中国物理B ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 28705-028705.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae306a

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Vaccination-transmission coupled mechanism based on parallel minority game

Chenli Xue(薛琛丽)1, Xiaofeng Luo(罗晓峰)1,†, and Gui-Quan Sun(孙桂全)1,2,‡   

  1. 1 School of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
    2 Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16 修回日期:2025-12-19 接受日期:2025-12-23 发布日期:2026-02-05
  • 通讯作者: Xiaofeng Luo, Gui-Quan Sun E-mail:luoxiaofeng@nuc.edu.cn;gquansun@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12571549, 12571592, 12471463, 12022113, and 12101573).

Vaccination-transmission coupled mechanism based on parallel minority game

Chenli Xue(薛琛丽)1, Xiaofeng Luo(罗晓峰)1,†, and Gui-Quan Sun(孙桂全)1,2,‡   

  1. 1 School of Mathematics, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China;
    2 Complex Systems Research Center, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • Received:2025-10-16 Revised:2025-12-19 Accepted:2025-12-23 Published:2026-02-05
  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12571549, 12571592, 12471463, 12022113, and 12101573).

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摘要： Vaccination is a key strategy to curb the spread of epidemics. Heterologous vaccination, unlike homologous vaccination which acts on a single target and forms a single immune barrier, covers multiple targets for broader protection. Yet, heterologous vaccination involves a complex decision process that conventional game-theoretic approaches, such as classical, evolutionary, and minority games cannot adequately capture. The parallel minority game (PMG) can handle bounded-rational, multi-choice decisions, but its application in vaccine research remains rare. In this study, we propose a vaccination-transmission coupled dynamic mechanism based on the parallel minority game and simulate it on a twodimensional lattice. Using actual observational data and a mean-field mathematical model, we verify the effectiveness of this mechanism in simulating realistic vaccination behavior and transmission dynamics. We further analyze the impact of key parameters, such as vaccine efficacy differences and the proportion of individuals eligible for vaccine switching, on containment effectiveness. Our results demonstrate that heterologous vaccination surpasses homologous vaccination in containment effectiveness, particularly when vaccine efficacy varies significantly. This work provides a novel framework and empirical evidence for understanding individual decision-making and population-wide immunity formation in multi-vaccine settings.

关键词: infectious disease modeling, basic reproduction number, parallel minority game, heterologous vaccination

Abstract: Vaccination is a key strategy to curb the spread of epidemics. Heterologous vaccination, unlike homologous vaccination which acts on a single target and forms a single immune barrier, covers multiple targets for broader protection. Yet, heterologous vaccination involves a complex decision process that conventional game-theoretic approaches, such as classical, evolutionary, and minority games cannot adequately capture. The parallel minority game (PMG) can handle bounded-rational, multi-choice decisions, but its application in vaccine research remains rare. In this study, we propose a vaccination-transmission coupled dynamic mechanism based on the parallel minority game and simulate it on a twodimensional lattice. Using actual observational data and a mean-field mathematical model, we verify the effectiveness of this mechanism in simulating realistic vaccination behavior and transmission dynamics. We further analyze the impact of key parameters, such as vaccine efficacy differences and the proportion of individuals eligible for vaccine switching, on containment effectiveness. Our results demonstrate that heterologous vaccination surpasses homologous vaccination in containment effectiveness, particularly when vaccine efficacy varies significantly. This work provides a novel framework and empirical evidence for understanding individual decision-making and population-wide immunity formation in multi-vaccine settings.

Key words: infectious disease modeling, basic reproduction number, parallel minority game, heterologous vaccination

中图分类号:  (Diseases)

  • 87.19.X-
87.23.Ge (Dynamics of social systems) 89.75.-k (Complex systems)