[1] Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V and Firsov A A 2004 Science 306 666 [2] Lin H H, Zhu Q, Shu D H, Lin D J, Xu J, Huang X L, Shi W, Xi X X, Wang J W and Gao L B 2019 Nat. Mater. 18 602 [3] Liu L, Li T T and Ma L 2022 Nature 605 69 [4] Qin B, Ma C J and Guo Q L 2024 Science 385 99 [5] Xia Y, Chen X Y, Wei J C, Wang S Y, Chen S Y, Wu S M, Ji M B, Sun Z Z, Xu Z H, Bao W Z and Zhou P 2023 Nat. Mater. 22 1324 [6] Xue G D, Zhou Z Q and Guo Q L 2024 Science 384 1100 [7] Chen T A, Chuu C P, Tseng C C, Wen C K, Wong H S P, Pan S Y, Li R T, Chao T A, Chueh W C, Zhang Y F, Fu Q, Yakobson B I, Chang W H and Li L J 2020 Nature 579 219 [8] Fukamachi S, Solis-Fernández P, Kawahara K, Tanaka D, Otake T, Lin Y C, Suenaga K and Ago H 2023 Nat. Electron. 6 126 [9] Ma K Y, Zhang L, Jin S, Wang Y, Yoon S I, Hwang H, Oh J, Jeong D, Wang M, Chatterjee S, Kim G, Jang A R, Yang J, Ryu S, Jeong H Y, Ruoff R S, Chhowalla M, Ding F and Shin H S 2022 Nature 606 88 [10] Wang L, Qi J J and Wei W Y 2024 Nature 629 74 [11] Wang Y N, Zhao C, Gao X, Zheng L M, Qian J, Gao X Y, Li J D, Tang J C, Tan C W, Wang J H, Zhu X T, Guo J D, Liu Z F, Ding F and Peng H L 2024 Nat. Mater. 23 994 [12] Chen C, Yin Y L and Zhang R C 2023 Nat. Mater. 22 717 [13] Cording L, Liu J W, Tan J Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Avsar A and Ozyilmaz B 2024 Nat. Mater. 23 479 [14] Kim S, Myeong G, Shin W, Lim H, Kim B, Jin T, Chang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T and Cho S 2020 Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 203 [15] Li W Y, Tao Q Y, Li Z W, Yang G H, Lu Z Y, Chen Y, Wen Y, Wang Y L, Liao L, Liu Y and He J 2024 Nat. Electron. 7 131 [16] Wu Z H, Lyu Y X, Zhang Y, Ding R, Zheng B N, Yang Z B, Lau S P, Chen X H and Hao J H 2021 Nat. Mater. 20 1203 [17] Cao F C, Zhang Y, Wang H Q, Khan K, Tareen A K, Qian W J, Zhang H and Å gren H 2022 Adv. Mater. 34 2107554 [18] Li D Q, Zheng W H and Gali S M 2024 Nat. Mater. 23 1085 [19] VahidMohammadi A, Rosen J and Gogotsi Y 2021 Science 372 1165 [20] Zhang T Z, Chang L B, Zhang X F,Wan H J, Liu N, Zhou L J and Xiao X 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 6731 [21] Zhou C K, Wang D, Lagunas F, Atterberry B, Lei M, Hu H C, Zhou Z R, Filatov A S, Jiang D E, Rossini A J, Klie R F and Talapin D V 2023 Nat. Chem. 15 1722 [22] Liu Y, Weiss N O, Duan X D, Cheng H C, Huang Y and Duan X F 2016 Nat. Rev. Mater. 1 16042 [23] Novoselov K S, Mishchenko A, Carvalho A and Neto A H C 2016 Science 353 512 [24] Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E and Jarillo-Herrero P 2018 Nature 556 43 [25] Cao Y, Fatemi V, Demir A, Fang S, Tomarken S L, Luo J Y, Sanchez-Yamagishi J D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Ashoori R C and Jarillo-Herrero P 2018 Nature 556 80 [26] Serlin M, Tschirhart C L, Polshyn H, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Balents L and Young A F 2020 Science 367 900 [27] Lu Z G, Han T H, Yao Y X, Reddy A P, Yang J X, Seo J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Fu L and Ju L 2024 Nature 626 759 [28] Kang K F, Shen B W, Qiu Y C, Zeng Y H, Xia Z C, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Shan J and Mak K F 2024 Nature 628 522 [29] Sharpe A L, Fox E J, Barnard A W, Finney J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kastner M A and Goldhaber-Gordon D 2019 Science 365 605 [30] Tran K, Moody G and Wu F C 2019 Nature 567 71 [31] Wang X R, Yasuda K, Zhang Y, Liu S,Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J, Fu L and Jarillo-Herrero P 2022 Nat. Nanotechnol. 17 367 [32] Regan E C, Wang D Q, Jin C H, Utama M I, Gao B N, Wei X, Zhao S H, Zhao W Y, Zhang Z C, Yumigeta K, Blei M, Carlstrom J D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tongay S, Crommie M, Zettl A and Wang F 2020 Nature 579 359 [33] Nuckolls K P and Yazdani A 2024 Nat. Rev. Mater. 9 460 [34] Sun L Z, Wang Z H and Wang Y C 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 2391 [35] Bistritzer R and MacDonald A H 2011 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108 12233 [36] Utama M I B, Koch R J, Lee K, Leconte N, Li H Y, Zhao S H, Jiang L L, Zhu J Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Ashby P D, Weber-Bargioni A, Zettl A, Jozwiak C, Jung J, Rotenberg E, Bostwick A and Wang F 2021 Nat. Phys. 17 184 [37] Yang H, Liu L W, Yang H X, Zhang Y, Wu X, Huang Y, Gao H J and Wang Y L 2023 Nano Res. 16 2579 [38] Yoo H, Engelke R, Carr S, Fang S A, Zhang K, Cazeaux P, Sung S H, Hoyden R, Tsen A W, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Yi G C, Kim M, Luskin M, Tadmor E B, Kaxiras E and Kim P 2019 Nat. Mater. 18 448 [39] Yuk J M, Jeong H Y, Kim N Y, Park H J, Kim G, Shin H S, Ruoff R S, Lee J Y and Lee Z 2014 Carbon 80 755 [40] Yasuda K, Wang X R, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T and Jarillo-Herrero P 2021 Science 372 1458 [41] Huang D, Choi J, Shih C K and Li X Q 2022 Nat. Nanotechnol. 17 227 [42] Yang W, Chen G R, Shi Z W, Liu C C, Zhang L C, Xie G B, Cheng M, Wang D M, Yang R, Shi D X, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yao Y G, Zhang Y B and Zhang G Y 2013 Nat. Mater. 12 792 [43] Bao Y, Shao J J, Xu H, Yan J X, Jing P T, Xu J L, Zhan D, Li B H, Liu K W, Liu L and Shen D Z 2024 ACS Nano 18 27411 [44] Yuan Y L, Chu Y B, Hu C, Tian J P, Liu L, Wu F F, Ji Y R, Zhao J J, Huang Z H, Zan X Z, Du L J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Shi D X, Shi Z W, Yang W and Zhang G Y 2023 Chin. Phys. B 32 077304 [45] Cao Y, Rodan-Legrain D, Rubies-Bigorda O, Park J M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T and Jarillo-Herrero P 2020 Nature 583 215 [46] Chen S W, He M H, Zhang Y H, Hsieh V, Fei Z Y, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Cobden D H, Xu X D, Dean C R and Yankowitz M 2021 Nat. Phys. 17 374 [47] Hao Z Y, Zimmerman A M, Ledwith P, Khalaf E, Najafabadi D H, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Vishwanath A and Kim P 2021 Science 371 1133 [48] Zhang Y R, Polski R, Lewandowski C, Thomson A, Peng Y, Choi Y, Kim H,Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Alicea J, von Oppen F, Refael G and Nadj-Perge S 2022 Science 377 1538 [49] Yankowitz M, Xue J M, Cormode D, Sanchez-Yamagishi J D, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Jarillo-Herrero P, Jacquod P and LeRoy B J 2012 Nat. Phys. 8 382 [50] Dean C R, Young A F, Meric I, Lee C,Wang L, Sorgenfrei S,Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim P, Shepard K L and Hone J 2010 Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 722 [51] Wang L, Meric I, Huang P Y, Gao Q, Gao Y, Tran H, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Campos L M, Muller D A, Guo J, Kim P, Hone J, Shepard K L and Dean C R 2013 Science 342 614 [52] Shen C, Chu Y, Wu Q, Li N, Wang S, Zhao Y, Tang J, Liu J, Tian J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Yang R, Meng Z Y, Shi D, Yazyev O V and Zhang G 2020 Nat. Phys. 16 520 [53] Li E, Hu J X, Feng X M, Zhou Z S, An L H, Law K T,Wang N and Lin N 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 5601 [54] Xu F, Sun Z, Jia T T, Liu C, Xu C, Li C S, Gu Y,Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Tong B B, Jia J F, Shi Z W, Jiang S W, Zhang Y, Liu X X and Li T X 2023 Phys. Rev. X 13 031037 [55] Yuan L, Zheng B Y, Kunstmann J, Brumme T, Kuc A B, Ma C, Deng S B, Blach D, Pan A L and Huang L B 2020 Nat. Mater. 19 617 [56] Wang X, Zhu J Y, Seyler K L, Rivera P, Zheng H Y, Wang Y Q, He M H, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Yan J Q, Mandrus D G, Gamelin D R, Yao W and Xu X D 2021 Nat. Nanotechnol. 16 1208 [57] Huang X Y, Han X, Dai Y Y, Xu X L, Yan J H, Huang M T, Ding P F, Zhang D C, Chen H, Laxmi V, Wu X, Liu L W, Wang Y L, Xu Y and Huang Y 2023 J. Semicond. 44 011901 [58] Huang Y, Sutter E, Shi N N, Zheng J B, Yang T Z, Englund D, Gao H J and Sutter P 2015 ACS Nano 9 10612 [59] Huang Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Chen X J, Li B W, Wang B, Huang M, Zhu C Y, Zhang X W, Bacsa W S, Ding F and Ruoff R S 2018 Phys. Rev. Lett. 120 186104 [60] Liao M Z, Wei Z, Du L J, Wang Q Q, Tang J, Yu H, Wu F F, Zhao J J, Xu X Z, Han B, Liu K H, Gao P, Polcar T, Sun Z P, Shi D X, Yang R and Zhang G Y 2020 Nat. Commun. 11 2153 [61] Wu K, Wang H, Yang M, Liu L, Sun Z Y, Hu G J, Song Y P, Han X, Guo J A, Wu K H, Feng B J, Shen C M, Huang Y, Shi Y G, Cheng Z G, Yang H T, Bao L H, Pantelides S T and Gao H J 2024 Adv. Mater. 36 2313511 [62] Castellanos-Gomez A, Duan X F, Fei Z, Gutierrez H R, Huang Y, Huang X Y, Quereda J, Qian Q, Sutter E and Sutter P 2022 Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 2 58 [63] Martins L G P, Song Y, Zeng T Y, Dresselhaus M S, Kong J and Araujo P T 2013 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 17762 [64] Quellmalz A,Wang X J, Sawallich S, Uzlu B, Otto M,Wagner S,Wang Z X, Prechtl M, Hartwig O, Luo SW, Duesberg G S, LemmeMC, Gylfason K B, Roxhed N, Stemme G and Niklaus F 2021 Nat. Commun. 12 917 [65] Gao X, Zheng L M and Luo F 2022 Nat. Commun. 13 5410 [66] Huang X L,Wan Z H, Yuan GW, Zhou Z J and Gao L B 2024 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 36 335304 [67] Lu Z Y, Chen Y, Dang W Q, Kong L A, Tao Q Y, Ma L K, Lu D L, Liu L T, Li W Y, Li Z W, Liu X, Wang Y L, Duan X D, Liao L and Liu Y 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 2340 [68] Yuan G W, Liu W L, Huang X L, Wan Z H, Wang C, Yao B, Sun W J, Zheng H, Yang K H, Zhou Z J, Nie Y F, Xu J and Gao L B 2023 Nat. Commun. 14 5457 [69] Gao L B, Ren W C, Xu H L, Jin L, Wang Z X, Ma T, Ma L P, Zhang Z Y, Fu Q, Peng L M, Bao X H and Cheng H M 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 699 [70] Chen S S, Chen G and Zhao Y X 2024 Adv. Mater. 36 2308950 [71] Hu Z N, Li F F and Wu H T 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2300621 [72] Wang M, Jang S K, Jang W J, Kim M, Park S Y, Kim S W, Kahng S J, Choi J Y, Ruoff R S, Song Y J and Lee S 2013 Adv. Mater. 25 2746 [73] Shi Y M, Zhou W, Lu A Y, Fang W J, Lee Y H, Hsu A L, Kim S M, Kim K K, Yang H Y, Li L J, Idrobo J C and Kong J 2012 Nano Lett. 12 2784 [74] Deng B, Wang B B, Li N, Li R T, Wang Y N, Tang J L, Fu Q, Tian Z, Gao P, Xue J M and Peng H L 2020 ACS Nano 14 1656 [75] Liu S, He B Z, Yang W, Zhou X H, Xue X D, Liu M Y, Zhao Y, Wang X H, Si J, Wang F Y, Zhang Z Y, Peng L M and Yu G 2024 Adv. Mater. 36 2312125 [76] Xu M Z, Ji H J, Zhang M W, Zheng L, Li W W, Luo L, Chen M D, Liu Z, Gan X T, Wang X W and Huang W 2024 Adv. Mater. 36 2313638 [77] Li C, Xin R F, Jiao C Y, Zhang Z J, Qin J Z, Chu W L, Zhou X L, Li Z A, Wang Z H, Xia J and Zhou Y 2023 J. Cent. South Univ. 30 3187 [78] Zhou J, Huang H J, Zhao Z H, Dou Z L, Zhou L, Zhang T T, Huang Z H, Feng Y B, Shi D X, Liu N, Yang J, Nie J, Wang Q Q, Dong J C, Liu Y Q, Dou R F and Xue Q K 2024 Adv. Mater. 36 2408227 [79] Zhang X M, Nan H Y, Xiao S Q, Wan X, Gu X F, Du A J, Ni Z H and Ostrikov K 2019 Nat. Commun. 10 598 [80] Peng G, Yang X, Wang S Y, Zhang J Y, Qi G J, Zhang S, Liu K, Zhu Z H, Li Z, Wang G, Zhu M J and Qin S Q 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 23347 [81] Chang C, Zhang X W, Li W X, Guo Q L, Feng Z, Huang C, Ren Y L, Cai Y Y, Zhou X, Wang J H, Tang Z L, Ding F, Wei W Y, Liu K H and Xu X Z 2024 Nat. Commun. 15 4130 [82] Gong Y J, Lin J H, Wang X L, Shi G, Lei S D, Lin Z, Zou X L, Ye G L, Vajtai R, Yakobson B I, Terrones H, Terrones M, Tay B K, Lou J, Pantelides S T, Liu Z, Zhou W and Ajayan P M 2014 Nat. Mater. 13 1135 [83] Gao T, Song X J, Du H W, Nie Y F, Chen Y B, Ji Q Q, Sun J Y, Yang Y L, Zhang Y F and Liu Z F 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6835 [84] Liang J Y, Zhu X L, Chen M X, Duan X D, Li D and Pan A L 2022 Acc. Mater. Res. 3 999 [85] Liu H W, Li D, Ma C, Zhang X H, Sun X X, Zhu C G, Zheng B Y, Zou Z X, Luo Z Y, Zhu X L,Wang X and Pan A L 2019 Nano Energy 59 66 [86] Liu H W, Zhu X L, Sun X X, Zhu C G, Huang W, Zhang X H, Zheng B Y, Lou Z X, Luo Z Y,Wang X, Li D and Pan A L 2019 ACS Nano 13 13573 [87] Zhang C, Zheng B Y, Wu G C, Liu X Y, Wu J X, Yao C D, Wang Y Z, Tang Z L, Chen Y, Fang L Z, Huang L Y, Li D, Li S M and Pan A L 2024 Nano Res. 17 1856 [88] Gong Y J, Lei S D, Ye G L, Li B, He Y M, Keyshar K, Zhang X,Wang Q Z, Lou J, Liu Z, Vajtai R, Zhou W and Ajayan P M 2015 Nano Lett. 15 6135 [89] Zhou Z J, Hou F C, Huang X L,Wang G, Fu Z H, LiuWL, Yuan GW, Xi X X, Xu J, Lin J H and Gao L B 2023 Nature 621 499 [90] Tian F Y, Faizan M, He X, Sun Y H and Zhang L J 2024 Chin. Phys. B 33 077403 [91] Zhang C H, Zhao S L, Jin C H, Koh A L, Zhou Y, Xu W G, Li Q C, Xiong Q H, Peng H L and Liu Z F 2015 Nat. Commun. 6 6519 [92] Fu L, Sun Y Y,Wu N, Mendes R G, Chen L F, Xu Z, Zhang T, Rümmeli M H, Rellinghaus B, Pohl D, Zhuang L and Fu L 2016 ACS Nano 10 2063 [93] Bierman M J, Lau Y K A, Kvit A V, Schmitt A L and Jin S 2008 Science 320 1060 [94] Tay R Y, Park H J, Ling J J, Ng Z K, Jing L, Li H L, Zhu M M, Tsang S H, Lee Z and Teo E H T 2018 Chem. Mater. 30 6858 [95] Zhao Y Z, Zhang C Y, Kohler D D, Scheeler J M, Wright J C, Voyles P M and Jin S 2020 Science 370 442 [96] Zhang L M, Liu K H,Wong A B, Kim J, Hong X P, Liu C, Cao T, Louie S G, Wang F and Yang P D 2014 Nano Lett. 14 6418 [97] Liu J Y, Huang Q Q, Qian Y Q, Huang Z G, Lai F C, Lin L M, Guo M Z, Zheng W F and Qu Y 2016 Cryst. Growth Des. 16 2052 [98] Link R, Marcus G and Carroll D 2022 Front. Mater. 9 963775 [99] Xia J, Zhu D D,Wang L, Huang B, Huang X and Meng X M 2015 Adv. Funct. Mater. 25 4255 [100] Liu C, Li Z H and Qiao R X 2022 Nat. Mater. 21 1263 [101] Li S S 2021 Iscience 24 103229 [102] Li S S, Wang S F, Tang D M, Zhao W J, Xu H L, Chu L Q, Bando Y, Golberg D and Eda G 2015 Appl. Mater. Today 1 60 [103] Carmalt C J, Parkin I P and Peters E S 2003 Polyhedron 22 1499 [104] Li S S, Lin Y C and Zhao W 2018 Nat. Mater. 17 535 [105] Kim M, Seo J, Kim J, Moon J S, Lee J, Kim J H, Kang J and Park H 2021 ACS Nano 15 3038 [106] Shao G L, Xue X X, Zhou X L, Xu J, Jin Y Y, Qi S Y, Liu N, Duan H G, Wang S S, Li S S, Ouzounian M, Hu T S, Luo J, Liu S and Feng Y X 2019 ACS Nano 13 8265 [107] Wang H, Huang X W and Lin J H 2017 Nat. Commun. 8 394 [108] Fu Q D, Wang X W, Zhou J D, Xia J, Zeng Q S, Lv D H, Zhu C, Wang X L, Shen Y, Li X M, Hua Y N, Liu F C, Shen Z X, Jin C H and Liu Z 2018 Chem. Mater. 30 4001 [109] Fortin-Deschênes M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T and Xia F N 2024 Nat. Mater. 23 339 [110] Shao G L, Xue X X, Liu X, Zhang D L, Jin Y Y, Wu Y W, You B Y, Lin Y C, Li S S, Suenaga K, Wang X, Pan A L, Li H M, Hong J H, Feng Y X and Liu S 2020 Chem. Mater. 32 9721 [111] Zheng H H, Guo H L, Chen S L, Wu B, Li S F, He J, Liu Z W, Lu G, Duan X D, Pan A L and Liu Y P 2023 Adv. Mater. 35 2210909 [112] Xu M Z, Ji H J, Zheng L, LiWW,Wang J,Wang H X, Luo L, Lu Q B, Gan X T, Liu Z, Wang X W and Huang W 2024 Nat. Commun. 15 562 [113] Liu C F and Wang J 2022 Chin. Phys. Lett. 39 077301 [114] Wang N, Jiang B B and Li M 2025 Appl. Math. Lett. 160 109316 [115] Kezilebieke S, Huda N, Vano V, Aapro M, Ganguli S C, Silveira O J, Glodzik S, Foster A S, Ojanen T and Liljeroth P 2020 Nature 588 424 [116] Zhao W M, Zhu L, Nie Z W, Li Q Y, Wang Q W, Dou L G, Hu J G, Xian L D, Meng S and Li S C 2022 Nat. Mater. 21 284 [117] Pham T T, Vancsó P, Szendro M, Palotás K, Castelino R, Bouatou M, Chacon C, Henrard L, Lagoute J and Sporken R 2022 npj 2D Mater. Appl. 6 48 [118] Kosiel K 2008 Vacuum 82 951 [119] Choucair M, Thordarson P and Stride J A 2009 Nat. Nanotechnol. 4 30 [120] Gong S, Zhao G Y, Zhang N Q and Sun K N 2019 Chemelectrochem 6 3393 [121] Yu X B, Zhao G Y, Gong S, Liu C, Wu C L, Lyu P B, Maurin G and Zhang N Q 2020 ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12 24777 [122] Jiang C Y, BaggioliMand Jiang Q D 2024 Phys. Rev. Lett. 132 166901 [123] LiaoMZ, Nicolini P, Du L J, Yuan J H,Wang S P, Yu H, Tang J, Cheng P, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Gu L, Claerbout V E P, Silva A, Kramer D, Polcar T, Yang R, Shi D X and Zhang G Y 2022 Nat. Mater. 21 47 [124] Liao M Z, Wu Z W, Du L J, Zhang T T, Wei Z, Zhu J Q, Yu H, Tang J, Gu L, Xing Y X, Yang R, Shi D X, Yao Y G and Zhang G Y 2018 Nat. Commun. 9 4068 [125] Ribeiro-Palau R, Zhang C J, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Hone J and Dean C R 2018 Science 361 690 [126] Hu C, Wu T Y, Huang X Y, Dong Y L, Chen J J, Zhang Z C, Lyu B S, Ma S Q, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Xie G B, Li X J, Liang Q and Shi Z W 2022 Sci. Rep. 12 204 [127] Chen H, Zhang X L, Zhang Y Y, Wang D F, Bao D L, Que Y D, Xiao W D, Du S X, Ouyang M, Pantelides S T and Gao H J 2019 Science 365 1036 |