Time-resolved x-ray scattering study on quantum materials

Quantum materials have attracted a great deal of attention because of their rich landscape of electronic structures, topological phases, strong correlation effects, and exotic orders. These systems provide a fertile platform for the exploration of novel quantum phenomena and materials applications. Particularly exciting is the exploration of nonequilibrium dynamics in quantum materials, which has significant research and potential application values. Pump–probe techniques play a key role in revealing the dynamics of quantum materials on remarkably short timescales, providing an attractive yet challenging avenue of research. In this context, time-resolved x-ray as an emerging probe exhibits high time resolution, momentum resolution, and substantial momentum coverage. It can reveal unprecedented transient states, distinguish between entangled ordered states, and has a compelling potential to probe ultrafast dynamics in a wide variety of quantum materials. Despite its unique advantages, time-resolved x-ray scattering still faces several technological and methodological challenges. In this review, we highlight recent advances focusing on the use of time-resolved x-ray scattering to probe dynamic processes in quantum materials. We discuss representative examples across structural, electronic, magnetic, and lattice degrees of freedom, and outline promising directions for future research in this rapidly evolving field.