Optical waveguide in Nd: Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal produced bymulti-energy C ion implantation

We report the fabrication of a planar waveguide in the Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal by multi-energy C ions at room temperature. The waveguide is annealed at 200℃, 260℃, and 300℃ in succession each for 30 min in an open oven. The effective refractive index profiles at transverse electric (TE) polarization are stable after the annealing treatments. Damage distribution for multi-energy C ion implanted in Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal is calculated by SRIM 2010. The Raman and fluorescence spectra of the Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal are collected by an excitation beam at 633 nm and 473 nm, respectively. The results indicate the stabilization of the optical waveguide in Nd:Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystal.