Hierarchical Progressive Optimization for Multi-Qubit Pauli Noise Modeling

Quantum Noise Characterization (QNC) is indispensable for benchmarking and mitigating errors in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. However, traditional Quantum Process Tomography (QPT) suffers from an exponential parameter explosion, severely hindering its scalability. In this paper, we propose a Hierarchical Progressive Optimization (HPO) framework to efficiently extract high-order spatial crosstalk in multi-qubit systems. The complexity analysis shows that the combinatorial projection mask reduces the required number of Pauli transfer matrix (PTM) elements from O(16^N) to O(N²3^N). Numerical simulations on a 10-qubit HHL circuit achieve a fidelity of 0.9381 with the HPO method, compared to 0.7431 obtained using global depolarizing-noise mitigation.