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    Yi-Xuan Yin, Tian-Tian Wang, Biao Wu. How are quantum eigenfunctions of hydrogen atom related to its classical elliptic orbits?J. Chin. Phys. B, 2026, 35(5): 050301.
    Yi-Xuan Yin, Tian-Tian Wang, Biao Wu. How are quantum eigenfunctions of hydrogen atom related to its classical elliptic orbits?J. Chin. Phys. B, 2026, 35(5): 050301.
  • How are quantum eigenfunctions of hydrogen atom related to its classical elliptic orbits?

    • We show that a highly-excited energy eigenfunction ψnlm (r) of hydrogen atom can be approximated as an equal-weight superposition of classical elliptic orbits with energy En and angular momentum L=l(l+1)ħ, and z component of angular momentum Lz = . This correspondence is established by comparing the quantum probability distribution |ψnlm (r)|2 and the classical probability distribution pc (r) of an ensemble of such orbits. This finding illustrates a general principle: in the semi-classical limit, an energy eigenstate of a quantum system is in general reduced to a collection of classical orbits, rather than a single classical orbit.
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