Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

doi:10.1088/1674-1056/ad9018

中国物理B ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (1): 10310-010310.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ad9018

Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

Yuan Cao(曹原)^1,†, Xiaosong Yu(郁小松)², Yongli Zhao(赵永利)², Chunhui Zhang(张春辉)¹, Xingyu Zhou(周星宇)¹, Jie Zhang(张杰)², and Qin Wang(王琴)¹

1 Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China;
2 State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

收稿日期:2024-09-27 修回日期:2024-11-06 接受日期:2024-11-08 发布日期:2024-12-31
通讯作者: Yuan Cao E-mail:yuancao@njupt.edu.cn
基金资助:
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62201276, 62350001, U22B2026, and 62471248), Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021ZD0300701), the Key R&D Program (Industry Foresight and Key Core Technologies) of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BE2022071), and Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 22KJB510007).

Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

Yuan Cao(曹原)^1,†, Xiaosong Yu(郁小松)², Yongli Zhao(赵永利)², Chunhui Zhang(张春辉)¹, Xingyu Zhou(周星宇)¹, Jie Zhang(张杰)², and Qin Wang(王琴)¹

1 Institute of Quantum Information and Technology, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China;
2 State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China

Received:2024-09-27 Revised:2024-11-06 Accepted:2024-11-08 Published:2024-12-31
Contact: Yuan Cao E-mail:yuancao@njupt.edu.cn
Supported by:
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62201276, 62350001, U22B2026, and 62471248), Innovation Program for Quantum Science and Technology (Grant No. 2021ZD0300701), the Key R&D Program (Industry Foresight and Key Core Technologies) of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BE2022071), and Natural Science Research of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (Grant No. 22KJB510007).

摘要/Abstract

摘要： As the first stage of the quantum Internet, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold the promise of providing long-term security for diverse users. Most existing QKD networks have been constructed based on independent QKD protocols, and they commonly rely on the deployment of single-protocol trusted relay chains for long reach. Driven by the evolution of QKD protocols, large-scale QKD networking is expected to migrate from a single-protocol to a multi-protocol paradigm, during which some useful evolutionary elements for the later stages of the quantum Internet may be incorporated. In this work, we delve into a pivotal technique for large-scale QKD networking, namely, multi-protocol relay chaining. A multi-protocol relay chain is established by connecting a set of trusted/untrusted relays relying on multiple QKD protocols between a pair of QKD nodes. The structures of diverse multi-protocol relay chains are described, based on which the associated model is formulated and the policies are defined for the deployment of multi-protocol relay chains. Furthermore, we propose three multi-protocol relay chaining heuristics. Numerical simulations indicate that the designed heuristics can effectively reduce the number of trusted relays deployed and enhance the average security level versus the commonly used single-protocol trusted relay chaining methods on backbone network topologies.

关键词: quantum communications, quantum networks, trusted relay, untrusted relay

Abstract: As the first stage of the quantum Internet, quantum key distribution (QKD) networks hold the promise of providing long-term security for diverse users. Most existing QKD networks have been constructed based on independent QKD protocols, and they commonly rely on the deployment of single-protocol trusted relay chains for long reach. Driven by the evolution of QKD protocols, large-scale QKD networking is expected to migrate from a single-protocol to a multi-protocol paradigm, during which some useful evolutionary elements for the later stages of the quantum Internet may be incorporated. In this work, we delve into a pivotal technique for large-scale QKD networking, namely, multi-protocol relay chaining. A multi-protocol relay chain is established by connecting a set of trusted/untrusted relays relying on multiple QKD protocols between a pair of QKD nodes. The structures of diverse multi-protocol relay chains are described, based on which the associated model is formulated and the policies are defined for the deployment of multi-protocol relay chains. Furthermore, we propose three multi-protocol relay chaining heuristics. Numerical simulations indicate that the designed heuristics can effectively reduce the number of trusted relays deployed and enhance the average security level versus the commonly used single-protocol trusted relay chaining methods on backbone network topologies.

Key words: quantum communications, quantum networks, trusted relay, untrusted relay

中图分类号: (Quantum mechanics)

03.65.-w

03.67.Hk (Quantum communication) 42.50.Ex (Optical implementations of quantum information processing and transfer) 42.79.Sz (Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers?)

Yuan Cao(曹原), Xiaosong Yu(郁小松), Yongli Zhao(赵永利), Chunhui Zhang(张春辉), Xingyu Zhou(周星宇), Jie Zhang(张杰), and Qin Wang(王琴). Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks[J]. 中国物理B, 2025, 34(1): 10310-010310.

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Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

Multi-protocol relay chaining for large-scale quantum key distribution networks

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