中国物理B ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (7): 70307-070307.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae53b6

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Three-party quantum key agreement with seven-particle entangled states against collective noise: IBM Qiskit implementation

She-Xiang Jiang(蒋社想)1,2,† and Jin-Huan Li(李金欢)1,2   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligent Technology for Unmanned Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
    2 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-20 修回日期:2026-03-15 接受日期:2026-03-18 发布日期:2026-07-21
  • 通讯作者: She-Xiang Jiang E-mail:sxjiang@aust.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    Project supported by the Coal-Major Project (Grant No. 2025ZD1700704), the Talent Introduction Fund of the Anhui University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021yjrc34), and the Scientific Research Fund of the Anhui Provincial Education Department (Grant No. KJ2020A0301).

Three-party quantum key agreement with seven-particle entangled states against collective noise: IBM Qiskit implementation

She-Xiang Jiang(蒋社想)1,2,† and Jin-Huan Li(李金欢)1,2   

  1. 1 State Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligent Technology for Unmanned Coal Mining, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China;
    2 School of Computer Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • Received:2026-01-20 Revised:2026-03-15 Accepted:2026-03-18 Published:2026-07-21
  • Contact: She-Xiang Jiang E-mail:sxjiang@aust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the Coal-Major Project (Grant No. 2025ZD1700704), the Talent Introduction Fund of the Anhui University of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021yjrc34), and the Scientific Research Fund of the Anhui Provincial Education Department (Grant No. KJ2020A0301).

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摘要： Quantum key agreement (QKA) constitutes a vital branch of quantum cryptography, referring to the collaborative establishment of a shared key among multiple participants. Among these, the three-party quantum key agreement (TPQKA) represents a specific form of QKA involving only three participants. Quantum states inevitably suffer from noise during transmission through quantum channels, which reduces the efficiency of qubits. To significantly improve the efficiency of qubits and further enhance their reliability in quantum applications, this paper proposes two TPQKA protocols based on seven-particle entangled states to provide protection against collective noise effects. In this paper, IBM Qiskit is employed to present the preparation circuit of the seven-particle entangled state, as well as the quantum circuits under two types of collective noise. In both protocols, the three parties apply a hash function to their own keys. In the particle transmission process, according to the measurement results of the particles, the three parties perform the corresponding unitary operation, and ultimately they equally negotiate the final shared key. Both protocols are robust against collective noise, and their qubit efficiency reaches 19.35%. In addition, the security analysis shows that both protocols are resistant to participant attacks and outside attacks, including intercept-resend attacks and entangle-measure attacks. This paper details the detection method of eavesdropping by eavesdroppers in collective noise through simulation, and finally presents key post-processing.

关键词: three-party quantum key agreement, seven-particle entangled states, collective noise, simulation, key post-processing

Abstract: Quantum key agreement (QKA) constitutes a vital branch of quantum cryptography, referring to the collaborative establishment of a shared key among multiple participants. Among these, the three-party quantum key agreement (TPQKA) represents a specific form of QKA involving only three participants. Quantum states inevitably suffer from noise during transmission through quantum channels, which reduces the efficiency of qubits. To significantly improve the efficiency of qubits and further enhance their reliability in quantum applications, this paper proposes two TPQKA protocols based on seven-particle entangled states to provide protection against collective noise effects. In this paper, IBM Qiskit is employed to present the preparation circuit of the seven-particle entangled state, as well as the quantum circuits under two types of collective noise. In both protocols, the three parties apply a hash function to their own keys. In the particle transmission process, according to the measurement results of the particles, the three parties perform the corresponding unitary operation, and ultimately they equally negotiate the final shared key. Both protocols are robust against collective noise, and their qubit efficiency reaches 19.35%. In addition, the security analysis shows that both protocols are resistant to participant attacks and outside attacks, including intercept-resend attacks and entangle-measure attacks. This paper details the detection method of eavesdropping by eavesdroppers in collective noise through simulation, and finally presents key post-processing.

Key words: three-party quantum key agreement, seven-particle entangled states, collective noise, simulation, key post-processing

中图分类号:  (Quantum information)

  • 03.67.-a
03.67.Dd (Quantum cryptography and communication security) 03.67.Hk (Quantum communication)