Abstract In this paper the laser-phase determination methods and transfer equations are presented to directly reconstruct the detailed temporal structures of ultra-short extreme ultraviolet (xuv) pulses from the measured photoelectron energy spectra (PES). Each transfer equation includes one of PID (proportional-integral-differential) terms of PES. The intensity and instantaneous frequency of attosecond xuv can be retrieved from the integral term of PES. The intensity profiles of narrow bandwidth atto- and femtosecond xuvs can be rebuilt from the proportional and differential terms of PES respectively. The methods and equations may be used to improve time resolutions in measuring ultrashort pulses.
Received: 30 May 2005
Revised: 31 May 2006
Accepted manuscript online:
Ge Yu-Cheng(葛愉成) Laser-phase determination methods and transfer equations for direct temporal structure measure- ments of atto- and femtosecond XUV pulses 2006 Chinese Physics 15 2909
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