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    2019年, 第28卷, 第10期 刊出日期:2019-10-05 上一期    下一期
    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Compact finite difference schemes for the backward fractional Feynman-Kac equation with fractional substantial derivative
    胡嘉卉, 王俊刚, 聂玉峰, 罗艳伟
    2019 (10):  100201-100201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3af3
    摘要 ( 648 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(591KB) ( 176 )  
    The fractional Feynman-Kac equations describe the distributions of functionals of non-Brownian motion, or anomalous diffusion, including two types called the forward and backward fractional Feynman-Kac equations, where the non-local time-space coupled fractional substantial derivative is involved. This paper focuses on the more widely used backward version. Based on the newly proposed approximation operators for fractional substantial derivative, we establish compact finite difference schemes for the backward fractional Feynman-Kac equation. The proposed difference schemes have the q-th (q=1,2,3,4) order accuracy in temporal direction and fourth order accuracy in spatial direction, respectively. The numerical stability and convergence in the maximum norm are proved for the first order time discretization scheme by the discrete energy method, where an inner product in complex space is introduced. Finally, extensive numerical experiments are carried out to verify the availability and superiority of the algorithms. Also, simulations of the backward fractional Feynman-Kac equation with Dirac delta function as the initial condition are performed to further confirm the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
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    Exact solutions of a (2+1)-dimensional extended shallow water wave equation
    袁丰, 贺劲松, 程艺
    2019 (10):  100202-100202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e65
    摘要 ( 749 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2505KB) ( 292 )  

    We give the bilinear form and n-soliton solutions of a (2+1)-dimensional[(2+1)-D] extended shallow water wave (eSWW) equation associated with two functions v and r by using Hirota bilinear method. We provide solitons, breathers, and hybrid solutions of them. Four cases of a crucial φ(y), which is an arbitrary real continuous function appeared in f of bilinear form, are selected by using Jacobi elliptic functions, which yield a periodic solution and three kinds of doubly localized dormion-type solution. The first order Jacobi-type solution travels parallelly along the x axis with the velocity (3k12+α, 0) on (x, y)-plane. If φ(y)=sn(y, 3/10), it is a periodic solution. If φ(y)=cn(y, 1), it is a dormion-type-I solutions which has a maximum (3/4)k1p1 and a minimum -(3/4)k1p1. The width of the contour line is ln[(2+√6+√2+√3)/(2+√6-√2-√3)]. If φ(y)=sn(y, 1), we get a dormion-type-Ⅱ solution (26) which has only one extreme value -(3/2)k1p1. The width of the contour line is ln[(√2+1)/(√2-1)]. If φ(y)=sn(y, 1/2)/(1+y2), we get a dormion-type-Ⅲ solution (21) which shows very strong doubly localized feature on (x,y) plane. Moreover, several interesting patterns of the mixture of periodic and localized solutions are also given in graphic way.

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    Lump-type solutions of a generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in (3+1)-dimensions
    程雪苹, 马文秀, 杨云青
    2019 (10):  100203-100203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f20
    摘要 ( 659 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2338KB) ( 156 )  
    Through the Hirota bilinear formulation and the symbolic computation software Maple, we construct lump-type solutions for a generalized (3+1)-dimensional Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation in three cases of the coefficients in the equation. Then the sufficient and necessary conditions to guarantee the analyticity of the resulting lump-type solutions (or the positivity of the corresponding quadratic solutions to the associated bilinear equation) are discussed. To illustrate the generality of the obtained solutions, two concrete lump-type solutions are explicitly presented, and to analyze the dynamic behaviors of the solutions specifically, the three-dimensional plots and contour profiles of these two lump-type solutions with particular choices of the involved free parameters are well displayed.
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    Time evolution of angular momentum coherent state derived by virtue of entangled state representation and a new binomial theorem
    王继锁, 孟祥国, 范洪义
    2019 (10):  100301-100301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a90
    摘要 ( 702 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(378KB) ( 141 )  
    We study how can an angular momentum coherent state |τ> keeps its form-invariant during time evolution governed by the Hamiltonian H=f(t)J++f* (t)J_+ g(t)Jz. We discuss this topic in the context of boson realization of |τ>. By employing the entangled state representation |ζ> and deriving a new binomial theorem involving two-subscript Hermite polynomials, we derive the wave function <ζ|τ>, which turns out to be a single-subscript Hermite polynomial. Based on this result the maintenance of angular momentum coherent state during time evolution is examined, and the value of τ (t) is totally determined by the parameters involved in the Hamiltonian.
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    Boundary states for entanglement robustness under dephasing and bit flip channels
    李红梅, 郭苗迪, 张锐, 苏雪梅
    2019 (10):  100302-100302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e67
    摘要 ( 727 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(830KB) ( 163 )  

    We investigate the robustness of entanglement for a multiqubit system under dephasing and bit flip channels. We exhibit the difference between the entanglement evolution of the two forms of special states, which are locally unitarily equivalent to each other and therefore possess precisely the same entanglement properties, and demonstrate that the difference increases with the number of qubits n. Moreover, those two forms of states are either the most robust genuine entangled states or the most fragile ones, which confirm that local unitary (LU) operations can greatly enhance the entanglement robustness of n-qubit states.

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    Manipulating transition of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate with a weak δ-shaped laser
    李博, 蒋小军, 李晓林, 海文华, 王育竹
    2019 (10):  100303-100303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e64
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    We theoretically study the transition dynamics of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate driven by a train of weak δ-shaped laser pulses. We find that the atomic system can experience peculiar resonant transition even under weak optical excitations and derive the resonance condition by the perturbation method. Employing this mechanism, we propose a scheme to obtain an atomic ensemble with desired odd/even atom number and also a scheme to prepare a nonclassical state of the many-body system with fixed atom number.

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    Topological phases of a non-Hermitian coupled SSH ladder
    刘建森, 韩炎桢, 刘承师
    2019 (10):  100304-100304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f94
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    We study topological phases of a non-Hermitian coupled Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) ladder. The model originates from the brick-wall lattices in the two-row limit. The Hamiltonian can be brought into block off-diagonal form and the winding number can be defined with the determine of the block off-diagonal matrix. We find the determine of the off-diagonal matrix has nothing to do with the interleg hopping of the ladder. So the topological phases of the model are the same as those of the chains. Further numerical simulations verify the analysis.
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    Optimal estimation of the amplitude of signal with known frequency in the presence of thermal noise
    罗杰, 柯俊, 柳一川, 张祥莉, 殷蔚明, 邵成刚
    2019 (10):  100401-100401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a8c
    摘要 ( 558 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3173KB) ( 138 )  

    In the torsion pendulum experiments, the thermal noise sets the most fundamental limit to the accurate estimation of the amplitude of the signal with known frequency. The variance of the conventional method can meet the limit only when the measurement time is much longer than the relaxation time of the pendulum. By using the maximum likelihood estimation and the equation-of-motion filter operator, we propose an optimal (minimum variance, unbiased) amplitude estimation method without limitation of the measurement time, where thermal fluctuation is the leading noise. While processing the experimental data tests of the Newtonian gravitational inverse square law, the variance of our method has been improved than before and the measurement time of determining the amplitude with this method has been reduced about half than before for the same uncertainty. These results are significant for the torsion experiment when the measurement time is limited.

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    Enhancing von Neumann entropy by chaos in spin-orbit entanglement
    刘郴荣, 喻佩, 陈宪章, 徐洪亚, 黄亮, 来颖诚
    2019 (10):  100501-100501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3dff
    摘要 ( 726 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1424KB) ( 175 )  
    For a quantum system with multiple degrees of freedom or subspaces, loss of coherence in a certain subspace is intimately related to the enhancement of entanglement between this subspace and another one. We investigate intra-particle entanglement in two-dimensional mesoscopic systems, where an electron has both spin and orbital degrees of freedom and the interaction between them is enabled by Rashba type of spin-orbit coupling. The geometric shape of the scattering region can be adjusted to produce a continuous spectrum of classical dynamics with different degree of chaos. Focusing on the spin degree of freedom in the weak spin-orbit coupling regime, we find that classical chaos can significantly enhance spin-orbit entanglement at the expense of spin coherence. Our finding that classical chaos can be beneficial to intra-particle entanglement may have potential applications such as enhancing the bandwidth of quantum communications.
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    Experimental investigation of the fluctuations in nonchaotic scattering in microwave billiards
    张润祖, 张为华, Barbara Dietz, 柴国志, 黄亮
    2019 (10):  100502-100502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f96
    摘要 ( 618 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(4452KB) ( 157 )  
    We report on the experimental investigation of the properties of the eigenvalues and wavefunctions and the fluctuation properties of the scattering matrix of closed and open billiards, respectively, of which the classical dynamics undergoes a transition from integrable via almost integrable to fully chaotic. To realize such a system, we chose a billiard with a 60° sector shape of which the classical dynamics is integrable, and introduced circular scatterers of varying number, size, and position. The spectral properties of generic quantum systems of which the classical counterpart is either integrable or chaotic are universal and well understood. If, however, the classical dynamics is pseudo-integrable or almost-integrable, they exhibit a non-universal intermediate statistics, for which analytical results are known only in a few cases, e.g., if it corresponds to semi-Poisson statistics. Since the latter is, above all, clearly distinguishable from those of integrable and chaotic systems, our aim was to design a billiard with these features which indeed is achievable by adding just one scatterer of appropriate size and position to the sector billiard. We demonstrated that, while the spectral properties of almost-integrable billiards are sensitive to the classical dynamics, this is not the case for the distribution of the wavefunction components, which was analyzed in terms of the strength distribution, and the fluctuation properties of the scattering matrix which coincide with those of typical, fully chaotic systems.
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    Photoactivation experiment of 197Au(γ, n) performed with 9.17-MeV γ-ray from 13C(p, γ)14N
    党永乐, 刘伏龙, 付光永, 吴笛, 王乃彦
    2019 (10):  100701-100701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a8d
    摘要 ( 617 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(609KB) ( 207 )  
    High energy γ-ray can be used for nuclear waste transmutation by using the giant dipole resonance (GDR). The photonuclear reaction 197Au(γ, n) is known as a standard for studies on photoactivation experiments. The previous experiments on 197Au(γ, n) have been performed with bremsstrahlung, positron annihilation in flight or laser Compton scattering γ-ray. In this work, a new mono-energetic γ-ray source based on 13C(p, γ)14N reaction is used to measure the cross section of 197Au(γ, n) and the measured value is compared with the results obtained with other ways.
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    Interface properties and electronic structures of aromatic molecules with anhydride and thio-functional groups on Ag (111) and Au (111) substrates
    余维琪, 肖红君, 王戈明
    2019 (10):  103101-103101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4276
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    First-principles calculations for several aromatic molecules with anhydride and thio groups on Ag (111) and Au (111) reveal that the self-assembly structures and the interface properties are mainly determined by the functional groups of aromatic molecules. Detailed investigations of the electronic structures show that the electrons in molecular backbone are redistributed and charge transfer occurs through the bond between the metal and the functional groups after these molecules have been deposited on a metal substrate. The interaction between Ag (111) (or Au (111)) and aromatic molecules with anhydride functional groups strengthens the π bonds in the molecular backbone, while that between Ag (111) (or Au (111)) and aromatic molecules with sulfur weakens the π bonds. However, the intrinsic electronic structures of the molecules are mostly conserved. The large-sized aromatic backbone has less influence on the nature of electronic structures than the small-sized one, either at the interface or at the molecules. These results are useful to build the good metal-molecule contact in molecule-based devices.
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    Elastic properties of anatase titanium dioxide nanotubes: A molecular dynamics study
    杨康, 杨亮, 艾长智, 王赵, 林仕伟
    2019 (10):  103102-103102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3da2
    摘要 ( 639 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1378KB) ( 413 )  
    The elastic properties of anatase nanotubes are investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, and shear modulus are calculated by transversely isotropic structure model. The calculated elastic constants of bulk rutile, anatase, and Young's modulus of nanotube are in good agreement with experimental values, respectively, demonstrating that the Matsui and Akaogi (MA) potential function used in the simulation can accurately present the elastic properties of anatase titanium dioxide nanotubes. For single wall anatase titanium dioxide nanotube, the elastic moduli are shown to be sensitive to structural details such as the chirality and radius. For different chirality nanotubes with the same radius, the elastic constants are not proportional to the chiral angle. The elastic properties of the nanotubes with the chiral angle of 0° are worse than those of other chiral nanotubes. For nanotubes with the same chirality but different radii, the elastic constant, Young's modulus, and shear modulus decrease as the radius increases. But there exist maximal values in a radius range of 10 nm-15 nm. Such information can not only provide a deep understanding of the influence of geometrical structure on nanotubes mechanical properties, but also present important guidance to optimize the composite behavior by using nanotubes as the addition.
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    Theoretical investigation of the pressure broadening D1 and D2 lines of cesium atoms colliding with ground-state helium atoms
    Moussaoui Abdelaziz, Alioua Kamel, Allouche Abdul-rahman, Bouledroua Moncef
    2019 (10):  103103-103103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4043
    摘要 ( 548 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(584KB) ( 245 )  
    Full quantum mechanical calculations are performed to determine the broadening in the far wings of the cesium D1 and D2 line shapes arising from elastic collisions of Cs atom with inert helium atoms. The potential energy curves of the low-lying CsHe molecular states, as well as the related transition dipole moments, are carefully computed from ab initio methods based on state-averaged complete active space self-consistent field-multireference configuration interaction (SA-CASSCF-MRCI) calculations, involving the spin-orbit effect, and taking into account the Davidson and BSSE corrections. The absorption and emission reduced coefficients are determined in the temperature and wavelength ranges of 323-3000 K and 800-1000 nm, respectively. Both profiles of the absorption and the emission are dominated by the free-free transitions, and exhibit a satellite peak in the blue wing near the wavelength 825 nm, attributed to B2Σ1/2+→X2Σ1/2+ transitions. The results are in good agreement with previous experimental and theoretical works.
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    TOPICAL REVIEW—CALYPSO structure prediction methodology and its applications to materials discovery
    Cluster structure prediction via CALYPSO method
    田永红, 孙伟国, 陈伯乐, 金圆圆, 卢成
    2019 (10):  103104-103104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4274
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    Cluster science as a bridge linking atomic molecular physics and condensed matter inspired the nanomaterials development in the past decades, ranging from the single-atom catalysis to ligand-protected noble metal clusters. The corresponding studies not only have been restricted to the search for the geometrical structures of clusters, but also have promoted the development of cluster-assembled materials as the building blocks. The CALYPSO cluster prediction method combined with other computational techniques have significantly stimulated the development of the cluster-based nanomaterials. In this review, we will summarize some good cases of cluster structure by CALYPSO method, which have also been successfully identified by the photoelectron spectra experiments. Beginning with the alkali-metal clusters, which serve as benchmarks, a series of studies are performed on the size-dependent elemental clusters which possess relatively high stability and interesting chemical physical properties. Special attentions are paid to the boron-based clusters because of their promising applications. The NbSi12 and BeB16 clusters, for example, are two classic representatives of the silicon- and boron-based clusters, which can be viewed as building blocks of nanotubes and borophene. This review offers a detailed description of the structural evolutions and electronic properties of medium-sized pure and doped clusters, which will advance fundamental knowledge of cluster-based nanomaterials and provide valuable information for further theoretical and experimental studies.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Ab initio investigation of excited state dual hydrogen bonding interactions and proton transfer mechanism for novel oxazoline compound
    王玉生, 贾敏, 张巧丽, 宋晓燕, 杨大鹏
    2019 (10):  103105-103105.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4042
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    Owing to the importance of excited state dynamical relaxation, the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) mechanism for a novel compound containing dual hydrogen bond (abbreviated as “1-enol”) is studied in this work. Using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) method, the experimental electronic spectra can be reproduced for 1-enol compound. We first verify the formation of dual intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and then confirm that the dual hydrogen bond should be strengthened in the first excited state. The photo-excitation process is analyzed by using frontier molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO) for 1-enol compound. The obvious intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) provides the driving force to effectively facilitate the ESIPT process in the S1 state. Exploration of the constructed S0-state and S1-state potential energy surface (PES) reveals that only the excited state intramolecular single proton transfer occurs for 1-enol system, which makes up for the deficiencies in previous experiment.
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    Asymmetric structure of atomic above-threshold ionization spectrum in two-color elliptically polarized laser fields
    周旭聪, 石尚, 李飞, 杨玉军, 陈京, 孟庆田, 王兵兵
    2019 (10):  103201-103201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3c2a
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    According to the frequency-domain theory, we investigate the asymmetric structure of above-threshold ionization (ATI) spectrum of an atom in two-color elliptically polarized (EP) laser fields. When both laser fields are linearly polarized (LP), the spectrum shows that the multi-plateau structure is symmetric about the emitted angle of electron at π/2, while the spectrum becomes asymmetric and shifts rightwards with the increase of the EP degree of the IR laser field. Since the total ATI process is regarded as including direct ATI and the rescattering ATI, we analyze the spectrum structure of direct ATI and rescattering ATI separately. Using the saddle-point approximation, we find that for direct ATI, the fringes on the spectrum are mainly attributed to the fact that the ionization probability becomes very small when the direction of emitted electrons is perpendicular to the direction of the XUV laser polarization; while for the rescattering ATI, the interference fringes on the spectrum mainly come from the superposition of the waist structures on the spectra of all sub-channels.
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    Role of the dressed and bound states on below-threshold harmonic generation of He atom
    周建伟, 焦志宏, 李鹏程, 周效信
    2019 (10):  103202-103202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3bd4
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    High-order harmonic generation below ionization threshold of He atom in the laser field is investigated by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation. An angular momentum-dependent model potential of He atom was used for getting the accurate energy levels of singlet states. The satellite-peak structures of the below-threshold harmonic generation (BTHG) of He are observed. We analyze the emission properties of the BTHG by employing a synchrosqueezing transform technique. We find that the satellite-peak structures have two types related to two kinds of transitions. One is the transition of the dressed states of the excited states, the other is the transition between the excited states and the ground state in the field-free case. Furthermore, our results show that the maximum Stark shift of the 2p state is about 0.9Up (penderomotive energy), and that of the 4p state is about 1.0Up. It indicates that the energy difference between some satellite- and main-peaks of the BTHG can be used to measure the maximum Stark shift of the excited states of He atom in the laser field.
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    Selection of right-circular-polarized harmonics from p orbital of neon atom by two-color bicircular laser fields
    夏昌龙, 兰悦跃, 李倩倩, 苗向阳
    2019 (10):  103203-103203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4278
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    The polarization properties of high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in the two-color circularly polarized laser fields are investigated by numerically solving the two-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation. By adding a wavelength of 1600-nm right-circular-polarized field to an 800-nm left-circular-polarized field, HHG is simulated from a real model of neon atom with p orbital, but not from a hydrogen-like atom model with s orbital. The orders of 3n+1 can be selected while the orders of 3n+2 are suppressed by adjusting the intensities of the two pulses. The physical mechanism is analyzed by time-frequency analysis and semiclassical model.
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    Helicity of harmonic generation and attosecond polarization with bichromatic circularly polarized laser fields
    张军, 齐桐, 潘雪飞, 郭静, 朱凯光, 刘学深
    2019 (10):  103204-103204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4176
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    We theoretically investigate the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) of helium atom driven by bichromatic counter-rotating circularly polarized laser fields. By changing the intensity ratio of the two driving laser fields, the spectral chirality of the HHG can be controlled. As the intensity ratio increases, the spectral chirality will change from positive- to negative-value around a large intensity ratio of the two driving fields when the total laser intensity keeps unchanged. However, the sign of the spectral chirality can be changed from positive to negative around a small intensity ratio of the two driving fields when the total laser intensity changes. At this time, we can effectively control the helicity of the harmonic spectrum and the polarization of the resulting attosecond pulses by adjusting the intensity ratio of the two driving laser fields. As the intensity ratio and the total intensity of the driving laser fields increase, the relative intensity of either the left-circularly or right-circularly polarized harmonic can be enhanced. The attosecond pulses can evolve from being elliptical to near linear correspondingly.

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    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    Dynamic and inner-dressing control of four-wave mixing in periodically-driven atomic system
    李院院, 李莉, 张云哲, 张雷
    2019 (10):  104201-104201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3b52
    摘要 ( 544 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(616KB) ( 123 )  
    Four-wave-mixing (FWM) process is examined by using density matrix formalism in a periodically-driven atomic medium. Numerical result shows that FWM signals can be controlled by selecting different dynamic parameters of the probe field and strengths of the inner-dressing fields. It is also shown that the controllable FWM process is dominantly influenced by the evolution of atomic population difference and two-photon coherence. This dynamic and inner-dressing control of FWM is probably used for optimizing the optical nonlinear process and information processing.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Unconventional phase transition of phase-change-memory materials for optical data storage
    陈念科, 李贤斌
    2019 (10):  104202-104202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3cc3
    摘要 ( 846 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF(6399KB) ( 316 )  
    Recent years, optically controlled phase-change memory draws intensive attention owing to some advanced applications including integrated all-optical nonvolatile memory, in-memory computing, and neuromorphic computing. The light-induced phase transition is the key for this technology. Traditional understanding on the role of light is the heating effect. Generally, the RESET operation of phase-change memory is believed to be a melt-quenching-amorphization process. However, some recent experimental and theoretical investigations have revealed that ultrafast laser can manipulate the structures of phase-change materials by non-thermal effects and induces unconventional phase transitions including solid-to-solid amorphization and order-to-order phase transitions. Compared with the conventional thermal amorphization, these transitions have potential superiors such as faster speed, better endurance, and low power consumption. This article summarizes some recent progress of experimental observations and theoretical analyses on these unconventional phase transitions. The discussions mainly focus on the physical mechanism at atomic scale to provide guidance to control the phase transitions for optical storage. Outlook on some possible applications of the non-thermal phase transition is also presented to develop new types of devices.
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    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    Proof-of-principle experimental demonstration of quantum secure imaging based on quantum key distribution
    赵义博, 张万里, 王东, 宋萧天, 周良将, 丁赤飚
    2019 (10):  104203-104203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e66
    摘要 ( 706 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1386KB) ( 185 )  

    We present a quantum secure imaging (QSI) scheme based on the phase encoding and weak+vacuum decoy-state BB84 protocol of quantum key distribution (QKD). It allows us to implement a computational ghost imaging (CGI) system with more simplified equipment and reconstructed algorithm by using a digital micro-mirror device (DMD) to preset the specific spatial distribution of the light intensity. What is more, the quantum bit error rate (QBER) and the secure key rate analytical functions of QKD are used to see through the intercept-resend jamming attacks and ensure the authenticity of the imaging information. In the experiment, we obtained the image of the object quickly and efficiently by measuring the signal photon counts with a single-photon detector (SPD), and achieved a secure key rate of 571.0 bps and a secure QBER of 3.99%, which is well below the lower bound of QBER of 14.51%. Besides, our imaging system uses a laser with invisible wavelength of 1550 nm, whose intensity is as low as single-photon, that can realize weak-light imaging and is immune to the stray light or air turbulence, thus it will become a better choice for quantum security radar against intercept-resend jamming attacks.

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    Numerical investigation on coherent mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in chalcogenide PCFs with near-zero flattened all-normal dispersion profiles
    韩杰, 常圣东, 吕彦佳, 刘永
    2019 (10):  104204-104204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f25
    摘要 ( 800 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1500KB) ( 175 )  
    We design a novel all-normal flat near-zero dispersion chalcogenide photonic crystal fiber (PCF) for generating mid-infrared (MIR) supercontinuum (SC). The proposed PCF with a core made of As2Se3 glass and uniform air holes in the cladding is selectively filled with As2S5 glass. By carefully engineering the PCF with an all-normal flat near-zero dispersion profile, the anomalous-dispersion soliton effect is reduced, thus enabling broadband highly coherent SC to be generated. We also investigate the influence of the pulse parameters on the SC generation. Broadband SC covering 1.4 μm-10 μm with perfect coherence is achieved by pumping the proposed 3-cm-long PCF with 3-μm 100-fs pulses. The results provide a potential all-fiber realization of the broadband coherent MIR-SC.
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    Second-order interference of two independent photons with different spectra
    周宇, 刘建彬, 郑淮斌, 陈辉, 李福利, 徐卓
    2019 (10):  104205-104205.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f23
    摘要 ( 664 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(713KB) ( 159 )  
    The second-order interference of two independent photons with different spectra in a Shih-Alley/Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometer is studied in Feynman's path integral theory. There is a second-order interference pattern for photons with different spectra if the photons are indistinguishable for the employed detection system. The conditions to observe the second-order temporal beating with photons of different spectra are analyzed. The influence of the response time of the detection system on the observed second-order interference pattern is also discussed. It is a direct result of that measurement in quantum mechanics is dependent on the employed measuring apparatus. The results are helpful to understand the physics of two-photon interference in different schemes.
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    Polymer/silica hybrid waveguide Y-branch power splitter with loss compensation based on NaYF4: Er3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals
    符越吾, 孙潼鹤, 张美玲, 张绪成, 王菲, 张大明
    2019 (10):  104206-104206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f24
    摘要 ( 721 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1719KB) ( 160 )  

    A polymer waveguide Y-branch power splitter with loss compensation is proposed based on NaYF4:Er3+, Yb3+ nanocrystals prepared by a high temperature thermal decomposition method. The Y-branch power splitter is designed as a structure of embedded waveguide, and its core material is nanocrystals-doped SU-8. The insertion loss of the device is~15 dB. For an input signal power of 0.05 mW and a pump power of 267.7 mW, the two branches with 5.81-dB and 5.41-dB loss compensations at 1530 nm are achieved respectively. A polymer waveguide Y-branch power splitter with loss compensation has an important research significance.

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    Properties of multi-Gaussian Schell-model beams carrying an edge dislocation propagating in oceanic turbulence
    刘大军, 王耀川, 王桂秋, 尹鸿鸣, 仲海洋
    2019 (10):  104207-104207.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f21
    摘要 ( 638 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1157KB) ( 136 )  
    Based on the theory of coherence, the model of multi-Gaussian Schell-model (MGSM) beams carrying an edge dislocation generated by the MGSM source is introduced. The analytical cross-spectral density of MGSM beams carrying an edge dislocation propagating in oceanic turbulence is derived, and used to study the evolution properties of the MGSM beams carrying an edge dislocation. The results indicate that the MGSM beam carrying an edge dislocation propagating in oceanic turbulence will evolve from the profile with two intensity peaks into a flat-topped beam caused by the MGSM source, and the beam will evolve into the Gaussian-like beam due to the influences of oceanic turbulence in the far field. As the propagation distance increases, the MGSM beam carrying an edge dislocation propagating in oceanic turbulence with the larger rate of dissipation of mean-squared temperature (χT) and ratio of temperature to salinity contribution to the refractive index spectrum (ε) or the smaller rate of dissipation of kinetic energy per unit mass of fluid (ξ) evolves into the flat-topped beam or a Gaussian beam faster.
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    Extraordinary transmission and reflection in PT-symmetric two-segment-connected triangular optical waveguide networks with perfect and broken integer waveguide length ratios
    吴嘉野, 吴栩航, 杨湘波, 李海盈
    2019 (10):  104208-104208.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f92
    摘要 ( 586 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1358KB) ( 133 )  
    By adjusting the waveguide length ratio, we study the extraordinary characteristics of electromagnetic waves propagating in one-dimensional (1D) parity-time-symmetric (PT-symmetric) two-segment-connected triangular optical waveguide networks with perfect and broken integer waveguide length ratios respectively. It is found that the number and the corresponding frequencies of the extremum spontaneous PT-symmetric breaking points are dependent on the waveguide length ratio. Near the extremum breaking points, ultrastrong extraordinary transmissions are created and the maximal can arrive at, respectively, 2.4079×1014 and 4.3555×1013 in both kinds of networks. However, bidirectional invisibility can only be produced by the networks with broken integer waveguide length ratio, whose mechanism is explained in detail from the perspective of photonic band structure. The findings of this work can be useful optical characteristic control in the fabrication of PT-symmetric optical waveguide networks, which possesses great potential in designing optical amplifiers, optical energy saver devices, and special optical filters.
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    Low insertion loss silicon-based spatial light modulator with high reflective materials outside Fabry-Perot cavity
    田立飞, 匡迎新, 樊中朝, 李智勇
    2019 (10):  104209-104209.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab427c
    摘要 ( 660 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1528KB) ( 180 )  

    The extinction ratio and insertion loss of spatial light modulator are subject to the material problem, thus limiting its applications. One reflection-type silicon-based spatial light modulator with high reflective materials outside the Fabry-Perot cavity is demonstrated in this paper. The reflectivity values of the outside-cavity materials with different film layer numbers are simulated. The reflectivity values of 6-pair Ta2O5/SiO2 films at 1550 nm are experimentally verified to be as high as 99.9%. The surfaces of 6-pair Ta2O5/SiO2 films are smooth:their root-mean-square roughness values are as small as 0.53 nm. The insertion loss of the device at 1550 nm is only 1.2 dB. The high extinction ratio of the device at 1550 nm and 11 V is achieved to be 29.7 dB. The spatial light modulator has a high extinction ratio and low insertion loss for applications.

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    Multi-objective strategy to optimize dithering technique for high-quality three-dimensional shape measurement
    蔡宁, 陈浙泊, 曹向群, 林斌
    2019 (10):  104210-104210.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab427b
    摘要 ( 680 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(984KB) ( 121 )  
    Dithering optimization techniques can be divided into the phase-optimized technique and the intensity-optimized technique. The problem with the former is the poor sensitivity to various defocusing amounts, and the problem with the latter is that it cannot enhance phase quality directly nor efficiently. In this paper, we present a multi-objective optimization framework for three-dimensional (3D) measurement by utilizing binary defocusing technique. Moreover, a binary patch optimization technique is used to solve the time-consuming issue of genetic algorithm. It is demonstrated that the presented technique consistently obtains significant phase performance improvement under various defocusing amounts.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Characterize and optimize the four-wave mixing in dual-interferometer coupled silicon microrings
    吴超, 刘英文, 顾晓文, 薛诗川, 郁鑫鑫, 孔月婵, 强晓刚, 吴俊杰, 朱志宏, 徐平
    2019 (10):  104211-104211.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f9b
    摘要 ( 999 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1142KB) ( 189 )  

    By designing and fabricating a series of dual-interferometer coupled silicon microrings, the coupling condition of the pump, signal, and idler beams can be engineered independently and then we carried out both the continuous-wave and pulse pumped four-wave mixing experiments to verify the dependence of conversion efficiency on the coupling conditions of the four interacting beams, respectively. Under the continuous-wave pump, the four-wave mixing efficiency gets maximized when both the pump and signal/idler beams are closely operated at the critical coupling point, while for the pulse pump case, the efficiency can be enhanced greatly when the pump and converted idler beams are all overcoupled. These experiment results agree well with our theoretical calculations. Our design provides a platform for explicitly characterizing the four-wave mixing under different pumping conditions, and offers a method to optimize the four-wave mixing, which will facilitate the development of on-chip all-optical signal processing with a higher efficiency or reduced pump power.

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    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    Single event upset on static random access memory devices due to spallation, reactor, and monoenergetic neutrons
    金晓明, 陈伟, 李俊霖, 齐超, 郭晓强, 李瑞宾, 刘岩
    2019 (10):  104212-104212.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4175
    摘要 ( 578 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(5125KB) ( 159 )  

    This paper presents new neutron-induced single event upset (SEU) data on the SRAM devices with the technology nodes from 40 nm to 500 nm due to spallation, reactor, and monoenergetic neutrons. The SEU effect is investigated as a function of incident neutron energy spectrum, technology node, byte pattern and neutron fluence rate. The experimental data show that the SEU effect mainly depends on the incident neutron spectrum and the technology node, and the SEU sensitivity induced by low-energy neutrons significantly increases with the technology downscaling. Monte-Carlo simulations of nuclear interactions with device architecture are utilized for comparing with the experimental results. This simulation approach allows us to investigate the key parameters of the SEU sensitivity, which are determined by the technology node and supply voltage. The simulation shows that the high-energy neutrons have more nuclear reaction channels to generate more secondary particles which lead to the significant enhancement of the SEU cross-sections, and thus revealing the physical mechanism for SEU sensitivity to the incident neutron spectrum.

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    Theoretical framework for geoacoustic inversion by adjoint method
    汪洋, 赵小峰
    2019 (10):  104301-104301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f93
    摘要 ( 801 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(218KB) ( 111 )  
    Traditional geoacoustic inversions are generally solved by matched-field processing in combination with meta-heuristic global searching algorithms which usually need massive computations. This paper proposes a new physical framework for geoacoustic retrievals. A parabolic approximation of wave equation with non-local boundary condition is used as the forward propagation model. The expressions of the corresponding tangent linear model and the adjoint operator are derived, respectively, by variational method. The analytical expressions for the gradient of the cost function with respect to the control variables can be formulated by the adjoint operator, which in turn can be used for optimization by the gradient-based method.
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    Evolution of real contact area during stick-slip movement observed by total reflection method
    罗治军, 宋保江, 韩靖宇, 阎绍泽
    2019 (10):  104601-104601.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f1f
    摘要 ( 629 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1796KB) ( 139 )  
    We build an experiment system based on total reflection (TR) method to observe the evolution of real contact area of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in the continual stick-slip movement. The bilateral friction is adopted to overcome the bending moment in the lateral friction movement. Besides some classical phenomena of stick-slip movement such as periodical slow increase of frictional force in sticking phase and a sudden drop when slipping, a special phenomenon that the contact area increases with the tangential force is observed, which was called junction growth by Tabor in 1959. Image processing methods are developed to observe the variation of the junction area. The results show that the center of the strongest contact region will keep sticking under the tangential force until the whole slipping, the strongest point undergoes three stages in one cycle, which are named as sticking stage, fretting stage, and cracking stage, respectively. The combined analysis reveals a physical process of stick-slip movement:the tangential force causes the increase of the real contact area, which reduces the pressure between the contact spots and finally leads to the slipping. Once slipping occurs, the real contact area drops to the original level resulting in the pressure increase to the original level, which makes the sticking happen again.
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    Stabilized seventh-order dissipative compact scheme for two-dimensional Euler equations
    秦嘉贤, 陈亚铭, 邓小刚
    2019 (10):  104701-104701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f26
    摘要 ( 705 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF(559KB) ( 159 )  
    We derive in this paper a time stable seventh-order dissipative compact finite difference scheme with simultaneous approximation terms (SATs) for solving two-dimensional Euler equations. To stabilize the scheme, the choice of penalty coefficients for SATs is studied in detail. It is demonstrated that the derived scheme is quite suitable for multi-block problems with different spacial steps. The implementation of the scheme for the case with curvilinear grids is also discussed. Numerical experiments show that the proposed scheme is stable and achieves the design seventh-order convergence rate.
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    Numerical simulation on dynamic behaviors of bubbles flowing through bifurcate T-junction in microfluidic device
    吴梁玉, 刘凌波, 韩笑天, 李倩文, 杨卫波
    2019 (10):  104702-104702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f27
    摘要 ( 701 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2376KB) ( 179 )  
    Based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method, a numerical model of bubbles splitting in a microfluidic device with T-junction is developed and solved numerically. Various flow patterns are distinguished and the effects of bubble length, capillary number, and diameter ratio between the mother channel and branch are discussed. The break-up mechanism is explored in particular. The results indicate that the behaviors of the bubbles can be classified into two categories:break-up and non-break. Under the condition of slug flowing, the branches are obstructed by the bubbles that the pressure difference drives the bubbles into break-up state, while the bubbles that retain non-break state flow into an arbitrary branch under bubbling flow condition. The break-up of the short bubbles only occurs when the viscous force from the continuous phase overcomes the interfacial tension. The behavior of the bubbles transits from non-break to break-up with the increase of capillary number. In addition, the increasing of the diameter ratio is beneficial to the symmetrical break-up of the bubbles.
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    PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
    Construction of an Hα diagnostic system and its application to determine neutral hydrogen densities on the Keda Torus eXperiment
    朱军锋, 兰涛, 庄革, 邓体建, 吴捷, 许航齐, 陈晨, 张森, 邬佳仁, 祖一鸣, 李弘, 谢锦林, 刘阿娣, 刘子奚, 吴征威, 汪海, 温晓辉, 周海洋, 肖持进, 丁卫星, 刘万东
    2019 (10):  105201-105201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab427a
    摘要 ( 649 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1722KB) ( 146 )  

    A 10-channel Hα diagnostic system has been designed with the rapid response rate of 300 kHz, spatial resolution of about 40 mm, and overlap between adjacent channels of about 3%, and it has been implemented successfully on Keda Torus eXperiment (KTX), a newly constructed, reversed field pinch (RFP) experimental device at the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). This diagnostic system is a very important tool for the initial KTX operations. It is compact, with an aperture slit replacing the traditional optical lens system. A flexural interference filter is designed to prevent the center wavelength from shifting too much as the increase of angle from vertical incidence. To eliminate the stray light, the interior of the system is covered with the black aluminum foil having a very high absorptivity. Using the Hα emission data, together with the profiles of electron temperature and density obtained from the Langmuir probe, the neutral density profiles have been calculated for KTX plasmas. The rapid response rate and good spatial resolution of this Hα diagnostic system will be beneficial for many studies in RFP plasma physics.

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    The inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption in the presence of Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian electrons
    Mehdi Sharifian, Fatemeh Ghoveisi, Leila Gholamzadeh, Narges Firouzi Farrashbandi
    2019 (10):  105202-105202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4173
    摘要 ( 511 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(432KB) ( 125 )  
    Inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption (IBA) of an intense laser field in plasma containing Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian (with Kappa and q-nonextensive distribution functions) electrons is studied analytically. Our results show that IBA decreases with an increase in temperature at high intensities and a decrease in plasma density for all kinds of distribution functions. Another striking result is that IBA is independent of the laser intensity at low intensity but is dependent on it when the intensity is going to rise. Also, it could be find that the behavior of the absorption as the function of laser intensity for the Kappa distribution with κ=10 at low intensity is close to that for the Maxwellian distribution, but at high intensity it is close to that in the presence of q-nonextensive electrons with q=0.9. These results provide insights into the inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption in the laser-plasma interactions.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Defects and electrical properties in Al-implanted 4H-SiC after activation annealing
    汤益丹, 刘新宇, 周正东, 白云, 李诚瞻
    2019 (10):  106101-106101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3cc2
    摘要 ( 701 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(909KB) ( 264 )  
    The defects and electrical properties in Al-implanted 4H-SiC after activation annealing (1600 ℃-1800 ℃) are investigated. High temperature annealing can reduce the ion implantation-induced damage effectively, but it may induce extended defects as well, which are investigated by using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS/C), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. According to the ratio of the channeled intensity to the random intensity in the region just below the surface scattering peak (Xmin) and RBS/C analysis results, the ion implantation-induced surface damages can be effectively reduced by annealing at temperatures higher than 1700 ℃, while the defects near the bottom of the ion-implanted layer cannot be completely annealed out by high temperature and long time annealing process, which is also demonstrated by SIMS and TEM analyses. Referring to the defect model and TEM analyses, an optimized annealing condition can be achieved through balancing the generation and elimination of carbon vacancies in the ion implanted layers. Furthermore, the electrical and surface properties are also analyzed, and the hole concentration, mobility, and resistivity are obtained through the Hall effect. The optimized activation annealing conditions of 1800 ℃/5 min are achieved, under which the lower defects and acceptable electrical properties are obtained.
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    First principles study of interactions of oxygen-carbon-vacancy in bcc Fe
    由园, 闫牧夫, 闫纪红, 孙刚, 王超
    2019 (10):  106102-106102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a8f
    摘要 ( 504 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(5351KB) ( 148 )  
    Behaviors of C or O in bcc Fe and interactions of C-O and oxygen-carbon-vacancy (O-C-□) are investigated by first principles calculations. Octahedral interstitial site is the most stable position for an O atom in bcc Fe. The migration energy of an O atom in bcc Fe is 0.46 eV. The strength of O-Fe (1nn) bond (0.32) is slightly greater than that of Fe-Fe metallic bond (0.26). Repulsive interactions of C-C, O-O, and C-O exist in bcc Fe. When the concentration of FIA (FIA refers to C or O) is relatively high, a vacancy can attract four FIAs and form stable FIAs-□ complex.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Structural and electronic properties of transition-metal chalcogenides Mo5S4 nanowires
    邱明帅, 郭怀红, 张也, 董宝娟, 阿里.萨贾德, 杨腾
    2019 (10):  106103-106103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f9a
    摘要 ( 701 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3987KB) ( 181 )  

    Transition-metal chalcogenide nanowires (TMCN) as a viable candidate for nanoscale applications have been attracting much attention for the last few decades. Starting from the rigid building block of M6 octahedra (M=transition metal), depending on the way of connection between M6 and decoration by chalcogenide atoms, multiple types of extended TMCN nanowires can be constructed based on some basic rules of backbone construction proposed here. Note that the well-known Chevrel-phase based M6X6 and M6X9 (X=chalcogenide atom) nanowires, which are among our proposed structures, have been successfully synthesized by experiment and well studied. More interestingly, based on the construction principles, we predict three new structural phases (the cap, edge, and C&E phases) of Mo5S4, one of which (the edge phase) has been obtained by top-down electron beam lithography on two-dimensional MoS2, and the C&E phase is yet to be synthesized but appears more stable than the edge phase. The stability of the new phases of Mo5S4 is further substantiated by crystal orbital overlapping population (COOP), phonon dispersion relation, and thermodynamic calculation. The barrier of the structural transition between different phases of Mo5S4 shows that it is very likely to realize an conversion from the experimentally achieved structure to the most stable C&E phase. The calculated electronic structure shows an interesting band nesting between valence and conduction bands of the C&E Mo5S4 phase, suggesting that such a nanowire structure can be well suitable for optoelectronic sensor applications.

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    TOPICAL REVIEW—CALYPSO structure prediction methodology and its applications to materials discovery
    Discovery of superhard materials via CALYPSO methodology
    张爽爽, 何巨龙, 赵智胜, 于栋利, 田永君
    2019 (10):  106104-106104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4179
    摘要 ( 1015 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1811KB) ( 389 )  
    The study of superhard materials plays a critical role in modern industrial applications due to their widespread applications as cutting tools, abrasives, exploitation drills, and coatings. The search for new superhard materials with superior performance remains a hot topic and is mainly considered as two classes of materials:(i) the light-element compounds in the B-C-N-O(-Si) system with strong and short covalent bonds, and (ii) the transition-element light-element compounds with strong covalent bonds frameworks and high valence electron density. In this paper, we review the recent achievements in the prediction of superhard materials mostly using the advanced CALYPSO methodology. A number of novel, superhard crystals of light-element compounds and transition-metal borides, carbides, and nitrides have been theoretically identified and some of them account well for the experimentally mysterious phases. To design superhard materials via CALYPSO methodology is independent of any known structural and experimental data, resulting in many remarkable structures accelerating the development of new superhard materials.
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    The CALYPSO methodology for structure prediction
    童群超, 吕健, 高朋越, 王彦超
    2019 (10):  106105-106105.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4174
    摘要 ( 974 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1866KB) ( 464 )  
    Structure prediction methods have been widely used as a state-of-the-art tool for structure searches and materials discovery, leading to many theory-driven breakthroughs on discoveries of new materials. These methods generally involve the exploration of the potential energy surfaces of materials through various structure sampling techniques and optimization algorithms in conjunction with quantum mechanical calculations. By taking advantage of the general feature of materials potential energy surface and swarm-intelligence-based global optimization algorithms, we have developed the CALYPSO method for structure prediction, which has been widely used in fields as diverse as computational physics, chemistry, and materials science. In this review, we provide the basic theory of the CALYPSO method, placing particular emphasis on the principles of its various structure dealing methods. We also survey the current challenges faced by structure prediction methods and include an outlook on the future developments of CALYPSO in the conclusions.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Pressure-induced new chemistry
    蔺健妍, 杜鑫, 杨国春
    2019 (10):  106106-106106.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f91
    摘要 ( 636 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2791KB) ( 417 )  
    It has long been recognized that the valence electrons of an atom dominate the chemical properties, while the inner-shell electrons or outer empty orbital do not participate in chemical reactions. Pressure, as a fundamental thermodynamic variable, plays an important role in the preparation of new materials. More recently, pressure stabilized a series of unconventional stoichiometric compounds with new oxidation states, in which the inner-shell electrons or outer empty orbital become chemically active. Here, we mainly focus on the recent advances in high-pressure new chemistry including novel chemical bonding and new oxidation state, identified by first-principles swarm intelligence structural search calculations. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date research progress on the chemical bonding with inner-shell electrons or outer empty orbital, abnormal interatomic charge transfer, hypervalent compounds, and chemical reactivity of noble gases. Personal outlook on the challenge and opportunity in this field are proposed in the conclusion.
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    Geoscience material structures prediction via CALYPSO methodology
    Andreas Hermann
    2019 (10):  106107-106107.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab43bc
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    Many properties of planets such as their interior structure and thermal evolution depend on the high-pressure properties of their constituent materials. This paper reviews how crystal structure prediction methodology can help shed light on the transformations materials undergo at the extreme conditions inside planets. The discussion focuses on three areas:(i) the propensity of iron to form compounds with volatile elements at planetary core conditions (important to understand the chemical makeup of Earth's inner core), (ii) the chemistry of mixtures of planetary ices (relevant for the mantle regions of giant icy planets), and (iii) examples of mantle minerals. In all cases the abilities and current limitations of crystal structure prediction are discussed across a range of example studies.
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    High-pressure electrides: From design to synthesis
    万彪, 张静武, 吴来磊, 缑慧阳
    2019 (10):  106201-106201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f95
    摘要 ( 983 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2386KB) ( 573 )  
    Electrides are unique ionic compounds that electrons serve as the anions. Many electrides with fascinating physical and chemical properties have been discovered at ambient condition. Under pressure, electrides are also revealed to be ubiquitous crystal morphology, enriching the geometrical topologies and electronic properties of electrides. In this Review, we overview the formation mechanism of high-pressure electrides (HPEs) and outline a scheme for exploring new HPEs from pre-design, CALYPSO assisted structural searches, indicators for electrides, to experimental synthesis. Moreover, the evolution of electronic dimensionality under compression is also discussed to better understand the dimensional distribution of anionic electrons in HPEs.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Physical properties of ternary thallium chalcogenes Tl2MQ3 (M=Zr, Hf; Q=S, Se, Te) via ab-initio calculations
    Engin Ateser, Oguzhan Okvuran, Yasemin Oztekin Ciftci, Haci Ozisik, Engin Deligoz
    2019 (10):  106301-106301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab427d
    摘要 ( 596 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2055KB) ( 161 )  
    We have reported a first principles study of structural, mechanical, electronic, and thermoelectric properties of the monoclinic ternary thallium chalcogenes Tl2MQ3 (M=Zr, Hf; Q=S, Se, Te). The electronic band structure calculations confirm that all compounds exhibit semiconductor character. Especially, Tl2ZrTe3 and Tl2HfTe3 can be good candidates for thermoelectric materials, having narrow band gaps of 0.169 eV and 0.21 eV, respectively. All of the compounds are soft and brittle according to the second-order elastic constant calculations. Low Debye temperatures also support the softness. We have obtained the transport properties of the compounds by using rigid band and constant relaxation time approximations in the context of Boltzmann transport theory. The results show that the compounds could be considered for room temperature thermoelectric applications (ZT~0.9).
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    Phosphine-free synthesis of FeTe2 nanoparticles and self-assembly into tree-like nanoarchitectures
    王红宇, 武敏, 王艺璇, 王浩, 黄晓丽, 杨新一
    2019 (10):  106401-106401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3b51
    摘要 ( 626 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2071KB) ( 221 )  
    Manipulating the self-assembly of transition metal telluride nanocrystals (NCs) creates opportunities for exploring new properties and device applications. Iron ditelluride (FeTe2) has recently emerged as a new class of magnetic semiconductor with three-dimensional (3D) magnetic ordering and narrow band gap structure, yet the self-assembly of FeTe2 NCs has not been achieved. Herein, the tree-like FeTe2 nanoarchitectures with orthorhombic crystal structure have been successfully synthesized by hot-injection solvent thermal approach using phosphine-free Te precursor. The morphology, size, and crystal structure have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and powder x-ray diffraction (XRD). We study the formation process of tree-like FeTe2 NCs according to trace the change of the sample morphology with the reaction time. It was found that the FeTe2 nanoparticles show oriented aggregation and self-assembly behavior with the increase of reaction time, which is attributed to size-dependent magnetism properties of the samples. The magnetic interaction is thought to be the driving force of nanoparticle self-organization.
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    Expansion dynamics of a spherical Bose-Einstein condensate
    李睿宗, 高天佑, 张东方, 彭世国, 孔令冉, 沈星, 江开军
    2019 (10):  106701-106701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4177
    摘要 ( 708 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(820KB) ( 208 )  

    We experimentally and theoretically observe the expansion behaviors of a spherical Bose-Einstein condensate. A rubidium condensate is produced in an isotropic optical dipole trap with an asphericity of 0.037. We measure the variation of the condensate size in the expansion process after switching off the trap. The free expansion of the condensate is isotropic, which is different from that of the condensate usually produced in the anisotropic trap. We derive an analytic solution of the expansion behavior based on the spherical symmetry, allowing a quantitative comparison with the experimental measurement. The interaction energy of the condensate is gradually converted into the kinetic energy during the expansion and after a long time the kinetic energy saturates at a constant value. We obtain the interaction energy of the condensate in the trap by probing the long-time expansion velocity, which agrees with the theoretical calculation. This work paves a way to explore novel quantum states of ultracold gases with the spherical symmetry.

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    Highly reliable and selective ethanol sensor based on α-Fe2O3 nanorhombs working in realistic environments
    闫文君, 曾小敏, 刘欢, 郭春伟, 凌敏, 周后盘
    2019 (10):  106801-106801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3af1
    摘要 ( 493 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3491KB) ( 124 )  

    A highly reliable and selective ethanol gas sensor working in realistic environments based on alpha-Fe2O3 (α-Fe2O3) nanorhombs is developed. The sensor is fabricated by integrating α-Fe2O3 nanorhombs onto a low power microheater based on micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. The α-Fe2O3 nanorhombs, prepared via a solvothermal method, is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The sensing performances of the α-Fe2O3 sensor to various toxic gases are investigated. The optimum sensing temperature is found to be about 280 ℃. The sensor shows excellent selectivity to ethanol. For various ethanol concentrations (1 ppm-20 ppm), the response and recovery times are around 3 s and 15 s at the working temperature of 280 ℃, respectively. Specifically, the α-Fe2O3 sensor exhibits a response shift less than 6% to ethanol at 280 ℃ when the relative humidity (RH) increases from 30% to 70%. The good tolerance to humidity variation makes the sensor suitable for reliable applications in Internet of Things (IoT) in realistic environments. In addition, the sensor shows great long-term repeatability and stability towards ethanol. A possible gas sensing mechanism is proposed.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Charge trapping memory device based on the Ga2O3 films as trapping and blocking layer
    白冰, 王宏, 李岩, 郝云霞, 张博, 王博平, 王子航, 杨红旗, 高启航, 吕超, 张庆顺, 闫小兵
    2019 (10):  106802-106802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e62
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    We present a new charge trapping memory (CTM) device with the Au/Ga2O3/SiO2/Si structure, which is fabricated by using the magnetron sputtering, high-temperature annealing, and vacuum evaporation techniques. Transmission electron microscopy diagrams show that the thickness of the SiO2 tunneling layer can be controlled by the annealing temperature. When the devices are annealed at 760 ℃, the measured C-V hysteresis curves exhibit a maximum 6 V memory window under a ±13 V sweeping voltage. In addition, a slight degradation of the device voltage and capacitance indicates the robust retention properties of flat-band voltage and high/low state capacitance. These distinctive advantages are attributed to oxygen vacancies and inter-diffusion layers, which play a critical role in the charge trapping process.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Electronic properties of size-dependent MoTe2/WTe2 heterostructure
    刘婧, 马亚强, 戴雅薇, 陈炀, 李依, 唐亚楠, 戴宪起
    2019 (10):  107101-107101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3b53
    摘要 ( 675 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(21948KB) ( 282 )  

    Lateral two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures have opened up unprecedented opportunities in modern electronic device and material science. In this work, electronic properties of size-dependent MoTe2/WTe2 lateral heterostructures (LHSs) are investigated through the first-principles density functional calculations. The constructed periodic multi-interfaces patterns can also be defined as superlattice structures. Consequently, the direct band gap character remains in all considered LHSs without any external modulation, while the gap size changes within little difference range with the building blocks increasing due to the perfect lattice matching. The location of the conduction band minimum (CBM) and the valence band maximum (VBM) will change from P-point to Γ-point when m plus n is a multiple of 3 for A-mn LHSs as a result of Brillouin zone folding. The bandgap located at high symmetry Γ-point is favourable to electron transition, which might be useful to optoelectronic device and could be achieved by band engineering. Type-Ⅱ band alignment occurs in the MoTe2/WTe2 LHSs, for electrons and holes are separated on the opposite domains, which would reduce the recombination rate of the charge carriers and facilitate the quantum efficiency. Moreover, external biaxial strain leads to efficient bandgap engineering. MoTe2/WTe2 LHSs could serve as potential candidate materials for next-generation electronic devices.

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    Hubbard model on an anisotropic checkerboard lattice at finite temperatures: Magnetic and metal-insulator transitions
    刘海迪
    2019 (10):  107102-107102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4279
    摘要 ( 549 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(978KB) ( 244 )  

    We study magnetic and Mott transitions of the Hubbard model on the geometrically frustrated anisotropic checkerboard lattice at half filling using cellular dynamical mean-field theory. Phase diagrams over a wide area of the parameter space are obtained by varying the interparticle interaction strength, geometric frustration strength, and temperature. Our results show that frustration and thermal fluctuations play a competing role against the interactions and in general favor a metallic phase without antiferromagnetic order. Due to their interplay, the system exhibits competition between antiferromagnetic insulator, antiferromagnetic metal, paramagnetic insulator, and paramagnetic metal phases in the intermediate-interaction regime. In the strong-interaction limit, which reduces to the Heisenberg model, our result is consistent with previous studies.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Benchmarking the simplest slave-particle theory with Hubbard dimer
    杨薇薇, 罗洪刚, 钟寅
    2019 (10):  107103-107103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3dfe
    摘要 ( 638 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(858KB) ( 135 )  
    Slave-particle method is a powerful tool to tackle the correlation effect in quantum many-body physics. Although it has been successfully used to comprehend various intriguing problems, such as Mott metal-insulator transition and Kondo effect, there is still no convincing theory so far on the availability and limitation of this method. The abuse of slave-particle method may lead to wrong physics. As the simplest slave-particle method, Z2 slave spin, which is widely applied to many strongly correlated problems, is highly accessible and researchable. In this work, we will uncover the nature of the Z2 slave-spin method by studying a two-site Hubbard model. After exploring aspects of properties of this toy model, we make a comparative analysis of the results obtained by three methods:(i) slave-spin method on mean-field level, (ii) slave-spin method with gauge constraint, and (iii) the exact solution as a benchmark. We find that, protected by the particle-hole symmetry, the slave-spin mean-field method can recover the static properties of ground state exactly at half filling. Furthermore, in the parameter space where both U and T are small enough, the slave-spin mean-field method is also reliable in calculating the dynamic and thermal dynamic properties. However, when U or T is considerably large, the mean-field approximation gives ill-defined behaviors, which result from the unphysical states in the enlarged Hilbert space. These findings lead to our conclusion that the accuracy of slave particle can be guaranteed if we can exclude all unphysical states by enforcing gauge constraints. Our work demonstrates the promising prospect of slave-particle method in studying complex strongly correlated models with specific symmetry or in certain parameter space.
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    The role of CALYPSO in the discovery of high-Tc hydrogen-rich superconductors
    崔文文, 李印威
    2019 (10):  107104-107104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4253
    摘要 ( 756 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2358KB) ( 1101 )  
    Hydrogen-rich compounds are promising candidates for high-Tc or even room-temperature superconductors. The search for high-Tc hydrides poses a major experimental challenge because there are many known hydrides and even more unknown hydrides with unusual stoichiometries under high pressure. The combination of crystal structure prediction and first-principles calculations has played an important role in the search for high-Tc hydrides, especially in guiding experimental synthesis. Crystal structure AnaLYsis by Particle Swarm Optimization (CALYPSO) is one of the most efficient methods for predicting stable or metastable structures from the chemical composition alone. This review summarizes the superconducting hydrides predicted using CALYPSO. We focus on two breakthroughs toward room-temperature superconductors initiated by CALYPSO:the prediction of high-Tc superconductivity in compressed hydrogen sulfide and lanthanum hydrides, both of which have been confirmed experimentally and have set new record Tc values. We also address the challenges and outlook in this field.
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    A review of current research on spin currents and spin-orbit torques
    冯晓玉, 张琪涵, 张瀚文, 张祎, 钟瑞, 卢博文, 曹江伟, 范小龙
    2019 (10):  107105-107105.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab425e
    摘要 ( 778 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(14664KB) ( 917 )  
    Spintronics is a new discipline focusing on the research and application of electronic spin properties. After the discovery of the giant magnetoresistance effect in 1988, spintronics has had a huge impact on scientific progress and related applications in the development of information technology. In recent decades, the main motivation in spintronics has been efficiently controlling local magnetization using electron flow or voltage rather than controlling the electron flow using magnetization. Using spin-orbit coupling in a material can convert a charge current into a pure spin current (a flow of spin momenta without a charge flow) and generate a spin-orbit torque on the adjacent ferromagnets. The ability of spintronic devices to utilize spin-orbit torques to manipulate the magnetization has resulted in large-scale developments such as magnetic random-access memories and has boosted the spintronic research area. Here in, we review the theoretical and experimental results that have established this subfield of spintronics. We introduce the concept of a pure spin current and spin-orbit torques within the experimental framework, and we review transport-, magnetization-dynamics-, and optical-based measurements and link then to both phenomenological and microscopic theories of the effect. The focus is on the related progress reported from Chinese universities and institutes, and we specifically highlight the contributions made by Chinese researchers.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Negative transconductance effect in p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs by traps in unintentionally doped GaN buffer layer
    葛梅, 蔡青, 张保花, 陈敦军, 胡立群, 薛俊俊, 陆海, 张荣, 郑有炓
    2019 (10):  107301-107301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e00
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    We investigate the negative transconductance effect in p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) associated with traps in the unintentionally doped GaN buffer layer. We find that a negative transconductance effect occurs with increasing the trap concentration and capture cross section when calculating transfer characteristics. The electron tunneling through AlGaN barrier and the reduced electric field discrepancy between drain side and gate side induced by traps are reasonably explained by analyzing the band diagrams, output characteristics, and the electric field strength of the channel of the devices under different trap concentrations and capture cross sections.
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    Optical response of an inverted InAs/GaSb quantum well in an in-plane magnetic field
    吴晓光
    2019 (10):  107302-107302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3c29
    摘要 ( 521 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(4387KB) ( 158 )  

    The optical response of an inverted InAs/GaSb quantum well is studied theoretically. The influence of an in-plane magnetic field that is applied parallel to the quantum well is considered. This in-plane magnetic field will induce a dynamical polarization even when the electric field component of the external optical field is parallel to the quantum well. The electron-electron interaction in the quantum well system will lead to the de-polarization effect. This effect is found to be important and is taken into account in the calculation of the optical response. It is found that the main feature in the frequency dependence of the velocity-velocity correlation function remains when the velocity considered is parallel to the in-plane magnetic field. When the direction of the velocity is perpendicular to the in-plane magnetic field, the de-polarization effect will suppress the oscillatory behavior in the corresponding velocity-velocity correlation function. The in-plane magnetic field can change the band structure of the quantum well drastically from a gapped semiconductor to a no-gapped semi-metal, but it is found that the distribution of the velocity matrix elements or the optical transition matrix elements in the wave vector space has the same two-tadpole topology.

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    Observation of hopping transitions for delocalized electrons by temperature-dependent conductance in siliconjunctionless nanowire transistors
    郭仰岩, 韩伟华, 赵晓松, 窦亚梅, 张晓迪, 吴歆宇, 杨富华
    2019 (10):  107303-107303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e68
    摘要 ( 617 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1057KB) ( 148 )  

    We demonstrate transitions of hopping behaviors for delocalized electrons through the discrete dopant-induced quantum dots in n-doped silicon junctionless nanowire transistors by the temperature-dependent conductance characteristics. There are two obvious transition platforms within the critical temperature regimes for the experimental conductance data, which are extracted from the unified transfer characteristics for different temperatures at the gate voltage positions of the initial transconductance gm peak in Vg1 and valley in Vg2. The crossover temperatures of the electron hopping behaviors are analytically determined by the temperature-dependent conductance at the gate voltages Vg1 and Vg2. This finding provides essential evidence for the hopping electron behaviors under the influence of thermal activation and long-range Coulomb interaction.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Emerging properties of two-dimensional twisted bilayer materials
    程阳, 黄琛, 洪浩, 赵子荀, 刘开辉
    2019 (10):  107304-107304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e46
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    Recent studies in van der Waals coupled two-dimensional (2D) bilayer materials have demonstrated a new freedom for material engineering by the formation of moiré pattern. By tuning the twist angle between two layers, one can modulate their electronic band structures and therefore the associated electrical transport and optical properties, which are distinct from the original ones of each individual layer. These new properties excite great passion in the exploration of new quantum states and possible applications of 2D bilayers. In this article, we will mainly review the prevailing fabrication methods and emerging physical properties of twisted bilayer materials and lastly give out a perspective of this topic.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Enhanced spin-dependent thermopower in a double-quantum-dot sandwiched between two-dimensional electron gases
    迟锋, 付振国, 刘黎明, 张平
    2019 (10):  107305-107305.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f98
    摘要 ( 571 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(611KB) ( 130 )  
    We study the spin-dependent thermopower in a double-quantum-dot (DQD) embedded between the left and right two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs) in doped quantum wells under an in-plane magnetic field. When the separation between the DQD is smaller than the Fermi wavelength in the 2DEGs, the asymmetry in the dots' energy levels leads to pronounced quantum interference effects characterized by the Dicke line-shape of the conductance, which are sensitive to the properties of the 2DEGs. The magnitude of the thermopower, which denotes the generated voltage in response to an infinitesimal temperature difference between the two 2DEGs under vanishing charge current, will be obviously enhanced by the Dicke effect. The application of the in-plane magnetic field results in the polarization of the spin-up and spin-down conductances and thermopowers, and enables an efficient spin-filter device in addition to a tunable pure spin thermopower in the absence of its charge counterpart.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Recent progress on the prediction of two-dimensional materials using CALYPSO
    唐程, Gurpreet Kour, 杜爱军
    2019 (10):  107306-107306.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab41ea
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    In recent years, structure design and predictions based on global optimization approach as implemented in CALYPSO software have gained great success in accelerating the discovery of novel two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here we highlight some most recent research progress on the prediction of novel 2D structures, involving elements, metal-free and metal-containing compounds using CALYPSO package. Particular emphasis will be given to those 2D materials that exhibit unique electronic and magnetic properties with great potentials for applications in novel electronics, optoelectronics, magnetronics, spintronics, and photovoltaics. Finally, we also comment on the challenges and perspectives for future discovery of multi-functional 2D materials.
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    Electronic structure of molecular beam epitaxy grown 1T'-MoTe2 film and strain effect
    周雪, 姜泽禹, 张柯楠, 姚维, 颜明哲, 张红云, 段文晖, 周树云
    2019 (10):  107307-107307.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab43ba
    摘要 ( 941 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1919KB) ( 443 )  

    Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide films with distorted trigonal (1T') phase have been predicted to be candidates for realizing quantum spin Hall effect. Growth of 1T' film and experimental investigation of its electronic structure are critical. Here we report the electronic structure of 1T'-MoTe2 films grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Growth of the 1T'-MoTe2 film depends critically on the substrate temperature, and successful growth of the film is indicated by streaky stripes in the reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and sharp diffraction spots in the low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements reveal a metallic behavior in the as-grown film with an overlap between the conduction and valence bands. First principles calculation suggests that a suitable tensile strain along the a-axis direction is needed to induce a gap to make it an insulator. Our work not only reports the electronic structure of MBE grown 1T'-MoTe2 films, but also provides insights for strain engineering to make it possible for quantum spin Hall effect.

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    Robust two-gap strong coupling superconductivity associated with low-lying phonon modes in pressurized Nb5Ir3O superconductors
    王铂森, 张尧卿, 徐淑香, Kento Ishigaki, Kazuyuki Matsubayashi, 程金光, Hideo Hosono, Yoshiya Uwatoko
    2019 (10):  107401-107401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4047
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    We report robust superconducting state and gap symmetry of Nb5Ir3O via electrical transport and specific heat measurements. The analysis of specific heat manifests that Nb5Ir3O is a strongly coupled superconductor with ΔC/γnTc~1.91 and double s-wave superconducting gaps of 2L(0)/kBTc~6.56 and 2S(0)/kBTc~2.36 accounting for 90% and 10%, respectively. The (Cp-γnT)/T3 vs. T plot shows a broad peak at~23 K, indicating phonon softening and the appearance of low-lying phonon mode associated with the interstitial oxygen. This behavior explains the monotonic increase of Tc in Nb5Ir3O(1-δ) by strengthening the electron-phonon coupling and enlarging the density of states at Fermi level. The Hall coefficient is temperature independent below 200 K, and changes its sign from positive to negative above 250 K, suggesting that carrier is across the hole- to electron-dominant regions and the multi-band electronic structures. On warming, the resistivity shows a gradual crossover from T2- to T3-dependence at a critical temperature T*, and a broad peak at a temperature Tp. The reduced Tc under pressure is linearly correlated with lattice parameters c/a ratio and Tp, suggesting the important phonon contributions in Nb5Ir3O as a phonon-medicated superconductor. Possible physical mechanisms are proposed.

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    Magnetoresistance hysteresis in topological Kondo insulator SmB6 nanowire
    孔令剑, 周勇, 宋化鼎, 俞大鹏, 廖志敏
    2019 (10):  107501-107501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a89
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    SmB6, a topological Kondo insulator, with a gapped bulk state and metallic surface state has aroused great research interest. Here, we report an exotic hysteresis behavior of magnetoresistance in individual SmB6 nanowire in a temperature range in which both surface and bulk states contribute to the total conductance. Under a magnetic field parallel to the SmB6 nanowire, the resistance suddenly increases at the turning point from up-sweep to down-sweep of the magnetic field. The magnetoresistance hysteresis loops are well consistent with the magnetocaloric effect. Our results suggest that the SmB6 nanowires possess potential applications in the magnetic cooling technology.
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    Electrical transport and optical properties of Cd3As2 thin films
    杨运坤, 修发贤, 王枫秋, 王军, 施毅
    2019 (10):  107502-107502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a91
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    Cd3As2, as a three-dimensional (3D) topological Dirac semimetal, has attracted wide attention due to its unique physical properties originating from the 3D massless Dirac fermions. While many efforts have been devoted to the exploration of novel physical phenomena such as chiral anomaly and phase transitions by using bulk crystals, the development of high-quality and large-scale thin films becomes necessary for practical electronic and optical applications. Here, we report our recent progress in developing single-crystalline thin films with improved quality and their optical devices including Cd3As2-based heterojunctions and ultrafast optical switches. We find that a post-annealing process can significantly enhance the crystallinity of Cd3As2 in both intrinsic and Zn-doped thin films. With excellent characteristics of high mobility and linear band dispersion, Cd3As2 exhibits a good optical response in the visible-to-mid-infrared range due to an advantageous optical absorption, which is reminiscent of 3D graphene. It also behaves as an excellent saturable absorber in the mid-infrared regime. Through the delicate doping process in this material system, it may further open up the long-sought parameter space crucial for the development of compact and high-performance mid-infrared ultrafast sources.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Magnetic vortex gyration mediated by point-contact position
    李化南, 笵紫薇, 李佳欣, 胡月, 刘惠莲
    2019 (10):  107503-107503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4277
    摘要 ( 545 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(517KB) ( 259 )  
    Micromagnetic simulation is employed to study the gyration motion of magnetic vortices in distinct permalloy nanodisks driven by a spin-polarized current. The critical current density for magnetic vortex gyration, eigenfrequency, trajectory, velocity and the time for a magnetic vortex to obtain the steady gyration are analyzed. Simulation results reveal that the magnetic vortices in larger and thinner nanodisks can achieve a lower-frequency gyration at a lower current density in a shorter time. However, the magnetic vortices in thicker nanodisks need a higher current density and longer time to attain steady gyration but with a higher eigenfrequency. We also find that the point-contact position exerts different influences on these parameters in different nanodisks, which contributes to the control of the magnetic vortex gyration. The conclusions of this paper can serve as a theoretical basis for designing nano-oscillators and microwave frequency modulators.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Two-dimensional XSe2 (X=Mn, V) based magnetic tunneling junctions with high Curie temperature
    潘龙飞, 文宏玉, 黄乐, 陈龙, 邓惠雄, 夏建白, 魏钟鸣
    2019 (10):  107504-107504.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e45
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    Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic crystals have attracted great attention due to their emerging new physical phenomena. They provide ideal platforms to study the fundamental physics of magnetism in low dimensions. In this research, magnetic tunneling junctions (MTJs) based on XSe2 (X=Mn, V) with room-temperature ferromagnetism were studied using first-principles calculations. A large tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of 725.07% was obtained in the MTJs based on monolayer MnSe2. Several schemes were proposed to improve the TMR of these devices. Moreover, the results of our non-equilibrium transport calculations showed that the large TMR was maintained in these devices under a finite bias. The transmission spectrum was analyzed according to the orbital components and the electronic structure of the monolayer XSe2 (X=Mn, V). The results in this paper demonstrated that the MTJs based on a 2D ferromagnet with room-temperature ferromagnetism exhibited reliable performance. Therefore, such devices show the possibility for potential applications in spintronics.
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    Optoelectronic properties analysis of silicon light-emitting diode monolithically integrated in standard CMOS IC
    陈彦旭, 许栋梁, 徐开凯, 张宁, 刘斯扬, 赵建明, 罗谦, Lukas W. Snyman, Jacobus W. Swart
    2019 (10):  107801-107801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3e44
    摘要 ( 1042 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1215KB) ( 245 )  
    Si p+n junction diodes operating in the mode of avalanche breakdown are capable of emitting light in the visible range of 400-900 nm. In this study, to realize the switching speed in the GHz range, we present a transient model to shorten the carrier lifetime in the high electric field region by accumulating carriers in both p and n type regions. We also verify the optoelectronic characteristics by disclosing the related physical mechanisms behind the light emission phenomena. The emission of visible light by a monolithically integrated Si diode under the reverse bias is also discussed. The light is emitted as spatial sources by the defects located at the p-n junction of the reverse-biased diode. The influence of the defects on the electrical behavior is manifested as a current-dependent electroluminescence.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Cascaded plasmonic nanorod antenna for large broadband local electric field enhancement
    张豆, 杨中见, 何军
    2019 (10):  107802-107802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f99
    摘要 ( 634 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(600KB) ( 179 )  

    We propose a cascaded plasmonic nanorod antenna for large broadband electric near-field enhancement. The structure has one big gold nanorod on each side of a small two-wire antenna which consists of two small gold nanorods. For each small nanorod, the enhanced and broadened optical response can be obtained due to the efficient energy transfer from its adjacent big nanorod through strong plasmonic near-field coupling. Thus, the electric field intensity of the cascaded antenna is significantly larger and broader than that of the individual small two-wire antenna. The resonant position, field intensity enhancement, and spectral width of the cascaded antenna are highly tunable by varying the geometry of the system. The quantum efficiency of the cascaded antenna is also greatly enhanced compared with that of the small antenna. Our results are important for the applications in field-enhanced spectroscopy.

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    Photoluminescence properties of blue and green multiple InGaN/GaN quantum wells
    李长富, 时凯居, 徐明升, 徐现刚, 冀子武
    2019 (10):  107803-107803.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4046
    摘要 ( 784 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1958KB) ( 127 )  
    The photoluminescence (PL) properties of blue multiple InGaN/GaN quantum well (BMQW) and green multiple InGaN/GaN quantum well (GMQW) formed on a single sapphire substrate are investigated. The results indicate that the peak energy of GMQW-related emission (PG) exhibits more significant “S-shaped” dependence on temperature than that of BMQW-related emission (PB), and the excitation power-dependent carrier-scattering effect is observed only in the PG emission; the excitation power-dependent total blue-shift (narrowing) of peak position (line-width) for the PG emission is more significant than that for the PB emission; the GMQW shows a lower internal quantum efficiency than the BMQW. All of these results can be attributed to the fact that the GMQW has higher indium content than the BMQW due to its lower growth temperature and late growth, and the higher indium content in the GMQW induces a more significant compositional fluctuation, a stronger quantum confined Stark effect, and more non-radiative centers.
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Effect of AlN coating on hydrogen permeability and surface structure of VT6 alloy by vacuum arc ion plating
    丁子祎
    2019 (10):  108101-108101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a8e
    摘要 ( 704 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(644KB) ( 162 )  
    We study the absorption of hydrogen of metal by the permeability method. With the help of the gas reaction controller (GRC), the absorptive capacity of hydrogen, which is a function of time, temperature and pressure, can be recorded. The effect of the performance of the hydrogen permeability of AlN coating on the titanium alloy surface structure is studied. In the research, the AlN is selected to be added to the titanium alloy sample VT6, and the properties of the titanium alloy are investigated, and the hydrogen absorption rate of the coating is calculated by performing the hydrogen saturation of the test sample. The results show that under 600 ℃ the AlN film reduces the hydrogen absorption rate of titanium alloy and improves the surface properties of VT6 alloy.
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    Effect of sintering temperature on luminescence properties of borosilicate matrix blue-green emitting color conversion glass ceramics
    郑巧瑜, 李杨, 吴文娟, 石明明, 杨波波, 邹军
    2019 (10):  108102-108102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f97
    摘要 ( 723 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(990KB) ( 160 )  
    The color conversion glass ceramics which were made of borosilicate matrix co-doped (SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu3+Ce3+) blue-green phosphors were prepared by two-step method in co-sintering. The change in luminescence properties and the drift of chromaticity coordinates (CIE) of the (SrBaSm)Si2O2N2:(Eu3+Ce3+) blue-green phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics were studied in the sintering temperature range from 600 ℃ to 800 ℃. The luminous intensity and internal quantum yield (QY) of the blue-green phosphors and glass ceramics decreased with the sintering temperature increasing. When the sintering temperature increased beyond 750 ℃, the phosphors and the color conversion glass ceramics almost had no peak in photoluminescence (PL) and excitation (PLE) spectra. The results showed that the blue-green phosphors had poor thermal stability at higher temperature. The lattice structure of the phosphors was destroyed by the glass matrix and the Ce3+ in the phosphors was oxidized to Ce4+, which further caused a decrease in luminescent properties of the color conversion glass ceramics.
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    Flexible rGO/Fe3O4 NPs/polyurethane film with excellent electromagnetic properties
    余维琪, 邱怡宸, 肖红君, 杨海涛, 王戈明
    2019 (10):  108103-108103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4041
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    Large-area and flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Fe3O4 NPs/polyurethane (PU) composite films are fabricated by a facile solution-processable method. The monolayer assembly of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a high particle-stacking density on the graphene oxide (GO) sheets is achieved by mixing two immiscible solutions of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in hexane and GO in dimethylformide (DMF) by a mild sonication. The x-ray diffraction and Raman spectrum confirm the reduced process of rGO by a simple thermal treatment. The permittivity value of the composite in a frequency range of 0.1 GHz-18 GHz increases with annealing temperature of GO increasing. For 5-wt% rGO/Fe3O4 NPs/PU, the maximum refection loss (RL) of over -35 dB appears at 4.5 GHz when the thickness of film increases to 5 mm. The rGO/Fe3O4 NPs/PU film, exhibiting good electromagnetic properties over GHz frequency range, could be a potential candidate as one of microwave absorption materials in flexible electronic devices.
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    Parameter identification and state-of-charge estimation approach for enhanced lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit model considering influence of ambient temperatures
    庞辉, 牟联晶, 郭龙
    2019 (10):  108201-108201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3af5
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    It is widely accepted that the variation of ambient temperature has great influence on the battery model parameters and state-of-charge (SOC) estimation, and the accurate SOC estimation is a significant issue for developing the battery management system in electric vehicles. To address this problem, in this paper we propose an enhanced equivalent circuit model (ECM) considering the influence of different ambient temperatures on the open-circuit voltage for a lithium-ion battery. Based on this model, the exponential-function fitting method is adopted to identify the battery parameters according to the test data collected from the experimental platform. And then, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) algorithm is employed to estimate the battery SOC of this battery ECM. The performance of the proposed ECM is verified by using the test profiles of hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) and the standard US06 driving cycles (US06) at various ambient temperatures, and by comparing with the common ECM with a second-order resistance capacitor. The simulation and experimental results show that the enhanced battery ECM can improve the battery SOC estimation accuracy under different operating conditions.
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    Analysis of non-uniform hetero-gate-dielectric dual-material control gate TFET for suppressing ambipolar nature and improving radio-frequency performance
    许会芳, 崔健, 孙雯, 韩新风
    2019 (10):  108501-108501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3a8b
    摘要 ( 909 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(564KB) ( 212 )  
    A tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) is proposed by combining various advantages together, such as non-uniform gate-oxide layer, hetero-gate-dielectric (HGD), and dual-material control-gate (DMCG) technology. The effects of the length of non-uniform gate-oxide layer and dual-material control-gate on the on-state, off-state, and ambipolar currents are investigated. In addition, radio-frequency performance is studied in terms of gain bandwidth product, cut-off frequency, transit time, and transconductance frequency product. Moreover, the length of non-uniform gate-oxide layer and dual-material control-gate are optimized to improve the on-off current ratio and radio-frequency performances as well as the suppression of ambipolar current. All results demonstrate that the proposed device not only suppresses ambipolar current but also improves radio-frequency performance compared with the conventional DMCG TFET, which makes the proposed device a better application prospect in the advanced integrated circuits.
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    Opto-electromechanically induced transparency in a hybrid opto-electromechanical system
    刘慧, 秦立国, 田立君, 马鸿洋
    2019 (10):  108502-108502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3af2
    摘要 ( 631 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(646KB) ( 172 )  
    We study opto-electromechanically induced transparency in a hybrid opto-electromechanical system made up of an optical cavity tunneling-coupled to an opto-mechanical cavity, which is capacitively coupled to a charged mechanical oscillator by a charged and moveable mechanical cavity mirror as an interface. By studying the effects of the different parameters on the output field, we propose a scheme to modulate the opto-electromechanically induced transparency (OEMIT). Our results show that the OEMIT with the transparency windows from single to double to triple can be modulated by changing the tunneling, opto-mechanical and electrical couplings. In addition, the explanation of the OEMIT with multi-windows is given by the energy level diagram based on quantum interference. Our investigation will provide an optimal platform to manipulate the transmission of optical field via microfabricated opto-electromechanical device.
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    Designing of spin filter devices based on zigzag zinc oxide nanoribbon modified by edge defect
    黄保瑞, 张富春, 杨延宁, 张志勇, 王卫国
    2019 (10):  108503-108503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3b50
    摘要 ( 655 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1328KB) ( 126 )  
    The spin-dependent electronic transport properties of a zigzag zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoribbon are studied by using density functional theory with non-equilibrium Green's functions. We calculate the spin-polarized band structure, projected density of states, Bloch states, and transmission spectrum of the ZnO nanoribbon. It is determined that all Bloch states are located at the edge of the ZnO nanoribbon. The spin-up transmission eigenchannels are contributed from Zn 4s orbital, whereas the spin-down transmission eigenchannels are contributed from Zn 4s and O 2p orbitals. By analyzing the current-voltage curves for the opposite spins of the ZnO nanoribbon device, negative differential resistance (NDR) and spin filter effect are observed. Moreover, by constructing the ZnO nanoribbon modified by the Zn-edge defect, the spin-up current is severely suppressed because of the destruction of the spin-up transmission eigenchannels. However, the spin-down current is preserved, thus resulting in the perfect spin filter effect. Our results indicate that the ZnO nanoribbon modulated by the edge defect is a practical design for a spin filter.
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    Quantitative heterogeneity and subgroup classification based on motility of breast cancer cells
    熊玲, 刘艳平, 刘如川, 袁伟, 王高, 何益, 帅建伟, 焦阳, 张溪祥, 韩伟静, 屈军乐, 刘雳宇
    2019 (10):  108701-108701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3af4
    摘要 ( 719 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1663KB) ( 168 )  

    Cancer cell motility and its heterogeneity play an important role in metastasis, which is responsible for death of 90% of cancer patients. Here, in combination with a microfluidic technique, single-cell tracking, and systematic motility analysis, we present a rapid and quantitative approach to judge the motility heterogeneity of breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 in a well-defined three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment with controllable conditions. Following this approach, identification of highly mobile active cells in a medium with epithelial growth factor will provide a practical tool for cell invasion and metastasis investigation of multiple cancer cell types, including primary cells. Further, this approach could potentially become a speedy (~hours) and efficient tool for basic and clinical diagnosis.

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    Theory and method of dual-energy x-ray grating phase-contrast imaging
    荣锋, 高艳, 郭翠娟, 徐微, 徐伟
    2019 (10):  108702-108702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f1d
    摘要 ( 744 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(898KB) ( 140 )  
    The principle of dual-energy x-ray grating phase-contrast imaging (DEPCI) is clarified by using the theory of x-ray interference and Fresnel diffraction. A new method of retrieving phase from the two interferograms is proposed for DEPCI, and its feasibility is verified via simulation. Finally, the proposed method applied to DEPCI experiment demonstrates the effectiveness of the method. This paper lays the theoretical foundation for performance optimization of DEPCI and the further integration of DEPCI and computed tomography.
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    Benefit community promotes evolution of cooperation in prisoners' dilemma game
    王建伟, 何佳陆, 于逢源, 陈伟, 王蓉, 于可
    2019 (10):  108703-108703.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f1e
    摘要 ( 701 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3169KB) ( 200 )  
    Exploring the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in social dilemma is valuable and it arises considerable concerns of many researchers. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to promote cooperation, called benefit community, in which cooperators linking together form a common benefit community and all their payoffs obtained from game are divided coequally. The robustness of conclusions is tested for the PDG (prisoners' dilemma game) on square lattice and WS small world network. We find that cooperation can be promoted by this typical mechanism, especially, it can diffuse and prevail more easily and rapidly on the WS small world network than it on the square lattice, even if a big temptation to defect b. Our research provides a feasible direction to resolve the social dilemma.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Recent advances in thermoelectric materials and devices
    Influence of matrigel on the shape and dynamics of cancer cells
    叶腾, 邱峰
    2019 (10):  108704-108704.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab4275
    摘要 ( 697 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1190KB) ( 141 )  

    The interaction between extracellular matrices and cancer cells plays an important role in regulating cancer cell behaviors. In this article, we use matrigel to mimic extracellular matrices and investigate experimentally how matrigel influences the shape and dynamics of breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231-GFP cells). We find that matrigel facilitates cancer cells' migration and shape deformation. The influences of the matrigel concentration are also reported.

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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Theoretical analyses of stock correlations affected by subprime crisis and total assets: Network properties and corresponding physical mechanisms
    朱世钊, 王玉青, 汪秉宏
    2019 (10):  108901-108901.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ab3f22
    摘要 ( 733 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1847KB) ( 235 )  
    In the field of statistical mechanics and system science, it is acknowledged that the financial crisis has a profound influence on stock market. However, the influence of total asset of enterprise on stock quote was not considered in the previous studies. In this work, a modified cross-correlation matrix that focuses on the influence of total asset on stock quote is introduced into the analysis of the stocks collected from Asian and American stock markets, which is different from the previous studies. The key results are obtained as follows. Firstly, stock is more greatly correlated with big asset than with small asset. Secondly, the higher the correlation coefficient among stocks, the larger the eigenvector is. Thirdly, in different periods, like the pre-subprime crisis period and the peak of subprime crisis period, Asian stock quotes show that the component of the third eigenvector of the cross-correlation matrix decreases with the asset of the enterprise decreasing. Fourthly, by simulating the threshold network, the small network constructed by 10 stocks with large assets can show the large network state constructed by 30 stocks. In this research we intend to fully explain the physical mechanism for understanding the historical correlation between stocks and provide risk control strategies in the future.
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