中国物理B ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (5): 54303-054303.doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/ae118f

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Generalized likelihood ratio detector for forward scattering detection in uncertain shallow-water environments

Jiahui Luo(罗嘉辉)1,2, Chao Sun(孙超)1,2, Mingyang Li(李明杨)1,2,†, and Shaodong Zhang(张少东)3   

  1. 1 School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China;
    2 Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustic and Sensing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China;
    3 Marine Design and Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-01 修回日期:2025-09-22 接受日期:2025-10-10 发布日期:2026-04-29
  • 通讯作者: Mingyang Li,E-mail:mingyang.li@nwpu.edu.cn E-mail:mingyang.li@nwpu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12004335).

Generalized likelihood ratio detector for forward scattering detection in uncertain shallow-water environments

Jiahui Luo(罗嘉辉)1,2, Chao Sun(孙超)1,2, Mingyang Li(李明杨)1,2,†, and Shaodong Zhang(张少东)3   

  1. 1 School of Marine Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China;
    2 Key Laboratory of Ocean Acoustic and Sensing, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China;
    3 Marine Design and Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200011, China
  • Received:2025-08-01 Revised:2025-09-22 Accepted:2025-10-10 Published:2026-04-29
  • Contact: Mingyang Li,E-mail:mingyang.li@nwpu.edu.cn E-mail:mingyang.li@nwpu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 12004335).

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摘要： Forward scattering detection in shallow-water environments presents many challenges, particularly the issues of environmental uncertainties and direct blast, which is an intense sound wave that propagates directly from the source to the receiver without interaction with the target. In this paper, we account for environmental uncertainties and extend the generalized likelihood ratio detector (GLRD) for forward scattering detection in a known environment to uncertain environments. In a suitable bistatic sonar configuration where the source is positioned on the broadside of a large aperture horizontal linear array (HLA), the GLRD exhibits good resistance to direct blast. Moreover, the GLRD demonstrates a certain degree of robustness against environmental uncertainties, particularly when the sampling uncertainty sets of the direct blast/signal wavefront are large enough — including both the real direct blast wavefront and the real signal wavefront. Despite facing the challenge of direct blast in forward scattering detection, the GLRD still performs well in this scenario and demonstrates its effectiveness as a method for forward scattering detection in uncertain shallow-water environments.

关键词: forward scattering detection, uncertain environments, generalized likelihood ratio detector (GLRD), horizontal linear array (HLA)

Abstract: Forward scattering detection in shallow-water environments presents many challenges, particularly the issues of environmental uncertainties and direct blast, which is an intense sound wave that propagates directly from the source to the receiver without interaction with the target. In this paper, we account for environmental uncertainties and extend the generalized likelihood ratio detector (GLRD) for forward scattering detection in a known environment to uncertain environments. In a suitable bistatic sonar configuration where the source is positioned on the broadside of a large aperture horizontal linear array (HLA), the GLRD exhibits good resistance to direct blast. Moreover, the GLRD demonstrates a certain degree of robustness against environmental uncertainties, particularly when the sampling uncertainty sets of the direct blast/signal wavefront are large enough — including both the real direct blast wavefront and the real signal wavefront. Despite facing the challenge of direct blast in forward scattering detection, the GLRD still performs well in this scenario and demonstrates its effectiveness as a method for forward scattering detection in uncertain shallow-water environments.

Key words: forward scattering detection, uncertain environments, generalized likelihood ratio detector (GLRD), horizontal linear array (HLA)

中图分类号:  (Underwater sound)

  • 43.30.+m
43.20.Fn (Scattering of acoustic waves) 43.30.Vh (Active sonar systems) 43.60.Bf (Acoustic signal detection and classification, applications to control systems)