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    2018年, 第27卷, 第1期 刊出日期:2018-01-05 上一期    下一期
    GENERAL
    Improved reproducing kernel particle method for piezoelectric materials
    马吉超, 魏高峰, 刘丹丹
    2018 (1):  10201-010201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010201
    摘要 ( 882 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(680KB) ( 245 )  
    In this paper, the normal derivative of the radial basis function (RBF) is introduced into the reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM), and the improved reproducing kernel particle method (IRKPM) is proposed. The method can decrease the errors on the boundary and improve the accuracy and stability of the algorithm. The proposed method is applied to the numerical simulation of piezoelectric materials and the corresponding governing equations are derived. The numerical results show that the IRKPM is more stable and accurate than the RKPM.
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    Finite-time robust control of uncertain fractional-order Hopfield neural networks via sliding mode control
    喜彦贵, 于永光, 张硕, 海旭东
    2018 (1):  10202-010202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010202
    摘要 ( 810 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(642KB) ( 369 )  
    The finite-time control of uncertain fractional-order Hopfield neural networks is investigated in this paper. A switched terminal sliding surface is proposed for a class of uncertain fractional-order Hopfield neural networks. Then a robust control law is designed to ensure the occurrence of the sliding motion for stabilization of the fractional-order Hopfield neural networks. Besides, for the unknown parameters of the fractional-order Hopfield neural networks, some estimations are made. Based on the fractional-order Lyapunov theory, the finite-time stability of the sliding surface to origin is proved well. Finally, a typical example of three-dimensional uncertain fractional-order Hopfield neural networks is employed to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
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    A novel stable value iteration-based approximate dynamic programming algorithm for discrete-time nonlinear systems
    曲延华, 王安娜, 林盛
    2018 (1):  10203-010203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010203
    摘要 ( 665 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(717KB) ( 207 )  
    The convergence and stability of a value-iteration-based adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm are considered for discrete-time nonlinear systems accompanied by a discounted quadric performance index. More importantly than sufficing to achieve a good approximate structure, the iterative feedback control law must guarantee the closed-loop stability. Specifically, it is firstly proved that the iterative value function sequence will precisely converge to the optimum. Secondly, the necessary and sufficient condition of the optimal value function serving as a Lyapunov function is investigated. We prove that for the case of infinite horizon, there exists a finite horizon length of which the iterative feedback control law will provide stability, and this increases the practicability of the proposed value iteration algorithm. Neural networks (NNs) are employed to approximate the value functions and the optimal feedback control laws, and the approach allows the implementation of the algorithm without knowing the internal dynamics of the system. Finally, a simulation example is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed optimal control method.
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    Quantum Monte Carlo study of hard-core bosons in Creutz ladder with zero flux
    林洋, 郝维昌, 郭怀明
    2018 (1):  10204-010204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010204
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    The quantum phase of hard-core bosons in Creutz ladder with zero flux is studied. For a specific regime of the parameters (tx=tp, ty<0), the exact ground-state is found analytically, which is a dimerized insulator with one electron bound in each rung of the ladder. For the case tx,ty,tp>0, the system is exactly studied using quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method without a sign problem. It is found that the system is a Mott insulator for small tp and a quantum phase transition to a superfluid phase is driven by increasing tp. The critical tpc is determined precisely by a scaling analysis. Since it is possible that the Creutz ladder is realized experimentally, the theoretical results are interesting to the cold-atom experiments.
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    Solution of the spin-one DKP oscillator under an external magnetic field in noncommutative space with minimal length
    王炳乾, 隆正文, 龙超云, 吴淑蕊
    2018 (1):  10301-010301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010301
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    The spin-one Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP) oscillator under a magnetic field in the presence of the minimal length in the noncommutative coordinate space is studied by using the momentum space representation. The explicit form of energy eigenvalues is found, and the eigenfunctions are obtained in terms of the Jacobi polynomials. It shows that for the same azimuthal quantum number, the energy E increases monotonically with respect to the noncommutative parameter and the minimal length parameter. Additionally, we also report some special cases aiming to discuss the effect of the noncommutative coordinate space and the minimal length in the energy spectrum.
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    Non-Markovian speedup dynamics control of the damped Jaynes-Cummings model with detuning
    徐凯, 韩伟, 张英杰, 范桁
    2018 (1):  10302-010302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010302
    摘要 ( 710 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF(515KB) ( 294 )  
    For a two-level atom in a lossy cavity, a scheme to manipulate the non-Markovian speedup dynamics has been proposed in the controllable environment (the lossy cavity field). We mainly focus on the effects of the qubit-cavity detuning and the qubit-cavity coupling strength κ on the non-Markovian speedup evolution of an open system. By controlling the environment, i.e., tuning and κ, two dynamical crossovers from Markovian to non-Markovian and from no-speedup to speedup are achieved. Furthermore, it is clearly found that increasing the coupling strength κ or detuning in some cases can make the environmental non-Markovianity stronger and hence can lead to faster evolution of the open system.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Quantum speed limit time of a two-level atom under different quantum feedback control
    余敏, 方卯发, 邹红梅
    2018 (1):  10303-010303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010303
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    We investigate the quantum speed limit time (QSLT) of a two-level atom under quantum-jump-based feedback control or homodyne-based feedback control. Our results show that the two different feedback control schemes have different influences on the evolutionary speed. By adjusting the feedback parameters, the quantum-jump-based feedback control can induce speedup of the atomic evolution from an excited state, but the homodyne-based feedback control cannot change the evolutionary speed. Additionally, the QSLT for the whole dynamical process is explored. Under the quantum-jump-based feedback control, the QSLT displays oscillatory behaviors, which implies multiple speed-up and speed-down processes during the evolution. While, the homodyne-based feedback control can accelerate the speed-up process and improve the uniform speed in the uniform evolution process.

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    GENERAL
    Quantum coherence and non-Markovianity of an atom in a dissipative cavity under weak measurement
    刘禹, 邹红梅, 方卯发
    2018 (1):  10304-010304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010304
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    Quantum coherence and non-Markovianity of an atom in a dissipative cavity under weak measurement are investigated in this work. We find that:the quantum coherence obviously depends on the initial atomic state, the strength of the weak measurement and its reversal, the atom-cavity coupling constant and the non-Markovian effect. It is obvious that the weak measurement effect protects the coherence better. The quantum coherence is preserved more efficiently for larger atom-cavity coupling. The stronger the non-Markovian effect is, the more slowly the coherence reduces. The quantum coherence can be effectively protected by means of controlling these physical parameters.
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    Improved quantum randomness amplification with finite number of untrusted devices based on a novel extractor
    徐明峰, 潘炜, 闫连山, 罗斌, 邹喜华, 穆鹏华, 张力月
    2018 (1):  10305-010305.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010305
    摘要 ( 821 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF(631KB) ( 236 )  
    Quantum randomness amplification protocols have increasingly attracted attention for their fantastic ability to amplify weak randomness to almost ideal randomness by utilizing quantum systems. Recently, a realistic noise-tolerant randomness amplification protocol using a finite number of untrusted devices was proposed. The protocol has the composable security against non-signalling eavesdroppers and could produce a single bit of randomness from weak randomness sources, which is certified by the violation of certain Bell inequalities. However, the protocol has a non-ignorable limitation on the min-entropy of independent sources. In this paper, we further develop the randomness amplification method and present a novel quantum randomness amplification protocol based on an explicit non-malleable two independent-source randomness extractor, which could remarkably reduce the above-mentioned specific limitation. Moreover, the composable security of our improved protocol is also proposed. Our results could significantly expand the application range for practical quantum randomness amplification, and provide a new insight on the practical design method for randomness extraction.
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    Novel quantum watermarking algorithm based on improved least significant qubit modification for quantum audio
    瞿治国, 何煌兴, 李涛
    2018 (1):  10306-010306.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010306
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    As one of essential multimedia in quantum networks, the copyright protection of quantum audio has gradually become an important issue in the domain of quantum information hiding in the decades. In this paper, an improved quantum watermarking algorithm based on quantum audio by using least significant qubit (LSQb) modification is proposed. Compared with the previous achievements, it can effectively improve the robustness and security of watermark for copyright protection of quantum audio. In the new algorithm, the least significant bites and the peripheral least significant bits of the amplitudes are modified in terms of their logical consistency and correlation to enhance watermark robustness of resisting various illegal attacks. Furthermore, the new algorithm can avoid the weak robustness defect of many previous algorithms that directly embedded the watermark into the least significant bits. In order to implement the new algorithm, some specific quantum circuits are designed to obtain better applicability and scalability for embedding and extracting watermark. Finally, the simulation results including the values of audio waveforms and signal to noise ratios (SNR) prove that the new algorithm has good transparency, robustness, and security.
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    Soliton excitations in a polariton condensate with defects
    Abderahim Mahmoud Belounis,Salem Kessal
    2018 (1):  10307-010307.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010307
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    To study soliton excitations in a polariton condensate with defects, we use the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and its hydrodynamic form. An extra term is added to take into account the non-equilibrium nature of the polariton condensate and the presence of defects. The reductive perturbation method transforms these hydrodynamic equations into a modified Korteweg-de Vries equation in the long wavelength limit. We linearize this equation and study the soliton linear excitations. We give an analytic expression of traveling excitations using the variation of constants method. In the more general form, we show numerically that the excitations are oscillations, i.e., the amplitude and the width of the dark soliton oscillate simultaneously but in an opposite way.
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    Transitionless driving on local adiabatic quantum search algorithm
    李风光, 鲍皖苏, 张硕, 汪翔, 黄合良, 李坦, 马博文
    2018 (1):  10308-010308.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010308
    摘要 ( 862 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(468KB) ( 229 )  
    We apply the transitionless driving on the local adiabatic quantum search algorithm to speed up the adiabatic process. By studying quantum dynamics of the adiabatic search algorithm with the equivalent two-level system, we derive the transitionless driving Hamiltonian for the local adiabatic quantum search algorithm. We found that when adding a transitionless quantum driving term HD ≤ ft(t) on the local adiabatic quantum search algorithm, the success rate is 1 exactly with arbitrary evolution time by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in eigen-picture. Moreover, we show the reason for the drastic decrease of the evolution time is that the driving Hamiltonian increases the lowest eigenvalues to a maximum of O ≤ ft(√N).
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    Current transport and mass separation for an asymmetric fluctuation system with correlated noises
    王杰, 宁丽娟
    2018 (1):  10501-010501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010501
    摘要 ( 609 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(614KB) ( 262 )  
    We discuss the transport of an underdamped particle driven by an external fluctuation force in a spatially periodic asymmetric potential with correlated noises. The corresponding mathematical model is established. The movement of the steady current of an underdamped particle is presented by the method of the numerical simulation. It is indicated that the value of the current may be negative, zero, or positive. The external fluctuation force and correlated noises can effect the current direction. Under the appropriate parameters, the correlated noises intensity may even raise a reversal of the current. Besides, we have noticed a phenomenon that particles with different weight have different directions during movement by the impact of the correlated noises and external fluctuation force. Therefore, the Brownian particles can be effectively separated according to their masses.
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    Detection of meso-micro scale surface features based on microcanonical multifractal formalism
    杨媛媛, 陈伟, 谢涛
    2018 (1):  10502-010502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010502
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    Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an effective tool to analyze the features of the ocean. In this paper, the microcanonical multifractal formalism is used to analyze SAR images to obtain meso-micro scale surface features. We use the Sobel operator to calculate the gradient of each point in the image, then operate continuous variable scale wavelet transform on this gradient matrix. The relationship between the wavelet coefficient and scale is built by linear regression. This relationship decides the singular exponents of every point in the image which contain local and global features. The manifolds in the ocean can be revealed by analyzing these exponents. The most singular manifold, which is related to the streamlines in the SAR images, can be obtained with a suitable threshold of the singular exponents. Experiments verify that application of the microcanonical multifractal formalism to SAR image analysis is effective for detecting the meso-micro scale surface information.
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    Topological horseshoe analysis and field-programmable gate array implementation of a fractional-order four-wing chaotic attractor
    董恩增, 王震, 于晓, 陈增强, 王增会
    2018 (1):  10503-010503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010503
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    We present a fractional-order three-dimensional chaotic system, which can generate four-wing chaotic attractor. Dynamics of the fractional-order system is investigated by numerical simulations. To rigorously verify the chaos properties of this system, the existence of horseshoe in the four-wing attractor is presented. Firstly, a Poincaré section is selected properly, and a first-return Poincaré map is established. Then, a one-dimensional tensile horseshoe is discovered, which verifies the chaos existence of the system in mathematical view. Finally, the fractional-order chaotic attractor is implemented physically with a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chip, which is useful in further engineering applications of information encryption and secure communications.
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    Controllable optical superregular breathers in the femtosecond regime
    任杨, 杨战营, 刘冲, 杨文力
    2018 (1):  10504-010504.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010504
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    We investigate optical superregular breathers in the femtosecond regime under dispersion management in an inhomogeneous fiber governed by the nonautonomous higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). Exact solutions describing the dynamics of superregular breathers are obtained. Furthermore, we discuss the propagation behaviors of controllable superregular breathers, including stabilization and recurrence in an exponential dispersion fiber and a periodic distributed fiber system. Particularly, the nonlinear dynamics of superregular modes evolved from an identical initial small-amplitude modulation is analyzed in detail.
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    Leader-following consensus of discrete-time fractional-order multi-agent systems
    Erfan Shahamatkhah,Mohammad Tabatabaei
    2018 (1):  10701-010701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/010701
    摘要 ( 749 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1139KB) ( 539 )  
    Leader-following consensus of fractional order multi-agent systems is investigated. The agents are considered as discrete-time fractional order integrators or fractional order double-integrators. Moreover, the interaction between the agents is described with an undirected communication graph with a fixed topology. It is shown that the leader-following consensus problem for the considered agents could be converted to the asymptotic stability analysis of a discrete-time fractional order system. Based on this idea, sufficient conditions to reach the leader-following consensus in terms of the controller parameters are extracted. This leads to an appropriate region in the controller parameters space. Numerical simulations are provided to show the performance of the proposed leader-following consensus approach.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Control water molecules across carbon-based nanochannels
    孟现文, 黄吉平
    2018 (1):  13101-013101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013101
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    It is important to know the mechanisms of water molecules across carbon-based nanochannels, which is not only beneficial for understanding biological activities but also for designing various smart devices. Here we review the recent progress of research for water transfer across carbon-based nanochannels. In this review, we summarize the recent methods which can affect water molecules across these nanochannels. The methods include exterior factors (i.e., dipolar molecules and gradient electric fields) and interior factors (namely, cone-shaped structures, nonstraight nanochannels, and channel defects). These factors can control water permeation across nanochannels efficiently.

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    RAPID COMMUNICATION
    Spin polarization and dispersion effects in emergence of roaming transition state for nitrobenzene isomerization
    张志远, 姜万润, 王波, 杨延强, 王志刚
    2018 (1):  13102-013102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013102
    摘要 ( 784 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(620KB) ( 338 )  
    Since roaming was found as a new but common reaction path of isomerization, many of its properties, especially those of roaming transition state (TSR), have been studied on many systems. However, the mechanism of roaming is still not clear at an atomic level. In this work, we use first-principles calculations to illustrate the detailed structure of TSR in an internal isomerization process of nitrobenzene. The calculations distinctively show its nature of antiferromagnetic coupling between two roaming fragments. Moreover, the effect of dispersion is also revealed as an important issue for the stability of the TSR. Our work provides a new insight into the TSR from the view of electronic structure and contributes to the basic understanding of the roaming systems.
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    ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
    A new fully quantum-mechanical method used to calculate the collisional broadening coefficients and shift coefficients of Rb D1 lines perturbed by noble gases He and Ar
    张伟, 史彦超, 胡碧涛, 张毅
    2018 (1):  13201-013201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013201
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    In this work, a new full quantum method is proposed to calculate the broadening and shift coefficients of the D1 line in neutral collision. Based on the variable phase approach and Baranger theory, this method calculates the scattering phase shift instead of scattering matrix elements in order to simplify the calculation. As an illustration, this method is used to calculate the broadening and shift coefficients of the absorption lines of alkali metal atom Rb, as it collides with buffer gas He and Ar, in a temperature range from 150 K to 800 K. With a comparison with other calculations and experiment measurements, the reasonable agreements in all cases demonstrate the validity and simplicity of this method.
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    Simulating resonance-mediated two-photon absorption enhancement in rare-earth ions by a rectangle phase modulation
    齐大龙, 郑烨, 程文静, 姚云华, 邓联忠, 冯东海, 贾天卿, 孙真荣, 张诗按
    2018 (1):  13202-013202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013202
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    Improving the up-conversion luminescence efficiency of rare-earth ions via the multi-photon absorption process is crucial in several related application areas. In this work, we theoretically propose a feasible scheme to enhance the resonance-mediated two-photon absorption in Er3+ ions by shaping the femtosecond laser field with a rectangle phase modulation. Our theoretical results show that the resonance-mediated two-photon absorption can be decomposed into the on-resonant and near-resonant parts, and the on-resonant part mainly comes from the contribution of laser central frequency components, while the near-resonant part mainly results from the excitation of low and high laser frequency components. So, the rectangle phase modulation can induce a constructive interference between the two parts by properly designing the modulation depth and width, and finally realizes the resonance-mediated two-photon absorption enhancement. Moreover, our results also show that the enhancement efficiency of resonance-mediated two-photon absorption depends on the laser pulse width (or laser spectral bandwidth), final state transition frequency, and intermediate and final state absorption bandwidths. The enhancement efficiency modulation can be attributed to the relative weight manipulation of on-resonant and near-resonant two-photon absorption in the whole excitation process. This study presents a clear physical insight for the quantum control of resonance-mediated two-photon absorption in the rare-earth ions, and there will be an important significance for improving the up-conversion luminescence efficiency of rare-earth ions.
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    Photoelectron longitudinal momentum distributions containing nondipole effects
    霍一宁, 李健, 马凤才
    2018 (1):  13203-013203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013203
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    This paper proposes a modified strong field approximation model for evaluating nondipole effects on the ionization of an atom in an intense laser field. The photoelectron longitudinal momentum distributions (PLMD) of a hydrogen-like atom exposed to a mid-infrared laser field is calculated. The theoretical results indicate an obvious asymmetry in the PLMD, and an offset of the PLMD peak appears in the opposite direction of the beam propagation due to nondipole effects. The peak offsets of the PLMD increased with the laser intensity, imposed by the initial state of the hydrogen-like atom.
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    Attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy: Comparative study based on three-level modeling
    杨增强, 叶地发, 傅立斌
    2018 (1):  13301-013301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013301
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    In the present paper, the time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy of helium atoms is investigated based on the three-level modeling. The helium atoms are subjected to an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse and a time-delayed infrared (IR) few-cycle laser field. The odd excited state are populated from the ground state by the XUV pulse due to the dipole selection rule, and probed by the time-delayed IR laser. The time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy based on the different coupling mechanism demonstrate some different features, the photoabsorption spectrum based on three-level model with rotating wave approximation (RWA) cannot repeat the fast oscillation and the sideband structure which have been observed in the previous experimental investigation. The dressing effect of IR laser pulse on the ground state can contribute new interference structures in the photoabsorption spectrum.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Plasma-screening effects on positronium formation
    马佳, 王远成, 周雅君, 王珩
    2018 (1):  13401-013401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013401
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    Plasma-screening effects on positronium (Ps) formation for positron-hydrogen collisions in a Debye plasma environment is further investigated using the screening approximation model with the inclusion of the modified structure of Ps. More accurate Ps formation cross sections (n=1, 2) are obtained for various Debye lengths from the Ps formation thresholds to 50 eV. The influence of considering modified bound-state wave functions and eigenenergies for the Ps is found to result in the reduction of the Ps formation cross sections at low energies, whereas it cannot counteract the enhancement of the Ps formation by the Debye screening.

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    Comparison of the sensitivities for atom interferometers in two different operation methods
    段小春, 毛德凯, 邓小兵, 周敏康, 邵成刚, 祝竺, 胡忠坤
    2018 (1):  13701-013701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/013701
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    We investigated the sensitivities of atom interferometers in the usual fringe-scanning method (FSM) versus the fringe-locking method (FLM). The theoretical analysis shows that for typical noises in atom interferometers, the FSM will degrade the sensitivity while the FLM does not. The sensitivity-improvement factor of the FLM over the FSM depends on the type of noises, which is validated by numerical simulations. The detailed quantitative analysis on this fundamental issue is presented, and our analysis is readily extendable to other kinds of noises as well as other fringe shapes in addition to a cosine one.

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    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    A broadband cross-polarization conversion anisotropic metasurface based on multiple plasmon resonances
    M Ismail Khan,Farooq A Tahir
    2018 (1):  14101-014101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014101
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    A compact broadband cross-polarization conversion metasurface functioning in the microwave regime is realized and experimentally demonstrated. The metasurface consists of a two-dimensional periodic arrangement of anisotropic double-slit split-ring-resonator-based unit cells printed on top of a dielectric substrate, backed by metallic cladding. The proposed metasurface converts an x-or y-polarized wave into its orthogonal polarization over a fractional bandwidth of 100% from 5-15 GHz, both for normal as well as oblique incidence. Moreover, the sub-wavelength unit-cell size, thin dielectric substrate, and unique unit-cell design collectively make the response of the metasurface same for both polarizations and insensitive to the incidence angle. The designed structure is fabricated and tested. The measurement and simulation results are found to be consistent with each other.
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    Birefringence via Doppler broadening and prevention of information hacking
    Humayun Khan,Muhammad Haneef,Bakhtawar
    2018 (1):  14201-014201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014201
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    We propose a new scheme for the coherent control of birefringent light pulses propagation in a four-level atomic medium. We modify the splitting of a light pulse by controlling the electric and magnetic responses. The Doppler broadening effect is also noted on the propagation of the birefringent pulses. The dispersions of the birefringence beams are oppositely manipulated for delay and advancement of time at a Doppler width of 10γ. A time gap is created between the birefringence beams, which protects from hacking of information. The time gap is then closed to restore the pulse into the original form by a reverse manipulation of the dispersion of the birefringence beams, i.e., introducing another medium whose transfer function is the complex conjugate of that of the original medium. The results are useful for secure communication technology.
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    Aberration correction of conformal dome based on rotated cylindrical lenses for ultra-wide field of regard
    虞林瑶, 洪永丰, 程志峰, 张保
    2018 (1):  14202-014202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014202
    摘要 ( 669 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(828KB) ( 261 )  

    A new compact conformal dome optical system was designed, and the aberration characteristics of the dome were investigated using Zernike aberration theory. The aberrations induced by the conformal dome at different fields of regard (FORs) from 0^o to 90^o were effectively balanced by a pair of rotating cylindrical lenses. A design method was introduced and the optimization results were analyzed in detail. The results showed that the Zernike aberrations produced by the conformal dome were decreased dramatically. Also, a complete conformal optical system was designed to further illustrate the aberration correction effect of the rotating cylindrical lenses. Using a pair of rotating cylindrical lenses not only provided an ultra-wide FOR, but also perduced a better image quality of the optical system.

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    Super-sensitive phase estimation with coherent boosted light using parity measurements
    许兰, 谭庆收
    2018 (1):  14203-014203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014203
    摘要 ( 780 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(562KB) ( 211 )  

    We consider a passive and active hybrid interferometer for phase estimation, which can reach the sub-shot-noise limit in phase sensitivity with only the cheapest coherent sources. This scheme is formed by adding an optical parametric amplifier before a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. It is shown that our hybrid protocol can obtain a better quantum Cramer-Rao bound than the pure active (e.g., SU(1,1)) interferometer, and this precision can be reached by implementing the parity measurements. Furthermore, we also draw a detailed comparison between our scheme and the scheme suggested by Caves[Phys. Rev. D 23 1693 (1981)], and it is found that the optimal phase sensitivity gain obtained in our scheme is always larger than that in Caves' scheme.

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    Broad bandwidth interference filter-stabilized external cavity diode laser with narrow linewidth below 100 kHz
    潘冠中, 关宝璐, 徐晨, 李鹏涛, 杨嘉炜, 刘振杨
    2018 (1):  14204-014204.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014204
    摘要 ( 766 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(749KB) ( 312 )  
    Interference filter-stabilized external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have properties of simple configurations, high stabilities, and narrow linewidths. However, the interference filter used in common ECDL designs requires an ultra-narrow bandwidth (about 0.3 nm) to achieve mode selection, that is considerably expensive and not yet available for a wide range of wavelengths. In this paper, a robust ECDL using an available broad bandwidth (about 4 nm) interference filter as the wavelength discriminator is constructed and tested. The ECDL demonstrated a narrow Lorentzian fitted linewidth of 95 kHz and a spectral purity of 2.9 MHz. The long-term frequency stability of the ECDL reaches 5.59×10-12.
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    COMMENT
    Comment on “Band gaps structure and semi-Dirac point of two-dimensional function photonic crystals” by Si-Qi Zhang et al.
    章海锋
    2018 (1):  14205-014205.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014205
    摘要 ( 786 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(659KB) ( 262 )  
    Recently, Zhang et al. (Chin. Phys. B 26 024208 (2017)) investigated the band gap structures and semi-Dirac point of two-dimensional function photonic crystals, and the equations for the plane wave expansion method were induced to obtain the band structures. That report shows the band diagrams with the effects of function coefficient k and medium column ra under TE and TM waves. The proposed results look correct at first glance, but the authors made some mistakes in their report. Thus, the calculated results in their paper are incorrect. According to our calculations, the errors in their report are corrected, and the correct band structures also are presented in this paper.
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    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    Design of photonic crystal fiber with elliptical air-holes to achieve simultaneous high birefringence and nonlinearity
    刘敏, 侯静云, 杨虚, 赵昺玥
    2018 (1):  14206-014206.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014206
    摘要 ( 810 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF(1454KB) ( 249 )  
    A new type of V-shaped photonic crystal fiber with elliptical air-holes is proposed to realize simultaneous high birefringence and nonlinearity at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. The full vector finite element method was adopted to investigate its characteristics, including birefringence, nonlinearity, and dispersion. The PCF exhibited a very high birefringence of 2.89×10-2 and very high nonlinear coefficient of 102.69 W-1·km-1. In particular, there were two zero-dispersion wavelengths (ZDWs) in the visible (X:640-720 nm and Y:730-760 nm) and near-infrared regions (X:1050-1606 nm and Y:850-1500 nm). The combination of high birefringence and nonlinearity allowed the PCF to maintain the polarization state and generate a broadband super continuum, with potential applications in nonlinear optics.
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    Temperature rise induced by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle in multi-layer tissue
    戚萌, 刘杰惠, 毛一葳, 刘晓宙
    2018 (1):  14301-014301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014301
    摘要 ( 655 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(732KB) ( 215 )  
    In order to improve the operability and accuracy of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), an annular focused transducer, whereby a B-ultrasound probe is placed in its center, is used to realize the real time monitoring and control of the treatment. In this paper, the spheroidal beam equation (SBE) was used to calculate the sound field by an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle to first derive the heat deposition and the Pennes equation was used to calculate the temperature field in multi-layer tissue. We studied the effect of different parameters on the temperature of the tissues. The result shows that the focal length has a significant influence on both maximum liver temperature rise and skin temperature rise, and both increase with the increase in the focal length. When the frequency increases, the temperature rise first undergoes a rapid increase before gradually reaching a maximum, and then finally decreasing. The temperature rise increases while the inner radius decreases or the sound pressure increases. By choosing suitable parameters, the proper temperature rise both on the target tissue and skin via an annular focused transducer with a wide aperture angle can be obtained.
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    Acoustic radiation force induced by two Airy-Gaussian beams on a cylindrical particle
    高莎, 毛一葳, 刘杰惠, 刘晓宙
    2018 (1):  14302-014302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014302
    摘要 ( 776 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2110KB) ( 279 )  
    Based on the angular spectrum decomposition and partial-wave series expansion methods, we investigate the radiation force functions of two Airy-Gaussian (AiG) beams on a cylindrical particle and the motion trajectory of the particle. The simulations show that the particle can be pulled or propelled into either the positive or negative transverse direction by turning the phase difference between the two AiG beams appropriately; and the larger the beam widths of the two AiG beams are, the bigger the radiation force can be obtained to control the particle. In addition, the direction of the accelerated particle can be controlled while the dimensionless frequency bandwidth changes. The results indicate that the phase plays an important role in controlling the direction of the particle, which may provide a theoretical basis for the design of acoustical tweezers and the development of drug delivery.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    A review of recent theoretical and computational studies on pinned surface nanobubbles
    刘亚伟, 张现仁
    2018 (1):  14401-014401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014401
    摘要 ( 772 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(4874KB) ( 475 )  

    The observations of long-lived surface nanobubbles in various experiments have presented a theoretical challenge, as they were supposed to be dissolved in microseconds owing to the high Laplace pressure. However, an increasing number of studies suggest that contact line pinning, together with certain levels of oversaturation, is responsible for the anomalous stability of surface nanobubbles. This mechanism can interpret most characteristics of surface nanobubbles. Here, we summarize recent theoretical and computational work to explain how the surface nanobubbles become stable with contact line pinning. Other related work devoted to understanding the unusual behaviors of pinned surface nanobubbles is also reviewed here.

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    ELECTROMAGNETISM, OPTICS, ACOUSTICS, HEAT TRANSFER, CLASSICAL MECHANICS, AND FLUID DYNAMICS
    Envelope solitary waves and their reflection and transmission due to impurities in a granular material
    杜文青, 孙建安, 杨阳阳, 段文山
    2018 (1):  14501-014501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/014501
    摘要 ( 778 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(693KB) ( 278 )  
    A nonlinear Schrödinger equation in one-dimensional bead chain is first obtained and an envelope solitary wave of the system is verified numerically in this system. The reflection and the transmission of an incident envelope solitary wave due to impurities has also been investigated. It is found that the magnitudes of both the reflection and the transmission not only depend on the characters of impurity materials, the wave number, the incident wave amplitude, but also on the impurity number. This can be used to detect the character and the number of the impurity materials in the bead chain by measuring the reflection and the transmission of an incident pulse.
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    PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES
    Excitation of chorus-like waves by temperature anisotropy in dipole research experiment (DREX): A numerical study
    黄华, 王志斌, 王晓钢, 陶鑫
    2018 (1):  15201-015201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/015201
    摘要 ( 708 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2815KB) ( 201 )  

    Due to their significant roles in the radiation belts dynamics, chorus waves are widely investigated in observations, experiments, and simulations. In this paper, numerical studies for the generation of chorus-like waves in a launching device, dipole research experiment (DREX), are carried out by a hybrid code. The DREX plasma is generated by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR), which leads to an intrinsic temperature anisotropy of energetic electrons. Thus the whistler instability can be excited in the device. We then investigate the effects of three parameters, i.e., the cold plasma density nc, the hot plasma density nh, and the parallel thermal velocity of energetic electrons, on the generation of chorus-like waves under the DREX design parameters. It is obtained that a larger temperature anisotropy is needed to excite chorus-like waves with a high nc with other parameters fixed. Then we fix the plasma density and parallel thermal velocity, while varying the hot plasma density. It is found that with the increase of nh, the spectrum of the generated waves changes from no chorus elements, to that with several chorus elements, and then further to broad-band hiss-like waves. Besides, different structures of chorus-like waves, such as rising-tone and/or falling-tone structures, can be generated at different parallel thermal velocities in the DREX parameter range.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Preparation of Se-based solar cell using spin-coating method in ambient condition
    朱孟花, 邓雅心, 刘伟伟, 李欣
    2018 (1):  15202-015202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/015202
    摘要 ( 893 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1640KB) ( 533 )  
    A new hybrid organic-inorganic structure of FTO/TiO2/Se/HTL/Au based selenium solar cell has been fabricated through a low-cost spin-coating process in air. In this process, selenium is completely dissolved in hydrazine, to form a homogeneous precursor solution. After spin-coating the precursor solution on the TiO2 substrates, following by sintering at 200℃ for 5min, a uniform selenium film with crystalline grains is formed. The selenium based solar cell exhibits an efficiency of 1.23% under AM1.5 illumination (100 mW·cm-2), short-circuit current density of 8 mA·cm-2, open-circuit voltage of 0.55 V, and fill factor of 0.37. Moreover, the device shows a stable ability with almost the same performance after 60 days.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Bandgap engineering to tune the optical properties of BexMg1-xX (X=S, Se, Te) alloys
    B Sabir,N A Noor,M Rashid,Fasih Ud Din,Shahid M Ramay,Asif Mahmood
    2018 (1):  16101-016101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016101
    摘要 ( 775 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(4252KB) ( 370 )  
    Structural, electronic, and optical properties of alloys BexMg1-xX(X=S, Se, Te) in the assortment 0 < x < 1 were theoretically reported for the first time in zinc-blende (ZB) phase. The calculations were carried out by using full-potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals (FP-LAPW+lo) formalism contained by the framework of density functional theory (DFT). Wu-Cohen (WC) generalized gradient approximation (GGA), based on optimization energy, has been applied to calculate these theoretical results. In addition, we used Becke and Johnson (mBJ-GGA) potential, modified form of GGA functional, to calculate electronic structural properties up to a high precision degree. The alloys were composed with the concentrations x=0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 in pursuance of ‘special quasi-random structures’ (SQS) approach of Zunger for the restoration of disorder around the observed site of alloys in the first few shells. The structural parameters have been predicted by minimizing the total energy in correspondence of unit cell volume. Our alloys established direct band gap at different concentrations that make their importance in optically active materials. Furthermore, density of states was discussed in terms of the contribution of Be and Mg s and chalcogen (S, Se, and Te) s and p states and observed charge density helped us to investigate the bonding nature. By taking into consideration of immense importance in optoelectronics of these materials, the complex dielectric function was calculated for incident photon energy in the range 0-15 eV.
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    Synthesized few-layers hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets
    莫兆军, 郝志红, 平晓杰, 孔丽娜, 杨慧, 程佳林, 张君凯, 金永昊, 李岚
    2018 (1):  16102-016102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016102
    摘要 ( 643 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1928KB) ( 226 )  
    The hexagonal boron nitrides (BNs) with different morphologies are synthesized on a large scale by a simple route using a two-step synthetic process. The morphology of h-BN can be easily controlled by changing the heat-treatment atmosphere. The whiskers with 0.5-10 μm in diameter and 50-100 μm in length consist of few-layers nanosheets in the NH3 gas. The BN nanosheets can be dissociated from the whiskers by ultrasonic treatment, which are less than 5 nm in thickness and even only two layers thick. The concentration and activity of N play an important role, and abundant N and higher activity are conducive for refining grain in reaction. The H3BO3 and C3N6H6 molecules form a layer-like morphology with the interlinked planar triangle by a hydrogen-bonded structure.
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    Bulk and surface damages in complementary bipolar junction transistors produced by high dose irradiation
    J Assaf
    2018 (1):  16103-016103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016103
    摘要 ( 612 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1198KB) ( 252 )  

    Two complementary types NPN and PNP of bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) were exposed to high dose of neutrons and gamma rays. The change in the base and collector currents, minority carriers lifetime, and current gain factor β with respect to the dose were analyzed. The contributions of the base current according to the defect types were also reported. It was declared that the radiation effect of neutrons was almost similar between the two transistor types, this effect at high dose may decrease the value of β to less than one. The Messenger-Spratt equation was used to describe the experimental results in this case. However, the experimental data demonstrated that the effect of gamma rays was generally higher on NPN than PNP transistors. This is mainly attributed to the difference in the behavior of the trapped positive charges in the SiO2 layers. Meanwhile, this difference tends to be small for high gamma dose.

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    First-principles calculations on elastic, magnetoelastic, and phonon properties of Ni2FeGa magnetic shape memory alloys
    贺王强, 黄厚兵, 柳祝红, 马星桥
    2018 (1):  16201-016201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016201
    摘要 ( 609 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(771KB) ( 435 )  

    The elastic, magnetoelastic, and phonon properties of Ni2 FeGa were investigated through first-principles calculations. The obtained elastic and phonon dispersion curves for the austenite and martensite phases agree well with available theoretical and experimental results. The isotropic elastic moduli are also predicted along with the polycrystalline aggregate properties including the bulk modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. The Pugh ratio indicates that Ni2 FeGa shows ductility, especially the austenite phase, which is consistent with the experimental results. The Debye temperatures of the Ni2 FeGa in the austenite and martensite phases are 344 K and 392 K, respectively. It is predicted that the magnetoelastic coefficient is -5.3×106 J/m3 and magnetostriction coefficient is between 135 and 55 ppm in the Ni2 FeGa austenite phase.

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    Ejecta from periodic grooved Sn surface under unsupported shocks
    刘文斌, 马东军, 何安民, 王裴
    2018 (1):  16202-016202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016202
    摘要 ( 747 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1844KB) ( 247 )  
    Dynamic failure and ejection characteristics of a periodic grooved Sn surface under unsupported shock loading are studied using a smoothed particle hydrodynamics method. An “ Tower” spatial structure is observed, which is composed of high-speed jet tip, high-density jet slug, longitudinal tensile sparse zone, and complex broken zone between grooves. It is very different from the spike-bubble structure under supported shocks, and has been validated by detonation loading experiments. In comparison with that under supported shocks at the same peak pressure, the high-speed ejecta decreases obviously, whereas the truncated location of ejecta moves towards the interior of the sample and the total mass of ejecta increases due to the vast existence of low-speed broken materials. The shock wave profile determines mainly the total ejection amount, while the variation of V-groove angle will significantly alter the distribution of middle-and high-speed ejecta, and the maximum ejecta velocity has a linear correlation with the groove angle.
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    Magnetism and piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitride with triangular vacancy
    赵路丝, 陈春平, 刘林林, 于洪侠, 陈怡, 王晓春
    2018 (1):  16301-016301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016301
    摘要 ( 630 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2179KB) ( 508 )  

    First-principle calculations reveal that the configuration system of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayer with triangular vacancy can induce obvious magnetism, contrary to that of the nonmagnetic pristine boron nitride monolayer. Interestingly, the h-BN with boron atom vacancy (VB-BN) displays metallic behavior with a total magnetic moment being 0.46μB per cell, while the h-BN with nitrogen atom vacancy (VN-BN) presents a half-metallic characteristic with a total magnetic moment being 1.0μB per cell. Remarkably, piezoelectric stress coefficient e11 of the VN-BN is about 1.5 times larger than that of pristine h-BN. Furthermore, piezoelectric strain coefficient d11 (12.42 pm/V) of the VN-BN is 20 times larger than that of pristine h-BN and also one order of magnitude larger than the value for the h-MoS2 monolayer, which is mainly due to the spin-down electronic state in the VN-BN system. Our study demonstrates that the nitrogen atom vacancies can be an efficient route to tailoring the magnetic and piezoelectric properties of h-BN monolayer, which have promising performances for potential applications in nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS) and nanoscale electronics devices.

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    Transport properties of mixing conduction in CaF2 nanocrystals under high pressure
    胡廷静, 崔晓岩, 王婧姝, 张俊凯, 李雪飞, 杨景海, 高春晓
    2018 (1):  16401-016401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016401
    摘要 ( 938 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(576KB) ( 291 )  
    We report on the intriguing electrical transport properties of compressed CaF2 nanocrystals. The diffusion coefficient, grain and grain boundary resistances vary abnormally at about 14.37 GPa and 20.91 GPa, corresponding to the beginning and completion of the Fm3m-Pnma structural transition. Electron conduction and ion conduction coexist in the transport process and the electron conduction is dominant. The electron transference number of the Fm3m and Pnma phases increases with pressure increasing. As the pressure rises, the F- ion diffusion and electronic transport processes in the Fm3m and Pnma phases become more difficult. Defects at grains play a dominant role in the electronic transport process.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Regulation of Zn/Sn ratio in kesterite absorbers to boost 10% efficiency of Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 solar cells
    闵雪, 石将建, 郭林宝, 于晴, 张朋朋, 田庆文, 李冬梅, 罗艳红, 吴会觉, 孟庆波, 武四新
    2018 (1):  16402-016402.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016402
    摘要 ( 621 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1044KB) ( 403 )  
    The Zn/Sn ratio in Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 (CZTSSe) films has been regulated to control the composition-related phase, defect, and photoelectric properties for high performance kesterite solar cells. It is found that the increase in the Zn/Sn ratio can slightly narrow the energy band gap to extend the light absorption range and improve the photocurrent. Optimal Zn/Sn ratio of 1.39 in CZTSSe film is obtained with the least secondary phase, the lowest defect density, and the longest charge recombination lifetime. Up to 10.1% photoelectric conversion efficiency has been achieved by this composition regulation.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURAL, MECHANICAL, AND THERMAL PROPERTIES
    Spin-dependent balance equations in spintronics
    王正川
    2018 (1):  16701-016701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016701
    摘要 ( 623 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(623KB) ( 247 )  
    It is commonly known that the hydrodynamic equations can be derived from the Boltzmann equation. In this paper, we derive similar spin-dependent balance equations based on the spinor Boltzmann equation. Besides the usual charge current, heat current, and pressure tensor, we also explore the characteristic spin accumulation and spin current as well as the spin-dependent pressure tensor and heat current in spintronics. The numerical results of these physical quantities are demonstrated using an example of spin-polarized transport through a mesoscopic ferromagnet.
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    Two types of ground-state bright solitons in a coupled harmonically trapped pseudo-spin polarization Bose–Einstein condensate
    徐天赋
    2018 (1):  16702-016702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016702
    摘要 ( 686 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2039KB) ( 156 )  
    We study two types of bright solitons in an attractive Bose-Einstein condensate with a spin-orbit interaction. By solving the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with the variational method and the imaginary time evolution method, fundamental properties of solitons are carefully investigated in different parameter regimes. It is shown that the detuning between the Raman beam and energy states of the atoms dominates the ground state type and spin polarization strength. The soliton dynamics is also studied for various moving velocities for zero and nonzero detuning cases. We find that the shape of individual component solitons can be maintained when the moving speed of solitons is low and the detuning is small in the coupled harmonically trapped pseudo-spin polarization Bose-Einstein condensate.
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    A combined system for generating a uniform magnetic field and its application in the investigation of Efimov physics
    姚睿, 孙震东, 周蜀渝, 王颖, 王育竹
    2018 (1):  16703-016703.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016703
    摘要 ( 711 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1646KB) ( 185 )  
    We propose a scheme to produce a uniform magnetic field with a system comprising a pair of coils and an atom chip. After optimizing the parameters of the chip wires, we improve the homogeneity of the magnetic field by two orders of magnitude. We exhibit that this method can be applied in the investigation of Efimov physics in 87Rb-40K mixture.
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    Charge distribution in graphene from quantum calculation
    梁泽芬, 马生凌, 薛红涛, 樊丁, 汤富领
    2018 (1):  16801-016801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016801
    摘要 ( 861 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2677KB) ( 239 )  

    The local charge distributions of different shape graphene sheets are investigated by using the quantum calculations. It is found that the charge distribution on carbon atom is not uniform, strongly depending on its position in the graphene and its local atomic environment condition. The symmetrical characteristic and geometrical structures of graphene also have an important influence on the charge distribution. The charges of atom at the graphene edge are strongly related to their surrounding bonds. It is found that the charges of double-bonded atom at the zigzag edge are closely related to the bond angle, but the charges of double-bonded atom at the armchair edge are mainly influenced by the area of triangle. The charges of triple-bonded atom at the edge are mainly affected by the standard deviation of the length of the associated triple bonds.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Effect of hydroxyl on dye-sensitized solar cells assembled with TiO2 nanorods
    孟立建, 杨涛, 云斯宁, 李灿
    2018 (1):  16802-016802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/016802
    摘要 ( 881 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1188KB) ( 355 )  
    TiO2 nanorods have been prepared on ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The hydroxyl groups have been introduced on the nanorods surface. The structure and the optical properties of these nanorods have been studied. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been assembled using these TiO2 nanorods as photoelectrode. And the effect of the hydroxyl groups on the properties of the photoelectric conversion of the DSSCs has been studied.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Density functional theory analysis of electronic structure and optical properties of La-doped Cd2SnO4 transparent conducting oxide
    汤梅, 尚家香, 张跃
    2018 (1):  17101-017101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017101
    摘要 ( 706 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(926KB) ( 278 )  
    The electronic structural, effective masses of carriers, and optical properties of pure and La-doped Cd2SnO4 are calculated by using the first-principles method based on the density functional theory. Using the GGA+U method, we show that Cd2SnO4 is a direct band-gap semiconductor with a band gap of 2.216 eV, the band gap decreases to 2.02 eV and the Fermi energy level moves to the conduction band after La doping. The density of states of Cd2SnO4 shows that the bottom of the conduction band is composed of Cd 5s, Sn 5s, and Sn 5p orbits, the top of the valence band is composed of Cd 4d and O 2p, and the La 5d orbital is hybridized with the O 2p orbital, which plays a key role at the conduction band bottom after La doping. The effective masses at the conduction band bottom of pure and La-doped Cd2SnO4 are 0.18m0 and 0.092m0, respectively, which indicates that the electrical conductivity of Cd2SnO4 after La doping is improved. The calculated optical properties show that the optical transmittance of La-doped Cd2SnO4 is 92%, the optical absorption edge is slightly blue shifted, and the optical band gap is increased to 3.263 eV. All the results indicate that the conductivity and optical transmittance of Cd2SnO4 can be improved by doping La.
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    Structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of cubic TiO2: A first-principles study
    Debashish Dash,Chandan K Pandey,Saurabh Chaudhury,Susanta K Tripathy
    2018 (1):  17102-017102.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017102
    摘要 ( 761 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2080KB) ( 682 )  
    We present an analysis of structural, electronic, and mechanical properties of cubic titanium dioxide (TiO2) using an all electron orthogonalzed linear combinations of atomic orbitals (OLCAO) basis set under the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The structural property, especially the lattice constant a, and the electronic properties such as the band diagram and density of states (DOS) are studied and analyzed. The mechanical properties such as bulk moduli, shear moduli, Young's Moduli, and Poison's ratio are also investigated thoroughly. The calculations are carried out on shear moduli and anisotropy factor for cubic TiO2. The Vickers hardness is also tested for fluorite and pyrite cubic-structured TiO2. Furthermore, the results are compared with the previous theoretical and experimental results. It is found that DFT-based simulation produces results which are approximation to experimental results, whereas the calculated elastic constants are better than the previous theoretical and experimental values.
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    Electronic and mechanical properties of half-metallic half-Heusler compounds CoCrZ (Z=S, Se, and Te)
    黄海铭, 张传坤, 贺泽东, 张俊, 杨俊涛, 罗时军
    2018 (1):  17103-017103.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017103
    摘要 ( 1009 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(752KB) ( 335 )  
    The electronic structures, magnetic properties, half-metallicity, and mechanical properties of half-Heulser compounds CoCrZ (Z=S, Se, and Te) were investigated using first-principles calculations within generalized gradient approximation based on the density function theory. The half-Heusler compounds show half-metallic properties with a half-metallic gap of 0.15 eV for CoCrS, 0.10 eV for CoCrSe, and 0.31 eV for CoCrTe at equilibrium lattice constant, respectively. The total magnetic moments are 3.00μB per formula unit, which agrees well with the Slater-Pauling rule. The half-metallicity, elastic constants, bulk modulus, shear modulus, Pough's ratio, Frantesvich ratio, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, and Debye temperature at equilibrium lattice constant and versus lattice constants are reported for the first time. The results indicate that the half-Heulser compounds CoCrZ (Z=S, Se, and Te) maintain the perfect half-metallic and mechanical stability within the lattice constants range of 5.18-5.43 Å for CoCrS, 5.09-5.61 Å for CoCrSe, and 5.17-6.42 Å for CoCrTe, respectively.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Soft matter and biological physics (Review)
    Direct observation of melted Mott state evidenced from Raman scattering in 1T-TaS2 single crystal
    胡庆, 尹聪, 张雷雷, 雷力, 王正上, 陈志禹, 唐军, 昂然
    2018 (1):  17104-017104.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017104
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    The evolution of electron correlation and charge density wave (CDW) in 1T-TaS2 single crystal has been investigated by temperature-dependent Raman scattering, which undergoes two obvious peaks of A1g modes about 70.8 cm-1 and 78.7 cm-1 at 80 K, respectively. The former peak at 70.8 cm-1 is accordant with the lower Hubbard band, resulting in the electron-correlation-driven Mott transition. Strikingly, the latter peak at 78.7 cm-1 shifts toward low energy with increasing the temperature, demonstrating the occurrence of nearly commensurate CDW phase (melted Mott phase). In this case, phonon transmission could be strongly coupled to commensurate CDW lattice via Coulomb interaction, which likely induces appearance of hexagonal domains suspended in an interdomain phase, composing the melted Mott phase characterized by a shallow electron pocket. Combining electronic structure, atomic structure, transport properties with Raman scattering, these findings provide a novel dimension in understanding the relationship between electronic correlation, charge order, and phonon dynamics.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Measurement of the bulk and surface bands in Dirac line-node semimetal ZrSiS
    洪光昊, 王成玮, 姜娟, 陈成, 崔胜涛, 杨海峰, 梁爱基, 刘帅, 吕洋洋, 周健, 陈延彬, 姚淑华, 卢明辉, 陈延峰, 王美晓, 杨乐仙, 柳仲楷, 陈宇林
    2018 (1):  17105-017105.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017105
    摘要 ( 1423 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF(15876KB) ( 723 )  

    Dirac semimetals are materials in which the conduction and the valence bands have robust crossing points protected by topology or symmetry. Recently, a new type of Dirac semimetals, so called the Dirac line-node semimetals (DLNSs), have attracted a lot of attention, as they host robust Dirac points along the one-dimensional (1D) lines in the Brillouin zone (BZ). In this work, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and first-principles calculations, we systematically investigated the electronic structures of non-symmorphic ZrSiS crystal where we clearly distinguished the surface states from the bulk states. The photon-energy-dependent measurements further prove the existence of Dirac line node along the X-R direction. Remarkably, by in situ surface potassium doping, we clearly observed the different evolutions of the bulk and surface electronic states while proving the robustness of the Dirac line node. Our studies not only reveal the complete electronic structures of ZrSiS, but also demonstrate the method manipulating the electronic structure of the compound.

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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Optical interaction between one-dimensional fiber photonic crystal microcavity and gold nanorod
    于洋, 肖廷辉, 李志远
    2018 (1):  17301-017301.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017301
    摘要 ( 663 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1458KB) ( 256 )  

    Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) has demonstrated its promising capability for biochemical sensing and surface-enhanced spectroscopy applications. However, harnessing LSPR for remote sensing and spectroscopy applications remains a challenge due to the difficulty in realizing a configuration compatible with the current optical communication system. Here, we propose and theoretically investigate a hybrid plasmonic-photonic device comprised of a single gold nanorod and an optical fiber-based one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity, which can be integrated with the optical communication system without insertion loss. The line width of the LSPR, as a crucial indicator that determines the performances for various applications, is narrowed by the cavity-plasmon coupling in our device. Our device provides a promising alternative to exploit the LSPR for high-performance remote sensing and spectroscopy applications.

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    Raman spectrum study of δ -doped GaAs/AlAs multiple-quantum wells
    郑卫民, 丛伟艳, 李素梅, 王爱芳, 李斌, 黄海北
    2018 (1):  17302-017302.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017302
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    Three samples of GaAs/AlAs multiple-quantum wells with different quantum well widths and δ -doped with Be acceptors at the well center were grown on (100) GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Polarized Raman spectra were recorded on the three samples at temperatures in a range of 4-50 K in a backscattering configuration. The two branches of coupled modes due to the interaction of the hole intersubband transitions and the quantum-well longitudinal optical (LO) phonon were observed clearly. The evaluation formalism of the Green function was employed and each lineshape of the Raman spectrum of the coupled modes was simulated. The dependence of the peak position of Raman shifts of the two coupled modes as well as the quantum-well LO phonon on the quantum-well size and measured temperature were given, and the coupling interaction mechanism between the hole subband transitions and the quantum-well LO phonon was researched.
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    Closed-form internal impedance model and characterization of mixed carbon nanotube bundles for three-dimensional integrated circuits
    卢启军, 朱樟明, 杨银堂, 丁瑞雪, 李跃进
    2018 (1):  17303-017303.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017303
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    Based on the complex effective conductivity method, a closed-form expression for the internal impedance of mixed carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles, in which the number of CNTs for a given diameter follows a Gaussian distribution, is proposed in this paper. It can appropriately capture the skin effect as well as the temperature effect of mixed CNT bundles. The results of the closed-form expression and the numerical calculation are compared with various mean diameters, standard deviations, and temperatures. It is shown that the proposed model has very high accuracy in the whole frequency range considered, with maximum errors of 1% and 2.3% for the resistance and the internal inductance, respectively. Moreover, by using the proposed model, the high-frequency electrical characteristics of mixed CNT bundles are deeply analyzed to provide helpful design guidelines for their application in future high-performance three-dimensional integrated circuits.
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    Electronic states and spin-filter effect in three-dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3 nanoribbons
    刘根华, 肖平国, 徐飘荣, 周慧英, 周光辉
    2018 (1):  17304-017304.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017304
    摘要 ( 900 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(4856KB) ( 224 )  

    We study the electronic band structure, density distribution, and transport of a Bi2Se3 nanoribbon. We find that the density distribution of the surface states is dependent on not only the shape and size of the transverse cross section of the nanoribbon, but also the energy of the electron. We demonstrate that a transverse electric field can eliminate the coupling between surface states on the walls of the nanoribbon, remove the gap of the surface states, and restore the quantum spin Hall effects. In addition, we study the spin-dependent transport property of the surface states transmitting from top and bottom surfaces (x-y plane) to the side surfaces (z-x plane) of a Bi2Se3 nanoribbon. We find that transverse electric fields can open two surface channels for spin-up and -down Dirac electrons, and then switch off one channel for the spin-up Dirac electron. Our results may provide a simple way for the design of a spin filter based on topological insulator nanostructures.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Novel hole transport layer of nickel oxide composite with carbon for high-performance perovskite solar cells
    纪军, 窦尚轶, 黄浩, 崔鹏, 卫东, 李美成
    2018 (1):  17305-017305.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017305
    摘要 ( 853 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(686KB) ( 880 )  
    A depth behavioral understanding for each layer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and their interfacial interactions as a whole has been emerged for further enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE). Herein, NiO@Carbon was not only simulated as a hole transport layer but also as a counter electrode at the same time in the planar heterojunction based PSCs with the program wxAMPS (analysis of microelectronic and photonic structures)-1D. Simulation results revealed a high dependence of PCE on the effect of band offset between hole transport material (HTM) and perovskite layers. Meanwhile, the valence band offset (Δ Ev) of NiO-HTM was optimized to be -0.1 to -0.3 eV lower than that of the perovskite layer. Additionally, a barrier cliff was identified to significantly influence the hole extraction at the HTM/absorber interface. Conversely, the Δ Ev between the active material and NiO@Carbon-HTM was derived to be -0.15 to 0.15 eV with an enhanced efficiency from 15% to 16%.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    Directional mechanical and thermal properties of single-layer black phosphorus by classical molecular dynamics
    Afira Maryam,Ghulam Abbas,Muhammad Rashid,Atif Sattar
    2018 (1):  17401-017401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017401
    摘要 ( 670 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1847KB) ( 342 )  
    Black phosphorus (BP) has received attention due to its own higher carrier mobility and layer dependent electronic properties, such as direct band gap. Interestingly, the single layer black phosphorus (SLBP) has had large popularity in applications related to thermoelectric, optoelectronic, and electronic devices. Here, we investigate the phonon spectrum, thermal conductivities, and stress strain effects. Robust anisotropy was mainly observed in the thermal conductivities together with the alongside zigzag (ZZ) direction value, compared to the armchair (AC) directions. We also investigated the attitude of stress that was anisotropic in both directions, and the stress effects were two times greater across the ZZ path than those in the AC direction at a low temperature. We obtained a Young's modulus of 63.77 and 20.74 GPa in the AC and ZZ directions, respectively, for a strain range of 0.01. These results had good agreement with first principle calculations. Our study here is useful and significant for the thermal tuning of phosphorus-based nanoelectronics and thermalelectric applications of phosphorus.
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    High-pressure synchrotron x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopic study of plumbogummite
    康端, 巫翔, 袁冠, 黄圣轩, 牛菁菁, 高静, 秦善
    2018 (1):  17402-017402.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017402
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    PbAl3(PO4)2(OH,H2O)6, an important environmental mineral, is in-situ studied by synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering combined with diamond anvil cells (DACs) at pressures up to~11.0 GPa and room temperature. The XRD results indicate that plumbogummite does not undergo a phase transition between 0 GPa and 10.9 GPa. Moreover, the c axis is more compressible than the a axis, revealing its anisotropic behavior. The pressure-volume data are fitted to the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state to yield the plumbogummite bulk modulus K0 of 68(1) GPa and K'0 of 6.1. The[PO4]3- and[HPO4]2- Raman vibrational modes exhibit scale nearly linearly as a function of pressure. The[PO4]3- stretching modes are generally more sensitive to pressure than the bending modes. The Grüneisen parameters range from -0.07 to 1.19, with an arithmetic mean of approximately 0.39.
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    Influences of La and Ce doping on giant magnetocaloric effect of EuTiO
    莫兆军, 孙启磊, 沈俊, 杨墨, 黎玉进, 李岚, 刘国栋, 唐成春, 孟凡斌
    2018 (1):  17501-017501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017501
    摘要 ( 718 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(874KB) ( 260 )  
    Giant reversible magnetocaloric effects and magnetic properties in Eu0.9R0.1TiO3 (R=La, Ce) are investigated. The antiferromagnetic ordering of pure EuTiO3 can significantly change to be ferromagnetic as substitution of La (x=0.1) and Ce (x=0.1) ions for Eu2+ ions. The values of -ΔSM and RC are evaluated to be 10.8 J/(kg·K) and 51.8 J/kg for Eu0.9Ce0.1TiO3 and 11 J/(kg·K) and 39.3 J/kg for Eu0.9La0.1TiO3 at a magnetic field change of 10 kOe, respectively. The large low-field enhancements of -ΔSM and RC can be attributed to magnetic phase transition. The giant reversible MCE and large RC suggest that Eu0.9R0.1TiO3 (R=La, Ce) compounds could be promising materials in low temperature and low magnetic field refrigerants.
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    Strong anti-strain capacity of CoFeB/MgO interface on electronic structure and state coupling
    郭飞, 吴雅苹, 吴志明, 陈婷, 李恒, 张纯淼, 付明明, 卢奕宏, 康俊勇
    2018 (1):  17502-017502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017502
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    Electronic structure and spin-related state coupling at ferromagnetic material (FM)/MgO (FM=Fe, CoFe, CoFeB) interfaces under biaxial strain are evaluated using the first-principles calculations. The CoFeB/MgO interface, which is superior to the Fe/MgO and CoFe/MgO interfaces, can markedly maintain stable and effective coupling channels for majority-spin 1 state under large biaxial strain. Bonding interactions between Fe, Co, and B atoms and the electron transfer between Bloch states are responsible for the redistribution of the majority-spin 1 state, directly influencing the coupling effect for the strained interfaces. Layer-projected wave function of the majority-spin 1 state suggests slower decay rate and more stable transport property in the CoFeB/MgO interface, which is expected to maintain a higher tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) value under large biaxial strain. This work reveals the internal mechanism for the state coupling at strained FM/MgO interfaces. This study may provide some references to the design and manufacturing of magnetic tunnel junctions with high tunneling magnetoresistance effect.
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    Multiferroic and enhanced microwave absorption induced by complex oxide interfaces
    曹翠梅, 董春晖, 幺金丽, 蒋长军
    2018 (1):  17503-017503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017503
    摘要 ( 625 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1399KB) ( 180 )  
    NiFe2O4 (NFO)/ZnO composite nanoparticles with different ZnO components were investigated, which were prepared by a simple wet chemical route method. The magnetoelectric coupling between magnetostriction from NFO and piezoelectricity from ZnO was induced by the surface coating NFO nanoparticles of ZnO layer, NFO/ZnO composite showed ferroelectric properties and the remanent electric polarization reached 0.08 μC/cm. Moreover, the changes of resistance at different room temperatures reached about 2% under 3 T magnetic fields comparing with that of zero magnetic fields. Furthermore, multiferroic NFO/ZnO resulted in enhancement of microwave absorption due to magnetoelectric coupling.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Two-dimensional transport and strong spin-orbit interaction in SrMnSb2
    凌霁玮, 刘彦闻, 金昭, 黄沙, 王伟懿, 张成, 袁翔, 刘姗姗, 张恩泽, 黄策, 夏正才, 修发贤
    2018 (1):  17504-017504.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017504
    摘要 ( 1037 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1880KB) ( 597 )  
    We have carried out magneto-transport measurements for single crystal SrMnSb2. Clear Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations were resolved at relatively low magnetic field around 4 T, revealing a quasi-2D Fermi surface. We observed a development of quantized plateaus in Hall resistance (Rxy) at high pulsed fields up to 60 T. Due to the strong 2D confinement and layered properties of the samples, we interpreted the observation as bulk quantum Hall effect that is contributed by the parallel 2D conduction channels. Moreover, the spin degeneracy was lifted leading to Landau level splitting. The presence of anisotropic g factor and the formation of the oscillation beating pattern reveal a strong spin-orbit interaction in the SrMnSb2 system.
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    CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
    A general method for large-scale fabrication of Cu nanoislands/dragonfly wing SERS flexible substrates
    王玉红, 王明利, 沈琳, 朱艳英, 孙鑫, 史国超, 许晓娜, 李瑞峰, 马万里
    2018 (1):  17801-017801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017801
    摘要 ( 767 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2691KB) ( 385 )  
    Noble metal nanorough surfaces that support strong surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is widely applied in the practical detection of organic molecules. A low-cost, large-area, and environment-friendly SERS-active substrate was acquired by sputtering inexpensive copper (Cu) on natural dragonfly wing (DW) with an easily controlled way of magnetron sputtering. By controlling the sputtering time of the fabrication of Cu on the DW, the performance of the SERS substrates was greatly improved. The SERS-active substrates, obtained at the optimal sputtering time (50 min), showed a low detection limit (10-6M) to 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP), a high average enhancement factor (EF, 1.98×104), excellent signal uniformity, and good reproducibility. In addition, the results of the 3D finite-difference time-domain (3D-FDTD) simulation illustrated that the SERS-active substrates provided high-density “hot spots”, leading to a large SERS enhancement.
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    Substitution priority of Eu2+ in multi-cation compound Sr0.8Ca0.2Al2Si2O8 and energy transfer
    杨志平, 李振玲, 王志军, 李盼来, 田苗苗, 程金阁, 王超
    2018 (1):  17802-017802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017802
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    A blue phosphor was obtained by doping Eu2+ into a multi-cation host Sr0.8Ca0.2Al2Si2O8 through high temperature solid state reaction. The emission spectra show a continuous red-shift behavior from 413 nm to 435 nm with Eu2+ concentration increasing. The substitution priority of Eu2+ in Sr0.8Ca0.2Al2Si2O8 was investigated via x-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature properties in detail:the Ca2+ ions are preferentially substituted by Eu2+at lower doping, and with the Eu2+ concentration increasing, the probability of substitution for Sr2+ is greater than that of replacing Ca2+. Accordingly, we propose the underlying method of thermal property to determine the substitution of Eu2+ in the multi-cation hosts. Moreover, the abnormal increase of emission intensity with increasing temperature was studied by the thermoluminescence spectra. The energy transfer mechanism between the Eu2+ ions occupying different cation sites was studied by the lifetime decay curves. A series of warm white light emitting diodes were successfully fabricated using the blue phosphors Sr0.8Ca0.2Al2Si2O8:Eu2+ with commercial red phosphor (Ca Sr)SiAlN3:Eu2+ and green phosphor (Y Lu)3Al5O12:Ce3+, and the luminescent efficiency can reach 45 lm/W.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Optical study on intermediate-valence compounds Yb1-xLuxAl3
    吕佳林, 雒建林, 王楠林
    2018 (1):  17803-017803.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017803
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    We report an optical spectroscopy study on intermediate valence system Yb1-xLuxAl3 with x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1. The Kondo temperature in the system is known to increase with increasing Lu concentration. Therefore, it is expected that the energy scale of the hybridization gap should increase with increasing Lu concentration based on the periodic Anderson model. On the contrary, we find that the spectral structure associated with the hybridization effect shifts monotonically to lower energy. Furthermore, the Lu substitution results in a substantial increase of the free carrier spectral weight and less pronounced plasma frequency reduction upon lowering temperature. We attribute the effect to the disruption of the Kondo lattice periodicity by the random substitution of Yb by Lu. The work highlights the importance of the lattice periodicity of the rare earth element for understanding the Kondo lattice phenomena.

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    Electron transport properties of TiO2 shell on Al2O3 core in dye-sensitized solar cells
    解东梅, 唐小文, 林原, 马品, 周晓文
    2018 (1):  17804-017804.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/017804
    摘要 ( 841 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(2058KB) ( 282 )  
    The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is strongly affected by the properties of semiconductor nanoparticles. In this work, we used TiO2 particles prepared by TiCl4 hydrolysis n times on Al2O3 films (A/T(n)), and investigated morphology, photoelectric, and electron transport properties of A/T(n). The TiO2 shell was composed of 10-20 nm nanoparticles and the number of nanoparticles increased with increasing TiCl4 treatment times. The highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of 3.23% was obtained as A/T(4). IMPS results indicated that electron transport rate was high enough to conduct current, and was not the dominating effect to limit the Jsc. Jsc was mainly determined by dye loading on TiO2 and the interconnection of TiO2. These may provide a new strategy for preparing semiconductor working electrodes for DSSC.
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Facilitative effect of graphene quantum dots in MoS2 growth process by chemical vapor deposition
    张璐, 王永生, 董艳芳, 赵宣, 付晨, 何大伟
    2018 (1):  18101-018101.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018101
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    The substrate treatment with seeding promoter can promote the two-dimensional material lateral growth in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Herein, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as a novel seeding promoter were used to obtain uniform large-area MoS2 monolayer. The obtained monolayer MoS2 films were confirmed by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Raman and photoluminescence spectra. Raman mapping revealed that the MoS2 monolayer was largely homogeneous.
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    A novel multi-scroll chaotic generator: Analysis, simulation, and implementation
    张桂韬, 王发强
    2018 (1):  18201-018201.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018201
    摘要 ( 823 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(5638KB) ( 307 )  
    Based on a new three-dimensional autonomous linear system and designing a specific form of saturated function series and a sign function with two variables of system, which are employed to increase saddle-focus equilibrium points with index 2, a novel multi-scroll chaotic system is proposed and its typical dynamical characteristics including bifurcation diagram, Poincare map, and the stability of equilibrium points are analyzed. The hardware circuit is designed and the experimental results are presented for confirmation.
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    Pressure-induced structural evolution of apatite-type La9.33Si6O26
    尹广超, 殷红, 孙美玲, 高伟
    2018 (1):  18202-018202.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018202
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    The pressure-induced structural evolution of apatite-type La9.33Si6O26 was systematically studied using in situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD spectra indicated that a subtly reversible phase transition from P63/m to P63 symmetry occurred at~13.6 GPa because of the tilting of the SiO4 tetrahedra under compression. Furthermore, the La9.33Si6O26 exhibited a higher axial compression ratio for the a-axis than the c-axis, owing to the different axial arrangement of the SiO4 tetrahedra. Interestingly, the high-pressure phase showed compressibility unusually higher than that of the initial phase, suggesting that the low P63 symmetry provided more degrees of freedom. Moreover, the La9.33Si6O26 exhibited a lower phase transition pressure (PT) and a higher lattice compression than La10Si6O27. Comparisons between La9.33Si6O26 and La10Si6O27 provided a deeper understanding of the effect of interstitial oxygen atoms on the structural evolution of apatite-type lanthanum silicates (ATLSs).

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Soft matter and biological physics
    To what extent of ion neutralization can multivalent ion distributions around RNA-like macroions be described by Poisson-Boltzmann theory?
    熊贵, 席昆, 张曦, 谭志杰
    2018 (1):  18203-018203.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018203
    摘要 ( 818 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(6207KB) ( 376 )  
    Nucleic acids are negatively charged biomolecules, and metal ions in solutions are important to their folding structures and thermodynamics, especially multivalent ions. However, it has been suggested that the binding of multivalent ions to nucleic acids cannot be quantitatively described by the well-established Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory. In this work, we made extensive calculations of ion distributions around various RNA-like macroions in divalent and trivalent salt solutions by PB theory and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Our calculations show that PB theory appears to underestimate multivalent ion distributions around RNA-like macroions while can reliably predict monovalent ion distributions. Our extensive comparisons between PB theory and MC simulations indicate that when an RNA-like macroion gets ion neutralization beyond a “critical” value, the multivalent ion distribution around that macroion can be approximately described by PB theory. Furthermore, an empirical formula was obtained to approximately quantify the critical ion neutralization for various RNA-like macroions in multivalent salt solutions, and this empirical formula was shown to work well for various real nucleic acids including RNAs and DNAs.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Importance of ligands on TiO2 nanocrystals for perovskite solar cells
    赵耀, 赵怡程, 周文可, 伏睿, 李琪, 俞大鹏, 赵清
    2018 (1):  18401-018401.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018401
    摘要 ( 647 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1412KB) ( 526 )  
    The fabrication of high-quality electron-selective layers at low temperature is a prerequisite to realizing efficient flexible and tandem perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A colloidal-quantum-dot ink that contains TiO2 nanocrystals enables the deposition of a flat film with matched energy level for PSCs; however, the selection of ligands on the TiO2 surface is still unexplored. Here, we systematically studied the effect of the titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (TiAc2) ligand on the performance of PSCs with a planar n-i-p architecture. We prepared TiO2 nanocrystals from TiCl4 and ethyl alcohol with Cl- ligands attached on its surface and we found that a tiny amount of TiAc2 treatment of as-prepared TiO2 nanocrystals in a mixed solution of chloroform and methyl alcohol can enhance PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 14.7% to 18.3%. To investigate the effect of TiAc2 ligand on PSCs, TiO2 samples with different TiAc2 content were prepared by adding TiAc2 into the as-obtained TiO2 nanocrystal solution. We use x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to identify the content of Cl so as to reveal that Cl ligands can be substituted by TiAc2. We speculate that the improvement in PCE originates from amorphous TiO2 formation on the TiO2 nanocrystal surface, whereby a single-molecule layer of amorphous TiO2 facilitates charge transfer between the perovskite film and the TiO2 electronic transport layer, but excessive TiAc2 lowers the PSC performance dramatically. We further prove our hypothesis by x-ray diffraction measurements. We believe the PCE of PSCs can be further improved by carefully choosing the type and changing the content of surface ligands on TiO2 nanocrystal.
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation lidar system using superconducting nanowire single-photon detector at 1550-nm wavelength
    周慧, 何宇昊, 吕超林, 尤立星, 李召辉, 吴光, 张伟君, 张露, 刘晓宇, 杨晓燕, 王镇
    2018 (1):  18501-018501.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018501
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    We demonstrate a photon-counting chirped amplitude modulation (CAM) light detection and ranging (lidar) system incorporating a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) and operated at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The distance accuracy of the lidar system was determined by the CAM bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. Owing to a short dead time (10 ns) and negligible dark count rate (70 Hz) of the SNSPD, the obtained IF signal attained an SNR of 42 dB and the direct distance accuracy was improved to 3 mm when the modulation bandwidth of the CAM signal was 240 MHz and the modulation period was 1 ms.

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    Improved performance of Ge n+/p diode by combining laser annealing and epitaxial Si passivation
    王尘, 许怡红, 李成, 林海军
    2018 (1):  18502-018502.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018502
    摘要 ( 680 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(552KB) ( 197 )  
    A method to improve Ge n+/p junction diode performance by excimer laser annealing (ELA) and epitaxial Si passivation under a low ion implantation dose is demonstrated. The epitaxial Si passivation layer can unpin the Fermi level of the contact of Al/n-Ge to some extent and reduce the contact resistance. In addition, the fabricated Ge n+/p junction diode by ELA plus epitaxial Si passivation exhibits a decreased reverse current density and an increased forward current density, resulting in a rectification ratio of about 6.5×106 beyond two orders magnitude larger than that by ELA alone. The reduced specific contact resistivity of metal on n-doped germanium and well-behaved germanium n+/p diode are beneficial for the performance improvement of Ge n-MOSFETs and other opto-electronic devices.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Performance enhancement of ZnO nanowires/PbS quantum dot depleted bulk heterojunction solar cells with an ultrathin Al2O3 interlayer
    臧帅普, 王莹琳, 李美莹, 苏蔚, 安美琦, 张昕彤, 刘益春
    2018 (1):  18503-018503.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018503
    摘要 ( 861 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1347KB) ( 389 )  
    Depleted bulk heterojunction (DBH) PbS quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), appearing with boosted short-circuit current density (Jsc), represent the great potential of solar radiation utilization, but suffer from the problem of increased interfacial charge recombination and reduced open-circuit voltage (Voc). Herein, we report that an insertion of ultrathin Al2O3 layer (ca. 1.2 Å thickness) at the interface of ZnO nanowires (NWs) and PbS quantum dots (QDs) could remarkably improve the performance of DBH-QDSCs fabricated from them, i.e., an increase of Voc from 449 mV to 572 mV, Jsc from 21.90 mA/cm2 to 23.98 mA/cm2, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 4.29% to 6.11%. Such an improvement of device performance is ascribed to the significant reduction of the interfacial charge recombination rate, as evidenced by the light intensity dependence on Jsc and Voc, the prolonged electron lifetime, the lowered trap density, and the enlarged recombination activation energy. The present research therefore provides an effective interfacial engineering means to improving the overall performance of DBH-QDSCs, which might also be effective to other types of optoelectronic devices with large interface area.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Soft matter and biological physics
    A network of conformational transitions in an unfolding process of HP-35 revealed by high-temperature MD simulation and a Markov state model
    邵丹丹, 高恺夫
    2018 (1):  18701-018701.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018701
    摘要 ( 851 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF(4975KB) ( 368 )  
    An understanding of protein folding/unfolding processes has important implications for all biological processes, including protein degradation, protein translocation, aging, and diseases. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are uniquely suitable for it because of their atomic level resolution and accuracy. However, limited by computational capabilities, nowadays even for small and fast-folding proteins, all-atom MD simulations of protein folding still presents a great challenge. An alternative way is to study unfolding process using MD simulations at high temperature. High temperature provides more energy to overcome energetic barriers to unfolding, and information obtained from studying unfolding can shed light on the mechanism of folding. In the present study, a 1000-ns MD simulation at high temperature (500 K) was performed to investigate the unfolding process of a small protein, chicken villin headpiece (HP-35). To infer the folding mechanism, a Markov state model was also built from our simulation, which maps out six macrostates during the folding/unfolding process as well as critical transitions between them, revealing the folding mechanism unambiguously.
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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Excessive levitation for the efficient loading of large-volume optical dipole traps
    王晓青, 李玉清, 冯国胜, 武寄洲, 马杰, 肖连团, 贾锁堂
    2018 (1):  18702-018702.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018702
    摘要 ( 697 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1294KB) ( 269 )  

    We study the excessive levitation effect in the magnetically levitated loading process of ultracold Cs atoms into a large-volume crossed optical dipole trap. We analyze the motion of atoms with a non-zero combined gravito-magnetic force during the loading, where the magnetically levitated force catches up with and surpasses the gravity. We present the theoretical variations of both acceleration and velocity with levitation time and magnetic field gradient. We measure the evolution of the number of trapped atoms with the excessive levitation time at different magnetic field gradients. The dependence of the number of atoms on the magnetic field gradient is also measured for different excessive levitation times. The theoretical analysis shows reasonable agreement with the experimental results. Our investigation illustrates that the excessive levitation can be used to reduce the heating effect of atoms in the magnetically levitated loading process, and to improve the loading rate of a large-volume optical dipole trap.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Soft matter and biological physics
    Improved data analysis method of single-molecule experiments based on probability optimization
    翟伟利, 袁国华, 刘超, 陈虎
    2018 (1):  18703-018703.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018703
    摘要 ( 727 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF(1236KB) ( 351 )  
    To extract the dynamic parameters from single molecule manipulation experiments, usually lots of data at different forces need to be recorded. But the measuring time of a single molecule is limited due to breakage of the tether or degradation of the molecule. Here we propose a data analysis method based on probability maximization of the recorded time trace to extract the dynamic parameters from a single measurement. The feasibility of this method was verified by dealing with the simulation data of a two-state system. We also applied this method to estimate the parameters of DNA hairpin folding and unfolding dynamics measured by a magnetic tweezers experiment.
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Mutation-induced spatial differences in neuraminidase structure and sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors
    杨志伟, 郝东晓, 车一卓, 杨嘉辉, 张磊, 张胜利
    2018 (1):  18704-018704.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018704
    摘要 ( 683 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3112KB) ( 337 )  

    Neuraminidase (NA), a major surface glycoprotein of influenza virus with well-defined active sites, is an ideal platform for the development of antiviral drugs. However, a growing number of NA mutations have drug resistance to today's inhibitors. Numerous efforts are made to explore the resistance mechanisms through understanding the structural changes in mutated NA proteins and the associated different binding profiles of inhibitors, via x-ray, nuclear magnetic resonance, electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics methods. This review presents the architectural features of mutated NA proteins, as well as the respective inhibitor sensitivities arising from these spatial differences. Finally, we summarize the resistance mechanisms of today's neuraminidase inhibitors and the outlook for the development of novel inhibitors.

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    INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
    Efficient design of perovskite solar cell using mixed halide and copper oxide
    Navneet kour,Rajesh Mehra,Chandni
    2018 (1):  18801-018801.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018801
    摘要 ( 658 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3716KB) ( 403 )  
    Solar cells based on perovskites have emerged as a transpiring technology in the field of photovoltaic. These cells exhibit high power conversion efficiency. The perovskite material is observed to have good absorption in the entire visible spectrum which can be well illustrated by the quantum efficiency curve. In this paper, theoretical analysis has been done through device simulation for designing solar cell based on mixed halide perovskite. Various parameters have efficacy on the solar cell efficiency such as defect density, layer thickness, doping concentration, band offsets, etc. The use of copper oxide as the hole transport material has been analyzed. The analysis divulges that due to its mobility of charge carriers, it can be used as an alternative to spiro-OMeTAD. With the help of simulations, reasonable materials have been employed for the optimal design of solar cell based on perovskite material. With the integration of copper oxide into the solar cell structure, the results obtained are competent enough. The simulations have shown that with the use of copper oxide as hole transport material with mixed halide perovskite as absorber, the power conversion efficiency has improved by 6%. The open circuit voltage has shown an increase of 0.09 V, short circuit current density has increased by 2.32 mA/cm2, and improvement in fill factor is 8.75%.
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    A compact and high-power silicon-wafer solar strip-cells-array module integrated with an array concentrator
    林洁, 陈梦霞, 柯永琦, 任彩莹, 徐泽升, 张耀举, 方朝龙
    2018 (1):  18802-018802.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018802
    摘要 ( 653 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(762KB) ( 207 )  

    A compact, low-cost and high-output-power silicon-wafer solar strip-cells-array module (SCAM) was experimentally demonstrated. The proposed SCAM consisted mainly of a silicon-wafer strip-cell sparse array and low-concentration-ratio array concentrator based on an epoxy resin polymer (ERP) cylindrical plano-convex lens. A polymer replication process based on a polydimethylsiloxane mold was used to fabricate the ERP lens array concentrator. The results show that 46.94% of the silicon-wafer cell was saved in the designed SCAM. Moreover, the output power of the SCAM with a low concentration ratio of 8 suns was improved by 8.6%, compared with a whole piece of a conventional silicon-wafer solar cell with the same area as the module. The proposed method encapsulating solar cells provides a means to reduce the usage of silicon cells in modules as well as improving the output power of modules.

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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Interfaces of high-efficiency kesterite Cu2ZnSnS(e)4 thin film solar cells
    高守帅, 姜振武, 武莉, 敖建平, 曾玉, 孙云, 张毅
    2018 (1):  18803-018803.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018803
    摘要 ( 910 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(6884KB) ( 1214 )  

    Cu2ZnSnS(e)4 (CZTS(e)) solar cells have attracted much attention due to the elemental abundance and the non-toxicity. However, the record efficiency of 12.6% for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells is much lower than that of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells. One crucial reason is the recombination at interfaces. In recent years, large amount investigations have been done to analyze the interfacial problems and improve the interfacial properties via a variety of methods. This paper gives a review of progresses on interfaces of CZTS(e) solar cells, including:(i) the band alignment optimization at buffer/CZTS(e) interface, (ii) tailoring the thickness of MoS(e)2 interfacial layers between CZTS(e) absorber and Mo back contact, (iii) the passivation of rear interface, (iv) the passivation of front interface, and (v) the etching of secondary phases.

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    420 nm thick CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx capping layers for efficient TiO2 nanorod array perovskite solar cells
    李龙, 史成武, 邓新莲, 王艳青, 肖冠南, 倪玲玲
    2018 (1):  18804-018804.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018804
    摘要 ( 690 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1068KB) ( 441 )  
    The rutile TiO2 nanorod arrays with 240 nm in length, 30 nm in diameter, and 420 μm-2 in areal density were prepared by the hydrothermal method to replace the typical 200-300 nm thick mesoporous TiO2 thin films in perovskite solar cells. The CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx capping layers with different thicknesses were obtained on the TiO2 nanorod arrays using different concentration PbI2· DMSO complex precursor solutions in DMF and the photovoltaic performances of the corresponding solar cells were compared. The perovskite solar cells based on 240 nm long TiO2 nanorod arrays and 420 nm thick CH3NH3PbI3-xBrx capping layers showed the best photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.56% and the average PCE of 14.93±0.63% at the relative humidity of 50%-54% under the illumination of simulated AM 1.5 sunlight (100 mW· cm-2).
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    Promise of commercialization: Carbon materials for low-cost perovskite solar cells
    蔡宇, 梁禄生, 高鹏
    2018 (1):  18805-018805.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018805
    摘要 ( 786 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(8340KB) ( 818 )  

    Perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) have attracted extensive studies due to their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) with low-cost in both raw material and processes. However, there remain obstacles that hinder the way to their commercialization. Among many drawbacks in PVSCs, we note the problems brought by the use of noble metal counter electrodes (CEs) such as gold and silver. The costly Au and Ag need high energy-consumption thermal evaporation process which can be made only with expensive evaporation equipment under vacuum. All the factors elevate the threshold of PVSCs' commercialization. Carbon material, on the other hand, is a readily available electrode candidate for the application as CE in the PVSCs. In this review, endeavors on PVSCs with low-cost carbon materials will be comprehensively discussed based on different device structures and carbon compositions. We believe that the PVSCs with carbon-based CE hold the promise of commercialization of this new technology.

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    Theoretical study on the kesterite solar cells based on Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 and related photovoltaic semiconductors
    刘定荣, 韩丹, 黄梦麟, 张弦, 张涛, 戴称民, 陈时友
    2018 (1):  18806-018806.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018806
    摘要 ( 859 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(5457KB) ( 1329 )  

    The kesterite thin film solar cells based on the quaternary Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 and their alloys Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 have been considered as environment-friendly and non-toxic alternatives to the currently commercialized CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells. From the theoretical point of view, we will review how the group I2-Ⅱ-IV-VI4 quaternary compound semiconductors are derived from the binary CdTe and the ternary CuInSe2 or CuGaSe2 through the cation mutation, and how the crystal structure and electronic band structure evolve as the component elements change. The increased structural and chemical freedom in these quaternary semiconductors opens up new possibility for the tailoring of material properties and design of new light-absorber semiconductors. However, the increased freedom also makes the development of high-efficiency solar cells more challenging because much more intrinsic point defects, secondary phases, surfaces, and grain-boundaries can exist in the thin films and influence the photovoltaic performance in a way different from that in the conventional CdTe and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. The experimental characterization of the properties of defects, secondary phase, and grain-boundaries is currently not very efficient and direct, especially for these quaternary compounds. First-principles calculations have been successfully used in the past decade for studying these properties. Here we will review the theoretical progress in the study of the mixed-cation and mixed-anion alloys of the group I2-Ⅱ-IV-VI4 semiconductors, defects, alkaline dopants, and grain boundaries, which provided very important information for the optimization of the kesterite solar cell performance.

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    Key parameters of two typical intercalation reactions to prepare hybrid inorganic-organic perovskite films
    石标, 郭升, 魏长春, 李宝璋, 丁毅, 李跃龙, 万青, 赵颖, 张晓丹
    2018 (1):  18807-018807.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018807
    摘要 ( 557 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(950KB) ( 347 )  
    A star hybrid inorganic-organic perovskite material selected as an outstanding absorbing layer in solar cells benefits from multiple preparation techniques and excellent photoelectric characteristics. Among numerous synthetic processes, uniform, compact, and multi-stack perovskite thin films can be manufactured using vacuum deposition. During sequential vacuum deposition, the penetration ability of the organic molecules cannot be effectively controlled. In addition, the relationship between the thickness of the inorganic seeding layer and the organic molecule concentration for optimized devices using an evaporation-solution method is unclear. In this work, we prepared high-quality perovskite films by effectively controlling the penetration ability and chemical quantity of organic methyl ammonium iodide by monitoring the evaporation pressure and time. Thus, a device efficiency of over 15% was achieved with an all-vacuum prepared perovskite film. For the evaporation-solution method, we reacted different thicknesses of inorganic lead iodine with various concentrations of the organic molecule solution. The inorganic layer thickness and organic molecule concentration showed a linear relationship to achieve an optimum perovskite film, and an empirical formula was obtained. This work noted the key parameters of two intercalation reactions to prepare perovskite films, which paves a way to deliver a device that enables multi-layered structures, such as tandem solar cells.
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    Recent progress of colloidal quantum dot based solar cells
    卫会云, 李冬梅, 郑新和, 孟庆波
    2018 (1):  18808-018808.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018808
    摘要 ( 892 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(8089KB) ( 761 )  

    Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells have attracted great interest due to their low cost and superior photo-electric properties. Remarkable improvements in cell performances of both quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSCs) and PbX (X=S, Se) based CQD solar cells have been achieved in recent years, and the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 12% were reported so far. In this review, we will focus on the recent progress in CQD solar cells. We firstly summarize the advance of CQD sensitizer materials and the strategies for enhancing carrier collection efficiency in QDSCs, including developing multi-component alloyed CQDs and core-shell structured CQDs, as well as various methods to suppress interfacial carrier recombination. Then, we discuss the device architecture development of PbX CQD based solar cells and surface/interface passivation methods to increase light absorption and carrier extraction efficiencies. Finally, a short summary, challenge, and perspective are given.

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    Precisely tuning Ge substitution for efficient solution-processed Cu2ZnSn(S, Se)4 solar cells
    王新收, 寇东星, 周文辉, 周正基, 田庆文, 孟月娜, 武四新
    2018 (1):  18809-018809.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018809
    摘要 ( 806 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(1791KB) ( 345 )  
    The kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) solar cells have yielded a prospective conversion efficiency among all thin-film photovoltaic technology. However, its further development is still hindered by the lower open-circuit voltage (Voc), and the non-ideal bandgap of the absorber is an important factor affecting this issue. The substitution of Sn with Ge provides a unique ability to engineer the bandgap of the absorber film. Herein, a simple precursor solution approach was successfully developed to fabricate Cu2Zn(SnyGe1-y)(SxSe1-x)4 (CZTGSSe) solar cells. By precisely adjusting the Ge content in a small range, the Voc and Jsc are enhanced simultaneously. Benefitting from the optimized bandgap and the maintained spike structure and light absorption, the 10% Ge/(Ge+Sn) content device with a bandgap of approximately 1.1 eV yields the highest efficiency of 9.36%. This further indicates that a precisely controlled Ge content could further improve the cell performance for efficient CZTGSSe solar cells.
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    TiO2 composite electron transport layers for planar perovskite solar cells by mixed spray pyrolysis with precursor solution incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles
    田嘉琪, 李红翠, 王海月, 郑博, 薛叶斌, 刘喜哲
    2018 (1):  18810-018810.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018810
    摘要 ( 630 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(3261KB) ( 320 )  
    Perovskite solar cells with planar structure are attractive for their simplified device structure and reduced hysteresis effect. Compared to conventional mesoporous devices, TiO2 porous scaffold layers are removed in planar devices. Then, compact TiO2 electron transport layers take the functions of extracting electrons, transporting electrons, and blocking holes. Therefore, the properties of these compact TiO2 layers are important for the performance of solar cells. In this work, we develop a mixed spray pyrolysis method for producing compact TiO2 layers by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles with different size into the precursor solutions. For the optimized nanoparticle size of 60 nm, a power conversion efficiency of 16.7% is achieved, which is obviously higher than that of devices without incorporated nanoparticles (9.9%). Further investigation reveals that the incorporation of nanoparticles can remarkably improve the charge extraction and recombination processes.
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    TOPICAL REVIEW—New generation solar cells
    Editorial
    Qingbo Meng
    2018 (1):  18811-018811.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018811
    摘要 ( 747 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF(37KB) ( 233 )  
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    SPECIAL TOPIC—Non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matters
    Dominant phase-advanced driving analysis of self-sustained oscillations in biological networks
    郑志刚, 钱郁
    2018 (1):  18901-018901.  doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/27/1/018901
    摘要 ( 848 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF(4526KB) ( 354 )  

    Oscillatory behaviors can be ubiquitously observed in various systems. Biological rhythms are significant in governing living activities of all units. The emergence of biological rhythms is the consequence of large numbers of units. In this paper we discuss several important examples of sustained oscillations in biological media, where the unit composed in the system does not possess the oscillation behavior. The dominant phase-advanced driving method is applied to study the skeletons and oscillatory organizing motifs in excitable networks and gene regulatory networks.

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