中国物理B ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (6): 68904-068904.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/add50e

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Zero-determinant game design for preventing double-spending in IOTA

Yin-Feng Chen(陈银凤)† and Zhong-Hua Fu(付中华)   

  1. School of Computer Information Management, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China
  • 收稿日期:2025-04-05 修回日期:2025-05-02 接受日期:2025-05-07 出版日期:2025-05-16 发布日期:2025-05-27
  • 通讯作者: Yin-Feng Chen E-mail:chenyf@imufe.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China (Grant No. 2024LHMS06013), Basic Research Funds for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region’s Directly Affiliated Universities in 2025 (Grant No. NCYWS25019), the Regional Digital Economy and Digital Governance Research Center (Grant No. szzl202401), the Research Project on Education and Teaching Reform at Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. JXZD2405), and the 2025 High-Quality Research Achievement Cultivation Fund Project of Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. GZCG2529).

Zero-determinant game design for preventing double-spending in IOTA

Yin-Feng Chen(陈银凤)† and Zhong-Hua Fu(付中华)   

  1. School of Computer Information Management, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Hohhot 010070, China
  • Received:2025-04-05 Revised:2025-05-02 Accepted:2025-05-07 Online:2025-05-16 Published:2025-05-27
  • Contact: Yin-Feng Chen E-mail:chenyf@imufe.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China (Grant No. 2024LHMS06013), Basic Research Funds for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region’s Directly Affiliated Universities in 2025 (Grant No. NCYWS25019), the Regional Digital Economy and Digital Governance Research Center (Grant No. szzl202401), the Research Project on Education and Teaching Reform at Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. JXZD2405), and the 2025 High-Quality Research Achievement Cultivation Fund Project of Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics (Grant No. GZCG2529).

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摘要： The Internet of Things Application (IOTA) is an innovative public blockchain system tailored for the Internet of Things (IoT), focusing on challenges such as micro-payments, concurrency, and scalability. However, its distributed ledger, which utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure, is vulnerable to double-spending attacks. To mitigate this risk, we propose a countermeasure employing zero-determinant (ZD) strategies to encourage honest transactions among nodes. First, we analyze the game-theoretic interactions between the IOTA committee and nodes, modeling them as an iterated prisoner's dilemma and deriving the conditions under which this dilemma holds. Next, we explore the conditions under which the IOTA committee can adopt ZD strategies, demonstrating the feasibility of unilaterally controlling node payoffs. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental validation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure, offering a novel game-theoretic solution for enhancing IOTA's security.

关键词: zero-determinant strategy, Internet of Things Application (IOTA), double-spending attack

Abstract: The Internet of Things Application (IOTA) is an innovative public blockchain system tailored for the Internet of Things (IoT), focusing on challenges such as micro-payments, concurrency, and scalability. However, its distributed ledger, which utilizes a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure, is vulnerable to double-spending attacks. To mitigate this risk, we propose a countermeasure employing zero-determinant (ZD) strategies to encourage honest transactions among nodes. First, we analyze the game-theoretic interactions between the IOTA committee and nodes, modeling them as an iterated prisoner's dilemma and deriving the conditions under which this dilemma holds. Next, we explore the conditions under which the IOTA committee can adopt ZD strategies, demonstrating the feasibility of unilaterally controlling node payoffs. Finally, theoretical analysis and experimental validation confirm the effectiveness of the proposed countermeasure, offering a novel game-theoretic solution for enhancing IOTA's security.

Key words: zero-determinant strategy, Internet of Things Application (IOTA), double-spending attack

中图分类号:  (Complex systems)

  • 89.75.-k
02.50.Le (Decision theory and game theory) 05.45.-a (Nonlinear dynamics and chaos)