB) ( 1031 )  
    The density functional calculations are performed to study the electronic structure and stability of Nb5SiB2 (001) surface with different terminations. The calculated cleavage energies along the (001) planes in Nb5SiB2 are 5.015 ·m-2 and 6.593 J·m-2 with the break of Nb--Si and Nb--NbB bonds, respectively. There exists a close correlation between the surface relaxation including surface ripple and the cleavage energy: the larger the cleavage energy, the larger the surface relaxation. Moreover, the surface stability of the Nb5SiB2 (001) with different terminations has been investigated by the chemical potential phase diagram. From a thermodynamics point of view, the four terminations can be stabilized under different conditions. In chemical potential space, NbB (Nb) and Nb (Si) terminations are just stable in a small area, whereas Si (Nb) and Nb (NbB) terminations are stable in a large area (the letters in brackets represent the subsurface atoms).
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    A new perspective on optoelectric conversion in conjugated polymers
    刘文, 张明华, 李海宏, 王永娟, 刘德胜
    2011 (3):  37102-037102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037102
    摘要 ( 1246 )   PDF(281KB) ( 727 )  
    Photoexcitation of a neutral soliton will create a polaron and a charged soliton. According to a tight-binding model and a nonadiabatic method, we investigate the dynamical process of these two photogenerated charge carriers in an external electric field. It is found that the polaron and the soliton can pass through each other, which excludes the possibility of carrier recombination that usually occurs in existing organic solar cells. The results indicate a more efficient way to realize the optoelectric conversion by photoexciting polymer materials with soliton defects. On the other hand, it is found that solitons take on greater stability than polarons during collision.
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    Electronic properties and deep level transient spectroscopy of CdS/CdTe thin film solar cells
    黎兵, 冯良桓, 王钊, 郑旭, 郑家贵, 蔡亚平, 张静全, 李卫, 武莉莉, 雷智, 曾广根
    2011 (3):  37103-037103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037103
    摘要 ( 1379 )   PDF(197KB) ( 1435 )  
    It is well known that preparing temperatures and defects are highly related to deep-level impurities. In our studies, the CdTe polycrystalline films have been prepared at various temperatures by close spaced sublimation (CSS). The different preparing temperature effects on CdS/CdTe solar cells and deep-level impurities have been investigated by I--V and C--V measurements and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). By comparison, less dark saturated current density, higher carrier concentration, and better photovoltaic performance are demonstrated in a 580oC sample. Also there is less deep-level impurity recombination, because the lower hole trap concentration is present in this sample. In addition, three deep levels, Ev+0.341 eV(H4), Ev+0.226 eV(H5) and EC-0.147 eV(E3), are found in the 580oC sample, and the possible source of deep levels is analysed and discussed.
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    Renormalization of spin polarised itinerant electron bands in the normal state of a model ferromagnetic superconductor
    马磊, 黄爱群, 李俊
    2011 (3):  37104-037104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037104
    摘要 ( 1455 )   PDF(246KB) ( 687 )  
    This paper studies the normal state properties of itinerant electrons in a toy model, which is constructed according to the model for coexisting ferromagnetism and superconductivity proposed by Suhl [Suhl H 2001 Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 167007]. In this theory with ferromagnetic ordering based on localized spins, the exchange interaction J between conduction electrons and localized spin is taken as the pairing glue for s-wave superconductivity. It shows that this J term will first renormalize the normal state single conduction electron structures substantially. It finds dramatically enhanced or suppressed magnetization of itinerant electrons for positive or negative J. Singlet Cooper pairing can be ruled out due to strong spin polarisation in the J > 0 case while a narrow window for s-wave superconductivity is opened around some ferromagnetic J.
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    Impurity-related electronic properties in quantum dots under electric and magnetic fields
    张红, 翟利学, 王学, 张春元, 刘建军
    2011 (3):  37301-037301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037301
    摘要 ( 1588 )   PDF(275KB) ( 1258 )  
    This paper presents a systematic study of the ground-state binding energies of a hydrogenic impurity in quantum dots subjected to external electric and magnetic fields. The quantum dot is modeled by superposing a lateral parabolic potential, a Gaussian potential and the energies are calculated via the finite-difference method within the effective-mass approximation. The variation of the binding energy with the lateral confinement, external field, position of the impurity, and quantum-size is studied in detail. All these factors lead to complicated binding energies of the donor, and the following results are found: (1) the binding energies of the donor increase with the increasing magnetic strength and lateral confinement, and reduce with the increasing electric strength and the dot size; (2) there is a maximum value of the binding energies as the impurity placed in different positions along the z direction; (3) the electric field destroys the symmetric behaviour of the donor binding energies as the position of the impurity.
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    The surface plasmon polariton dispersion relations in a nonlinear-metal-nonlinear dielectric structure of arbitrary nonlinearity
    刘炳灿, 于丽, 逯志欣
    2011 (3):  37302-037302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037302
    摘要 ( 1660 )   PDF(358KB) ( 2582 )  
    The analytic surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) dispersion relation is studied in a system consisting of a thin metallic film bounded by two sides media of nonlinear dielectric of arbitrary nonlinearity is studied by applying a generalised first integral approach. We consider both asymmetric and symmetric structures. Especially, in the symmetric system, two possible modes can exist: the odd mode and the even mode. The dispersion relations of the two modes are obtained. Due to the nonlinear dielectric, the magnitude of the electric field at the interface appears and alters the dispersion relations. The changes in SPPs dispersion relations depending on film thicknesses and nonlinearity are studied.
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    Simultaneous low extinction and high local field enhancement in Ag nanocubes
    周飞, 刘晔, 李志远
    2011 (3):  37303-037303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037303
    摘要 ( 1568 )   PDF(2101KB) ( 1182 )  
    We theoretically investigate surface plasmon resonance properties in Au and Ag cubic nanoparticles and find a novel plasmonic mode that exhibits simultaneous low extinction and high local field enhancement properties. We analyse this mode from different aspects by looking at the distribution patterns of local field intensity, energy flux, absorption and charge density. We find that in the mode the polarized charge is highly densified in a very limited volume around the corner of the nanocube and results in very strong local field enhancement. Perturbations of the incident energy flux and light absorption are also strongly localized in this small volume of the corner region, leading to both low absorption and low scattering cross section. As a result, the extinction is low for the mode. Metal nanoparticles involving such peculiar modes may be useful for constructing nonlinear compound materials with low linear absorption and high nonlinearity.
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    Photoelectric property of LaAlO3-δ/Si heterojunctions with different oxygen contents
    邢杰, 郭尔佳, 温娟
    2011 (3):  37304-037304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037304
    摘要 ( 1304 )   PDF(1831KB) ( 682 )  
    Three oxide heterojunctions made of LaAlO3-δ/Si are fabricated under various oxygen pressures by laser molecular-beam epitaxy. They all show nonlinear and rectifying current--voltage characteristics, and the distinct difference in rectification behaviour among them. Their photoelectric properties are examined by a visible HeNe laser and an ultraviolet Hg lamp. We find that their photovoltaic responses are closely related to the oxygen contents in the LaAlO3-δ films. The junction fabricated under the lower oxygen pressure has a higher photovoltaic sensitivity. The possible mechanism is suggested based on the band structure of the p--n heterojunction.
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    Hot carrier injection degradation under dynamic stress
    马晓华, 曹艳荣, 郝跃, 张月
    2011 (3):  37305-037305.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037305
    摘要 ( 1481 )   PDF(357KB) ( 3064 )  
    In this paper, we have studied hot carrier injection (HCI) under alternant stress. Under different stress modes, different degradations are obtained from the experiment results. The different alternate stresses can reduce or enhance the HC effect, which mainly depends on the latter condition of the stress cycle. In the stress mode A (DC stress with electron injection), the degradation keeps increasing. In the stress modes B (DC stress and then stress with the smallest gate injection) and C (DC stress and then stress with hole injection under Vg=0 V and Vg=1.8 V), recovery appears in the second stress period. And in the stress mode D (DC stress and then stress with hole injection under Vg=-1.8 V and Vd=1.8 V), as the traps filled in by holes can be smaller or greater than the generated interface states, the continued degradation or recovery in different stress periods can be obtained.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Double-layer indium doped zinc oxide for silicon thin-film solar cell prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
    焦宝臣, 张晓丹, 魏长春, 孙建, 倪牮, 赵颖
    2011 (3):  37306-037306.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037306
    摘要 ( 1409 )   PDF(677KB) ( 1110 )  
    Indium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:In) thin films were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis on corning eagle 2000 glass substrate. 1 and 2 at.% indium doped single-layer ZnO:In thin films with different amounts of acetic acid added in the initial solution were fabricated. The 1 at.% indium doped single-layers have triangle grains. The 2 at.% indium doped single-layer with 0.18 acetic acid adding has the resistivity of 6.82×10-3Ω·cm and particle grains. The double-layers structure is designed to fabricate the ZnO:In thin film with low resistivity (2.58×10-3Ω·cm ) and good surface morphology. It is found that the surface morphology of the double-layer ZnO:In film strongly depends on the substrate-layer, and the second-layer plays a large part in the resistivity of the double-layer ZnO:In thin film. Both total and direct transmittances of the double-layer ZnO:In film are above 80% in the visible light region. Single junction a-Si:H solar cell based on the double-layer ZnO:In as front electrode is also investigated.
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    Optoelectronic characterisation of an individual ZnO nanowire in contact with a micro-grid template
    姜威, 高红, 徐玲玲, 马佳宁, 张锷, 魏平, 林家齐
    2011 (3):  37307-037307.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037307
    摘要 ( 1389 )   PDF(241KB) ( 1028 )  
    Optoelectronic characterisation of an individual ZnO nanowire in contact with a micro-grid template has been studied. The low-cost micro-grid template made by photolithography is used to fabricate the ohmic contact metal electrodes. The current increases linearly with the bias, indicating good ohmic contacts between the nanowire and the electrodes. The resistivity of the ZnO nanowire is calculated to be 3.8 Ω·cm. We investigate the photoresponses of an individual ZnO nanowire under different light illumination using light emitting diodes (λ=505 nm, 460 nm, 375 nm) as excitation sources in atmosphere. When individual ZnO nanowire is exposured to different light irradiation, we find that it is extremely sensitive to UV illumination; the conductance is much larger upon UV illumination than that in the dark at room temperature. This phenomenon may be related to the surface oxygen molecule adsorbtion, which indicates their potential application to the optoelectronic switching device.
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    Room-temperature anomalous Hall effect and magnetroresistance in (Ga, Co)-codoped ZnO diluted magnetic semiconductor films
    刘学超, 陈之战, 施尔畏, 廖达前, 周克谨
    2011 (3):  37501-037501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037501
    摘要 ( 1646 )   PDF(252KB) ( 1083 )  
    This paper reports that the (Ga, Co)-codoped ZnO thin films have been grown by inductively coupled plasma enhanced physical vapour deposition. Room-temperature ferromagnetism is observed for the as-grown thin films. The x-ray absorption fine structure characterization reveals that Co2+ and Ga3+ ions substitute for Zn2+ ions in the ZnO lattice and exclude the possibility of extrinsic ferromagnetism origin. The ferromagnetic (Ga, Co)-codoped ZnO thin films exhibit carrier concentration dependent anomalous Hall effect and positive magnetoresistance at room temperature. The mechanism of anomalous Hall effect and magneto-transport in ferromagnetic ZnO-based diluted magnetic semiconductors is discussed.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    A hybrid model for the charging process of the amorphous SiO2 film in radio frequency microelectromechanical system capacitive switches
    王立峰, 黄庆安, 唐洁影, 廖小平
    2011 (3):  37701-037701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037701
    摘要 ( 1285 )   PDF(273KB) ( 811 )  
    Charging is one of the most important reliability issues in radio frequency microelectro- mechanical systems (RF MEMS) capacitive switches since it makes the actuation voltage unstable. This paper proposes a hybrid model to describe the transient dielectric charging and discharging process in the defect-rich amorphous SiO2 RF MEMS capacitive switches and verifies experimentally. The hybrid model contains two parts according to two different charging mechanisms of the amorphous SiO2, which are the polarisation and charge injection. The models for polarisation and for charge injection are established, respectively. Analysis and experimental results show that polarisation is always effective, while the charge injection has a threshold electric field to the amorphous SiO2 film. Under different control voltage conditions, the hybrid model can accurately describe the experimental data.
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    A metamaterial absorber with direction-selective and polarisation-insensitive properties
    顾超, 屈绍波, 裴志斌, 徐卓
    2011 (3):  37801-037801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037801
    摘要 ( 1535 )   PDF(286KB) ( 868 )  
    This paper reports the design of a metamaterial absorber with direction-selective and polarisation-insensitive property. Both theoretical and simulated results reveal that the absorber has a distinct absorption point with direction selectivity at 7.48 GHz, which is related to the resonance of the metamaterial and is not influenced by the polarisation. The retrieved impedance indicates that the impedance of the absorber can be tuned to approximatively match the impedance of the free space on one side and not to match the impedance of the free space on the other side. This design can result in the minimal reflectance, the minimal transmission and the highest absorbance at the absorption frequency. The distribution of the power loss indicates that the absorber is an excellent electromagnetic wave collector: the wave is first trapped and reinforced in certain specific locations, and then mostly consumed. The distribution of the surface current is consistent with the design, the retrieved impedance and the distribution of the power loss. This absorber may have applications in many scientific and technological areas.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Electric field-induced stress–birefringence in layered composites PbZr1-xTixO3/Polycarbonate
    李向阳, 张宁, 罗小彬, 王巍, 吴栋, 高剑森
    2011 (3):  37802-037802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037802
    摘要 ( 1338 )   PDF(430KB) ( 698 )  
    Electro--optical composites based on the product of electro--strictive and elasto--optical effects are developed. Layered composites of PbZr1-xTixO3 and polycarbonate are synthesised. Their electro--optical properties are studied. The nominal transverse electro--optical coefficient of the composite is observed to be about 3.6 times larger than that of LiNbO3. Experiments and theoretical analyses show that the electro--optical effect of the composite has a strong `size effect'. With the ratio of thickness/length decreasing or the width of elasto--optical phase increasing, the half-wave electric field intensity increases but the transverse electro--optical coefficient decreases for the layered composite.
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    Influence of the ordered structure of short-chain polymer molecule all-trans-β-carotene on Raman scattering cross section in liquid
    曲冠男, 欧阳顺利, 王微微, 里佐威, 孙成林, 门志伟
    2011 (3):  37803-037803.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037803
    摘要 ( 1282 )   PDF(303KB) ( 743 )  
    We measured the resonant Raman spectra of all-trans-β-carotene in solvents with different densities and concentrations at different temperatures. The results demonstrated that the Raman scattering cross section (RSCS) of short-chain polymer all-trans-β-carotene is extremely high in liquid. Resonance and strong coherent weakly damped CC bond vibrating properties play important roles under these conditions. Coherent weakly damped CC bond vibration strength is associated with molecular ordered structure. All-trans-β-carotene has highly ordered structure and strong coherent weakly damped CC bond vibrating properties, which lead to large RSCS in the solvent with large density and low concentration at low temperature.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Influence of Si4+ substitution on the temperature-dependent characteristics of Y3Al5O12:Ce
    徐生艳, 张晓松, 周永亮, 奚群, 李岚
    2011 (3):  37804-037804.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037804
    摘要 ( 1510 )   PDF(332KB) ( 1009 )  
    A series of Y3Al5O12:Ce (YAG:Ce) phosphors doped with different Si4+ concentrations is prepared by solid-state reaction. The temperature dependent characteristics of luminescent spectrum and decay time of Ce3+ are investigated. With Si4+ doped, the emission spectrum shows a blue shift due to a decrease of the splitting of 5d levels of Ce3+ ion. The thermal stability is greatly improved by adding Si4+ because the activation energy ΔE increases from 0.1836 eV to 0.2401 eV. The study of the decay times against temperature for various doping concentrations of Si4+ shows that the calculated nonradiative decay rate is affected by Si4+ substitution. The results are explained by the configurational coordinate diagram.
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    Investigation of yellow luminescence intensity of N-polar unintentionally doped GaN
    杜大超, 张进成, 欧新秀, 王昊, 陈珂, 薛军帅, 许晟瑞, 郝跃
    2011 (3):  37805-037805.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037805
    摘要 ( 1351 )   PDF(345KB) ( 1585 )  
    This paper reports that the yellow luminescence intensity of N-polar GaN Epi-layers is much lower than that of Ga-polar ones due to the inverse polarity, and reduces drastically in the N-polar unintentionally-doped GaN after etching in KOH solution. The ratio of yellow luminescence intensity to band-edge emission intensity decreases sharply with the etching time. The full width at half maximum of x-ray diffraction of (10-12) plane falls sharply after etching, and the surface morphology characterized by scanning electron microscope shows a rough surface that changes with the etching time. The mechanism for the generation of the yellow luminescence are explained in details.
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    Systematic study on visible light collimation by nanostructured slits in the metal surface
    傅晋欣, 华一磊, 陈宇辉, 刘荣鹃, 李家方, 李志远
    2011 (3):  37806-037806.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037806
    摘要 ( 1301 )   PDF(3093KB) ( 1148 )  
    We present a systematic experimental investigation on visible light collimation by a nanostructured slit flanked with a pair of periodic array of grooves in gold thin film. A wide variety of aspects are considered, such as the polarization state, the transport path of incident light, the groove--groove spacing, the groove width and depth. Our results clearly show that the relationship between the collimation wavelength and the periodicity of the slit-groove structure accords well with the surface plasmon dispersion model proposed by previous researchers. Furthermore, the surface plasmon wave phase retardation effect induced by the surface structure is also verified via the measurement for samples with different groove widths and depths. These results indicate that the detailed geometry of the groove structure has obvious impacts on the collimation effect and the angular distribution of the diffraction light in the subwavelength plasmonic system.
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    Optimization of a GaN-based irregular multiple quantum well structure for a dichromatic white LED
    路慧敏, 陈根祥
    2011 (3):  37807-037807.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037807
    摘要 ( 1395 )   PDF(377KB) ( 720 )  
    GaN-based irregular multiple quantum well (IMQW) structures assembled two different types of QWs emitting complementary wavelengths for dichromatic white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are optimized in order to obtain near white light emissions. The hole distributions and spontaneous emission spectra of the IMQW structures are analysed in detail by fully considering the effects of strain, well-coupling, valence band-mixing and polarization effect through employing a newly developed theoretical model from the k·p theory. Several structure parameters such as well material component, well width, layout of the wells and the thickness of barrier between different types of QWs are employed to analyse how these parameters together with the polarization effect influence the electronic and the optical properties of IMQW structure. Numerical results show that uniform hole distributions in different types of QWs are obtained when the number of the QWs emitting blue light is two, the number of the QWs emitting yellow light is one and the barrier between different types of QWs is 8nm in thickness. The near white light emission is realized using GaN-based IMQW structure with appropriate design parameters and injection level.
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    The charging stability of different silica glasses studied by measuring the secondary electron emission yield
    赵谡玲, Bertrand Poumellec
    2011 (3):  37901-037901.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037901
    摘要 ( 1291 )   PDF(2759KB) ( 973 )  
    This paper reports that the charging properties of lead silica, Suprasil silica and Infrasil silica are investigated by measuring the secondary electron emission (SEE) yield. At a primary electron beam energy of 25 keV, the intrinsic SEE yields measured at very low injection dose are 0.54, 0.29 and 0.35, respectively for lead silica, Suprasil and Infrasil silica glass. During the first e-beam irradiation at a high injection current density, the SEE yields of lead silica and Suprasil increase continuously and slowly from their initial values to a steady state. At the steady state, the SEE yields of lead silica and Suprasil are 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. In Infrasil, several charging and discharging processes are observed during the experiment. This shows that Infrasil does not reach its steady state. Two hours later, all samples are irradiated again in the same place as the first irradiation at a low current density and low dose. The SEE yields of lead silica, Suprasil and Infrasil are 0.69, 0.76 and 0.55, respectively. Twenty hours later, the values are 0.62, 0.64 and 0.33, respectively, for lead silica, Suprasil and Infrasil. These results show that Infrasil has poor charging stability. Comparatively, the charging stability of lead silica is better, and Suprasil has the best characteristics.
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    Photoemission of graded-doping GaN photocathode
    付小倩, 常本康, 王晓晖, 李飙, 杜玉杰, 张俊举
    2011 (3):  37902-037902.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037902
    摘要 ( 1334 )   PDF(223KB) ( 1199 )  
    We study the photoemission process of graded-doping GaN photocathode and find that the built-in electric fields can increase the escape probability and the effective diffusion length of photo-generated electrons, which results in the enhancement of quantum efficiency. The intervalley scattering mechanism and the lattice scattering mechanism in high electric fields are also investigated. To prevent negative differential mobility from appearing, the surface doping concentration needs to be optimized, and it is calculated to be 3.19×1017 cm-3. The graded-doping GaN photocathode with higher performance can be realized by further optimizing the doping profile.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Tuning field emission properties of boron nanocones with catalyst concentration
    李晨, 田园, 王登科, 时雪钊, 惠超, 申承民, 高鸿钧
    2011 (3):  37903-037903.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/037903
    摘要 ( 1249 )   PDF(339KB) ( 587 )  
    Single crystalline boron nanocones are prepared by using a simple spin spread method in which Fe3O4 nanoparticles are pre-manipulated on Si(111) to form catalyst patterns of different densities. The density of boron nanocones can be tuned by changing the concentration of catalyst nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that the boron nanocone has a β-tetragonal structure with good crystallization. The field emission behaviour is optimal when the spacing distance is close to the nanocone length, which indicates that this simple spin spread method has great potential applications in electron emission nanodevices.
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Target voltage behaviour of a vanadium-oxide thin film during reactive magnetron sputtering
    王涛, 蒋亚东, 于贺, 吴志明, 赵赫男
    2011 (3):  38101-038101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/038101
    摘要 ( 1451 )   PDF(450KB) ( 2147 )  
    This paper simulates reactive magnetron-sputtering in constant current mode in a Vanadium-O2/Ar system equipped with a DC power supply by adopting both kinetics model and Berg's model. The target voltage during the reactive sputtering has been investigated as a function of reactive gas flow. Both experiments and simulations demonstrate a hysteresis curve with respect to the oxygen supply. The time-dependent variation of the target mode is studied by measuring the target voltage for various reactive oxygen gas flows and pre-sputtering times. The pre-sputtering time increases with the increased initial target voltage. Furthermore, a corresponding time-dependent model simulating target voltage changes is also proposed. Based on these simulations, we find some relationships between the discharge voltage behaviour and the properties of the formed oxide. In this way, a better understanding of the target voltage changes during reactive sputtering can be achieved. We conclude that the presented theoretical models for parameter-dependent case and time-dependent case are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results and can be used to comprehend the target voltage behaviour in the deposition of vanadium oxide thin films.
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    Origin of high oxide to nitride polishing selectivity of ceria-based slurry in the presence of picolinic acid
    王良咏, 刘波, 宋志棠, 刘卫丽, 封松林, 黄丕成, S.V Babu
    2011 (3):  38102-038102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/038102
    摘要 ( 1301 )   PDF(296KB) ( 4751 )  
    We report on the investigation of the origin of high oxide to nitride polishing selectivity of ceria-based slurry in the presence of picolinic acid. The oxide to nitride removal selectivity of the ceria slurry with picolinic acid is as high as 76.6 in the chemical mechanical polishing. By using zeta potential analyzer, particle size analyzer, horizon profilometer, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the pre- and the post-polished wafer surfaces as well as the pre- and the post-used ceria-based slurries are compared. Possible mechanism of high oxide to nitride selectivity with using ceria-based slurry with picolinic acid is discussed.
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    Solar cells based on the poly(N-vinylcarbazole):porphyrin: tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium blend system
    张天慧, 赵谡玲, 朴玲钰, 徐征, 鞠思婷, 刘晓东, 孔超, 徐叙瑢
    2011 (3):  38401-038401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/038401
    摘要 ( 1523 )   PDF(423KB) ( 1466 )  
    Organic solar cells based on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK): porphyrin: tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminium (Alq3) blend p-n junction systems have been fabricated in this work. The roles of the different components in the blend system and of the amount of porphyrin have been investigated. The 5, 10, 15, 20--tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and 5, 10, 15, 20-tetra(o-chloro)phenylporphyrinato-copper (CuTClPP) are used in the solar cells. The results show that TPP is better than CuTClPP in enhancing the performance of PVK:Alq3 solar cells. When the weight ratio of PVK:TPP:Alq3 is 1:1.5:1, the best performance of solar cell is obtained. The open circuit voltage (Voc) is 0.87 V, and the short circuit current (Jsc) is 17.5 μA·cm - 2. In the ternary bulk hereojunction system, the device may be regarded as a cascade of three devices of PVK:TPP, TPP:Alq3 and PVK:Alq3. PVK, TPP and Alq3 can improve the hole mobility, light absorption intensity and electron mobility of the ternary bulk hereojunction system, respectively.
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    Analysis of a phase synchronized functional network based on the rhythm of brain activities
    李凌, 金贞兰, 李斌
    2011 (3):  38701-038701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/038701
    摘要 ( 1397 )   PDF(341KB) ( 742 )  
    Rhythm of brain activities represents oscillations of postsynaptic potentials in neocortex, therefore it can serve as an indicator of the brain activity state. In order to check the connectivity of brain rhythm, this paper develops a new method of constructing functional network based on phase synchronization. Electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected while subjects looking at a green cross in two states, performing an attention task and relaxing with eyes-open. The EEG from these two states was filtered by three band-pass filters to obtain signals of theta (4--7 Hz), alpha (8--13 Hz) and beta (14--30 Hz) bands. Mean resultant length was used to estimate strength of phase synchronization in three bands to construct networks of both states, and mean degree K and cluster coefficient C of networks were calculated as a function of threshold. The result shows higher cluster coefficient in the attention state than in the eyes-open state in all three bands, suggesting that cluster coefficient reflects brain state. In addition, an obvious fronto-parietal network is found in the attention state, which is a well-known attention network. These results indicate that attention modulates the fronto-parietal connectivity in different modes as compared with the eyes-open state. Taken together this method is an objective and important tool to study the properties of neural networks of brain rhythm.
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    The role of vacancy, impurity, impurity–vacancy complex in the kinetics of LiNH2 complex hydrides: a first-principles study
    刘贵立, 张国英, 张辉, 朱圣龙
    2011 (3):  38801-038801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/038801
    摘要 ( 1373 )   PDF(319KB) ( 695 )  
    This paper studies first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential based on density functional theory of hydrogen vacancy, metal impurity, impurity--vacancy complex in LiNH2, a promising material for hydrogen storage. It finds easy formation of H vacancy in the form of impurity--vacancy complex, and the rate-limiting step to the H diffusion. Based on the analysis of the density of states, it finds that the improvement of the dehydrogenating kinetics of LiNH2 by Ti catalysts and Mg substitution is due to the weak bonding of N--H and the new system metal-like, which makes H atom diffuse easily. The mulliken overlap population analysis shows that H vacancy leads to the H local diffusion, whereas impurity--vacancy complexes result from H nonlocal diffusion, which plays a dominant role in the process of dehydrogenation reaction of LiNH2.
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    Effects of σ* and Φ mesons on the surface redshift of a neutron star
    赵先锋
    2011 (3):  39701-039701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/20/3/039701
    摘要 ( 1373 )   PDF(389KB) ( 696 )  
    The effects of σ* and Φ mesons on the surface redshift of a neutron star have been investigated within the framework of relativistic mean field theory for the baryon octet {n,p,Λ,Σ-0+-0} system. It is found that compared with those without considering the contributions of σ* and Φ mesons, the surface redshift decreases and that corresponding to the maximum value of the mass also decreases from 0.2540 to 0.2236, about by 12%. Meanwhile, it is also found that including σ* and Φ mesons, the M/R and that corresponding to the maximum mass decrease.
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