中国物理B ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (2): 20701-020701.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae24f0

• • 上一篇    

Magnetic refrigerants for ultralow temperatures: A mini-review

Ziyu W. Yang(杨子煜)1,3, Shuai Tang(唐帅)1,2, Guangkai Zhang(张广凯)1, Ciyu Qin(秦慈宇)1,2, Maocai Pi(皮茂材)1,2, Xubin Ye(叶旭斌)1, Zhao Pan(潘昭)1, Yu-Jia Zeng(曾昱嘉)3, and Youwen Long(龙有文)1,2,†   

  1. 1 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
    2 School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
    3 Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
  • 收稿日期:2025-11-14 修回日期:2025-11-26 接受日期:2025-11-27 发布日期:2026-01-21
  • 通讯作者: Youwen Long E-mail:ywlong@iphy.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFA1400300), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2022A1515111009), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12425403, 12261131499, and 52273298).

Magnetic refrigerants for ultralow temperatures: A mini-review

Ziyu W. Yang(杨子煜)1,3, Shuai Tang(唐帅)1,2, Guangkai Zhang(张广凯)1, Ciyu Qin(秦慈宇)1,2, Maocai Pi(皮茂材)1,2, Xubin Ye(叶旭斌)1, Zhao Pan(潘昭)1, Yu-Jia Zeng(曾昱嘉)3, and Youwen Long(龙有文)1,2,†   

  1. 1 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China;
    2 School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
    3 Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
  • Received:2025-11-14 Revised:2025-11-26 Accepted:2025-11-27 Published:2026-01-21
  • Contact: Youwen Long E-mail:ywlong@iphy.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2021YFA1400300), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2022A1515111009), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 12425403, 12261131499, and 52273298).

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摘要： Accessing the milli-Kelvin regime is increasingly important for next-generation quantum technologies and deep-space observations. Among established cryogenic techniques, adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) is distinctive for its all-solid-state design, low vibration, and intrinsic gravity independence. Here we present a materials-centered review of ADR refrigerants, connecting classical thermodynamics to modern quantum many-body behavior. Beyond hydrated paramagnetic salts, dense rare-earth oxides and correlated-disorder ceramics, we highlight emerging quantum-engineered refrigerants, including geometrically frustrated magnets, and quantum-critical systems. In these materials, suppressing long-range order and tailoring low-energy excitations redistribute spin entropy into the sub-Kelvin window, enabling large and reversible entropy changes at the lowest accessible temperatures. We discuss the central trade-offs among volumetric entropy density, thermal transport, and magnetic ordering, and outline possible design rules for staged ADR architectures.

关键词: adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, magnetocaloric effect, cryogenics

Abstract: Accessing the milli-Kelvin regime is increasingly important for next-generation quantum technologies and deep-space observations. Among established cryogenic techniques, adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (ADR) is distinctive for its all-solid-state design, low vibration, and intrinsic gravity independence. Here we present a materials-centered review of ADR refrigerants, connecting classical thermodynamics to modern quantum many-body behavior. Beyond hydrated paramagnetic salts, dense rare-earth oxides and correlated-disorder ceramics, we highlight emerging quantum-engineered refrigerants, including geometrically frustrated magnets, and quantum-critical systems. In these materials, suppressing long-range order and tailoring low-energy excitations redistribute spin entropy into the sub-Kelvin window, enabling large and reversible entropy changes at the lowest accessible temperatures. We discuss the central trade-offs among volumetric entropy density, thermal transport, and magnetic ordering, and outline possible design rules for staged ADR architectures.

Key words: adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration, magnetocaloric effect, cryogenics

中图分类号:  (Cryogenics; refrigerators, low-temperature detectors, and other low-temperature equipment)

  • 07.20.Mc
75.30.Sg (Magnetocaloric effect, magnetic cooling) 71.27.+a (Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions)