中国物理B ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (3): 34208-034208.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/adfc42

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Continuous three-dimensional varifocal of vortex beams with twisted metasurfaces

Yiyi Li(黎仪艺)1, Wangzhe Zhou(周王哲)1, Shaoqi Li(李少奇)1, Xiaoyan Huang(黄晓艳)1, Fen Zhao(赵芬)1,3, Man Yuan(袁满)1, Jiagui Wu(吴加贵)2, Huan Chen(陈欢)1, Zhaojian Zhang(张兆健)1, and Junbo Yang (杨俊波)1,†   

  1. 1 College of Science, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China;
    2 School of Physical Science and Technology Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
    3 School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 401135, China
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-10 修回日期:2025-07-22 接受日期:2025-08-18 出版日期:2026-02-11 发布日期:2026-03-10
  • 通讯作者: Junbo Yang E-mail:yangjunbo@nudt.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFF0706005), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62275271, 62305387, 12272407, 62275269, and 62405037), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant No. 2023JJ40683), the Foundation of NUDT (Grant No. ZK23-03), and Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0581 and CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0033).

Continuous three-dimensional varifocal of vortex beams with twisted metasurfaces

Yiyi Li(黎仪艺)1, Wangzhe Zhou(周王哲)1, Shaoqi Li(李少奇)1, Xiaoyan Huang(黄晓艳)1, Fen Zhao(赵芬)1,3, Man Yuan(袁满)1, Jiagui Wu(吴加贵)2, Huan Chen(陈欢)1, Zhaojian Zhang(张兆健)1, and Junbo Yang (杨俊波)1,†   

  1. 1 College of Science, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha 410073, China;
    2 School of Physical Science and Technology Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
    3 School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 401135, China
  • Received:2025-06-10 Revised:2025-07-22 Accepted:2025-08-18 Online:2026-02-11 Published:2026-03-10
  • Contact: Junbo Yang E-mail:yangjunbo@nudt.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFF0706005), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62275271, 62305387, 12272407, 62275269, and 62405037), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (Grant No. 2023JJ40683), the Foundation of NUDT (Grant No. ZK23-03), and Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos. CSTB2024NSCQ-MSX0581 and CSTB2024NSCQ-LZX0033).

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摘要： Vortex beams with helical phase wavefronts and doughnut-shaped intensity profiles hold great promise for optical trapping, imaging, and quantum communication. However, dynamic control over their steering and focusing remains challenging with existing static generation methods. Here, we demonstrate a dynamic and compact moiré metasurfaces that enables full three-dimensional (3D) control over vortex beams. The paradigm incorporates a numerical unit cell model and an off-axis angular spectrum algorithm based on the generalized Snell's law of refraction in full space. The beam's transverse position and longitudinal focal length can be simultaneously controlled by integrating phase elements such as gratings, lenses, and spiral phase plates. This scheme offers a 12$\times$ large axial zoom range from 7.42 mm to 85.45 mm and a lateral steering capability of up to $\pm 48$ mm. The device exhibits an average side-mode suppression ratio of 27.3 and maintains a constant full width at half maximum over a 50$^\circ$ deflection range, preserving beam quality and directional stability during dynamic steering. This lightweight vortex beams solution may open new ways for dynamic beam shaping in super-resolution imaging, free-space communication, and biophotonics.

关键词: vortex beams, light manipulation, tunable metasurfaces, moiré theory

Abstract: Vortex beams with helical phase wavefronts and doughnut-shaped intensity profiles hold great promise for optical trapping, imaging, and quantum communication. However, dynamic control over their steering and focusing remains challenging with existing static generation methods. Here, we demonstrate a dynamic and compact moiré metasurfaces that enables full three-dimensional (3D) control over vortex beams. The paradigm incorporates a numerical unit cell model and an off-axis angular spectrum algorithm based on the generalized Snell's law of refraction in full space. The beam's transverse position and longitudinal focal length can be simultaneously controlled by integrating phase elements such as gratings, lenses, and spiral phase plates. This scheme offers a 12$\times$ large axial zoom range from 7.42 mm to 85.45 mm and a lateral steering capability of up to $\pm 48$ mm. The device exhibits an average side-mode suppression ratio of 27.3 and maintains a constant full width at half maximum over a 50$^\circ$ deflection range, preserving beam quality and directional stability during dynamic steering. This lightweight vortex beams solution may open new ways for dynamic beam shaping in super-resolution imaging, free-space communication, and biophotonics.

Key words: vortex beams, light manipulation, tunable metasurfaces, moiré theory

中图分类号:  (Optical elements, devices, and systems)

  • 42.79.-e
42.15.Eq (Optical system design) 42.50.Tx (Optical angular momentum and its quantum aspects) 42.30.Ms (Speckle and moiré patterns)