Four-stage cascaded variable optical attenuator with large attenuation range for quantum key distribution

A four-stage cascaded variable optical attenuator (VOA) with a large attenuation range is presented. The VOA is based on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and fabricated in a silica-based planar lightwave circuit (PLC) platform. The thermo-optic effect is used to achieve intensity modulation. The measured maximum attenuation of the four-stage cascaded VOA is 88.38 dB. The chip is also tested in a quantum key distribution (QKD) system to generate signal and decoy states. The mean photon number after attenuation of the four-stage cascaded VOA is less than 0.1, which can meet the requirement of QKD.