High-mobility two-dimensional electron gases at oxide interfaces：Origin and opportunities

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/22/11/116803

摘要/Abstract

摘要： Our recent experimental work on metallic and insulating interfaces controlled by interfacial redox reactions in SrTiO₃-based heterostructures is reviewed along with a more general background of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at oxide interfaces. Due to the presence of oxygen vacancies at the SrTiO₃ surface, metallic conduction can be created at room temperature in perovskite-type interfaces when the overlayer oxide ABO₃ has Al, Ti, Zr, or Hf elements at the B sites. Furthermore, relying on interface-stabilized oxygen vacancies, we have created a new type of 2DEG at the heterointerface between SrTiO₃ and a spinel γ-Al₂O₃ epitaxial film with compatible oxygen ion sublattices. This 2DEG exhibits an electron mobility exceeding 100000 cm²·V^-1·s^-1, more than one order of magnitude higher than those of hitherto investigated perovskite-type interfaces. Our findings pave the way for the design of high-mobility all-oxide electronic devices and open a route toward the studies of mesoscopic physics with complex oxides.

关键词: oxide interfaces, two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), SrTiO₃, oxygen vacancies

Abstract: Our recent experimental work on metallic and insulating interfaces controlled by interfacial redox reactions in SrTiO₃-based heterostructures is reviewed along with a more general background of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) at oxide interfaces. Due to the presence of oxygen vacancies at the SrTiO₃ surface, metallic conduction can be created at room temperature in perovskite-type interfaces when the overlayer oxide ABO₃ has Al, Ti, Zr, or Hf elements at the B sites. Furthermore, relying on interface-stabilized oxygen vacancies, we have created a new type of 2DEG at the heterointerface between SrTiO₃ and a spinel γ-Al₂O₃ epitaxial film with compatible oxygen ion sublattices. This 2DEG exhibits an electron mobility exceeding 100000 cm²·V^-1·s^-1, more than one order of magnitude higher than those of hitherto investigated perovskite-type interfaces. Our findings pave the way for the design of high-mobility all-oxide electronic devices and open a route toward the studies of mesoscopic physics with complex oxides.

Key words: oxide interfaces, two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), SrTiO₃, oxygen vacancies

中图分类号: (Oxide surfaces)

68.47.Gh

73.20.-r (Electron states at surfaces and interfaces) 81.15.Fg (Pulsed laser ablation deposition)

陈允忠, Nini Pryds, 孙继荣, 沈保根, Søren Linderoth. High-mobility two-dimensional electron gases at oxide interfaces：Origin and opportunities[J]. 中国物理B, 2013, 22(11): 116803-116803.

Chen Yun-Zhong (陈允忠), Nini Pryds, Sun Ji-Rong (孙继荣), Shen Bao-Gen (沈保根), Søren Linderoth. High-mobility two-dimensional electron gases at oxide interfaces：Origin and opportunities[J]. Chin. Phys. B, 2013, 22(11): 116803-116803.

参考文献 72

[1]	Mannhart J and Schlom D G 2010 Science 327 1607
[2]	Mannhart J, Blank D H A, Hwang H Y, Millis A J and Triscone J M 2008 MRS Bull. 33 1027
[3]	Kawasaki M, Takahashi K, Maeda T, Tsuchiya R, Shinohara M, Ishiyama O, Yonezawa T, Yoshimoto M and Koinuma H 1994 Science 266 1540
[4]	Koster G, Kropman B L, Rijnders G J H M, Blank D H A and Rogalla H 1998 Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 2920
[5]	Rijnders G J H M, Koster G, Blank D H A and Rogalla H 1997 Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 1888
[6]	Chen Y Z and Pryds N 2011 Thin Solid Films 519 6330
[7]	Schlom D G, Chen L Q, Pan X Q, Schmehl A and Zurbuchen M A 2008 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 2429
[8]	Son J W, Moetakef P, Jalan B, Bierwagen O, Wright N J, Engel-Herbert R and Stemmer S 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 482
[9]	Ohtomo A and Hwang H Y 2004 Nature 427 423
[10]	Biscaras J, Bergeal N, Kushwaha A, Wolf T, Rastogi A, Budhani R C and Lesueur J 2010 Nat. Commun. 1 89
[11]	Moetakef P, Cain T A, Ouellette D G, Zhang J Y, Klenov D O, Janotti A, Van de Walle C G, Rajan S, Allen S J and Stemmer S 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 99 232116
[12]	Perna P, Maccariello D, Radovic M, Scotti di U, Pallecchi I, Codda M, Marré D, Cantoni C, Gazquez J, Varela M, Pennycook S J and Miletto Granozio F 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 152111
[13]	Reyren N, Thiel S, Caviglia A D, Fitting Kourkoutis L, Hammerl G, Richter C, Schneider C W, Kopp T, Ruetschi A S, Jaccard D, Gabay M, Muller D A, Triscone J M and Mannhart J 2007 Science 317 1196
[14]	Brinkman A, Huijben M, Van Zalk M, Huijben J, Zeitler U, Maan J C, Van der Wiel W G, Rijnders G, Blank D H A and Hilgenkamp H 2007 Nat. Mater. 6 493
[15]	Thiel S, Hammerl G, Schmehl A, Schneider C and Mannhart J 2006 Science 313 1942
[16]	Cen C, Thiel S, Hammerl G, Schneider C W, Andersen K E, Hellberg C S, Mannhart J and Levy J 2008 Nat. Mater. 7 298
[17]	Chen Y Z, Zhao J L, Sun J R, Pryds N and Shen B G 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 123102
[18]	Chambers S A 2011 Surface Science 605 1133
[19]	Park J W, Bogorin D F, Cen C, Felker D A, Zhang Y, Nelson C T, Bark C W, Folkman C M, Pan X Q, Rzchowski M S, Levy J and Eom C B 2010 Nat. Commun. 1 94
[20]	Pentcheva R, Arras R, Otte K, Ruiz V G and Pickett W E 2012 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 370 4904
[21]	Pavlenko N, Kopp T, Tsymbal E Y, Mannhart J and Sawatzky G A 2012 Phys. Rev. B 86 064431
[22]	Zhong Z C, Xu P X and Kelly P J 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 165127
[23]	Herranz G, Basletić M, Bibes M, Carrétéro C, Tafra E, Jacquet E, Bouzehouane K, Deranlot C, Hamzić A, Broto J M, Barthélémy A and Fert A 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 216803
[24]	Kalabukhov A, Gunnarsson R, Borjesson J, Olsson E, Claeson T and Winkler D 2007 Phys. Rev. B 75 121404
[25]	Caviglia A D, Gariglio S, Cancellieri C, Sacepe B, Fete A, Reyren N, Gabay M, Morpurgo A F and Triscone J M 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 236802
[26]	Reinle-Schmitt M L, Cancellieri C, Li D, Fontaine D, Medarde M, Pomjakushina E, Schneider C W, Gariglio S, Ghosez Ph, Triscone J M and Willmott P R 2012 Nat. Commun. 3 932
[27]	Segal Y, Ngai J H, Reiner J W, Walker F J and Ahn C H 2009 Phys. Rev. B 80 241107
[28]	Willmott P R, Pauli S A, Herger R, Schlepütz C M, Martoccia D, Patterson B D, Delley B, Clarke R, Kumah D, Cionca C and Yacoby Y 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 155502
[29]	Chambers S A, Engelhard M H, Shutthanandan V, Zhu Z, Droubay T C, Qiao L, Sushko P V, Feng T, Lee H D, Gustafsson T, Garfunkel E, Shah A B, Zuo J M and Ramasse Q M 2010 Surf. Sci. Rep. 65 317
[30]	Schneider C W, Esposito M, Marozau I, Conder K, Doebeli M, Hu Y, Mallepell M, Wokaun A and Lippert T 2010 Appl. Phys. Lett. 97 192107
[31]	Uedono A, Shimayama K, Kiyohara M, Chen Z Q and Yamabe K 2002 J. Appl. Phys. 92 2697
[32]	Scullin M L, Ravichandran J, Yu C, Huijben M, Seidel J, Majumdar A and Ramesh R 2010 Acta Mater. 58 457
[33]	Chen Y Z, Pryds N, Kleibeuker J E, Sun J R, Stamate E, Koster G, Shen B G, Rijnders G and Linderoth S 2011 Nano. Lett. 11 3774
[34]	Frederikse H P R and Hosler W R 1967 Phys. Rev. 161 822
[35]	Huijben M, Koster G, Kruize M K, Wenderich S, Verbeeck J, Bals S, Slooten E, Shi B, Molegraaf H J A, Kleibeuker J E, Aert S V, Goedkoop J B, Brinkman A, Blank D H A, Golden M S, Tendeloo G V, Hilgenkamp H and Rijnders G 2013 Adv. Func. Mater.
[36]	Klitzing K V, Dorda G and Peper M 1980 Phys. Rev. Lett. 45 494
[37]	Tsui D C, Stormer H L and Gossard A C 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 1559
[38]	Tsukazaki A, Ohtomo A, Kita T, Ohno Y, Ohno H and Kawasaki M 2007 Science 315 1388
[39]	Tsukazaki A, Akasaka S, Nakahara K, Ohno Y, Ohno H, Maryenko D, Ohtomo A and Kawasaki M 2010 Nat. Mater. 9 889
[40]	Chen Y Z, Bovet N, Trier F, Christensen D V, Qu F M, Andersen N H, Kasama T, Zhang W, Giraud R, Dufouleur J, Jespersen T S, Sun J R, Smith A, Nygård J, Lu L, Büchner B, Shen B G, Linderoth S and Pryds N 2013 Nat. Commun. 4 1371
[41]	Kleibeuker J E 2012 (Ph. D. thesis) (The Netherlands: University of Twente)
[42]	Chen Y Z, Christensen D V, Trier F, Pryds N, Smith A and Linderoth S 2012 Appl. Surf. Sci. 258 9242
[43]	Liu Z Q, Li C J, Lü W M, Huang, X H, Huang Z, Zeng S W, Qiu X P, Huang L S, Annadi A, Chen J S, Coey J M D, Venkatesan T and Ariando 2013 Phys. Rev. X 3 021010
[44]	Shibuya K, Ohnishi T, Lippmaa M and Oshima M 2007 Appl. Phys.Lett. 91 232106
[45]	Siemons W, Koster G, Yamamoto H, Harrison W A, Lucovsky G, Geballe T H, Blank D H A and Beasley M R 2007 Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 196802
[46]	Carrasco J, Illas F, Lopez N, Kotomin E A, Zhukovskii Yu F, Evarestov R A, Mastrikov Yu A, Piskunov S and Maier J 2006 Phys. Rev. B 73 064106
[47]	Gupta A 1993 J. Appl. Phys. 73 7877
[48]	Hill D M, Meyer H M and Weaver J H 1989 J. Appl. Phys. 65 4943
[49]	Fu Q and Wagner T 2007 Surf. Sci. Rep. 62 431
[50]	Eng H W, Barnes P W, Auer B M and Woodward P M 2003 J. Solid. Stat. Chem. 175 94
[51]	Arima T, Tokura Y and Torrance J B 1993 Phys. Rev. B 48 17006
[52]	Zaanen J, Sawatzky G A and Allen J W 1985 Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 418
[53]	Chambers S A, Qiao L, Droubay T C, Kaspar T C, Arey B W and Sushko P V 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 206802
[54]	Boikov Yu A, Serenkov I T, Sakharov V I, Kalabukhov A S, Aurino P P, Winkler D and Claeson T 2013 Europhys. Lett. 102 56003
[55]	Chen Y Z, Sun J R, Wei A D, Liang S, Lv W M and Shen B G 2008 Appl. Phys. Lett. 93 152515
[56]	Lee S W, Liu Y Q, Heo J and Gordon R G 2012 Nano. Lett. 12 4775
[57]	Delahaye J and Grenet T 2012 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 315301
[58]	Breckenfeld E, Bronn N, Karthik J, Damodaran A R, Lee S, Mason N and Martin L W 2013 Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 196804
[59]	Sambri A, Christensen D V, Trier F, Chen Y Z, Amoruso S, Pryds N, Bruzzese R and Wang X 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 231605
[60]	Chen Y Z, Stamate E, Pryds N, Sun J R, Shen B G and Linderoth S 2011 Appl. Phys. Lett. 98 232105
[61]	Trier F, Amoruso S, Christensen D V, Sambri A, Chen Y Z, Wang X, Stamate E, Bruzzese R and Pryds N 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 103 031607
[62]	Denk I, Claus J and Maier J 1997 J. Electrochem. Soc. 144 3526
[63]	Vollmann M, Hagenbeck R and Waser R 1997 J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80 2301
[64]	Zhou R S and Snyder R L 1991 Acta Cryst. B 47 617
[65]	KnapW, Fal’ko V I Frayssinet E, P Lorenzini P, Grandjean N, Maude D, Karczewski G, Brandt B L, Lusakowski J, Grzegory I, Leszczyński M, Prystawko P, Skierbiszewski C, Porowski S, Hu X, Simin G, Khan M A and Shur M S 2004 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 16 3421
[66]	Ben Shalom M, Ron A, Palevski A and Dagan Y 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 206401
[67]	Moetakef P, Ouellette D G, Williams J R, James Allen S, Balents L, Goldhaber-Gordon D and Stemmer S 2012 Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 151604
[68]	Sing M, Berner G, Gob K, Müller A, Ruff A, Wetscherek A, Thiel S, Mannhart J, Pauli S A, Schneider C W, Willmott P R, Gorgoi M, Schäfers F and Claessen R 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 102 176805
[69]	Dingle R, Stőrmer H L, Gossard A C and Wiegmann W 1978 Appl. Phys. Lett. 33 665
[70]	Jia C L and Urban K 2004 Science 303 2001
[71]	Tufte O N and Chapman P W 1967 Phys. Rev. 155 796
[72]	Cristensen D V, Trier F, Chen Y Z, Smith A, Nygård J and Pryds N 2013 Appl. Phys. Lett. 102 021602