Effects of water on the structure and transport properties of room temperature ionic liquids and concentrated electrolyte solutions

Zhang Jinbing^{1, 2}, Wang Qiang^{2, †}, Cao Zexian^{2, 3, ‡}

Field-emission SEM images of [Bmim][BF₄] after addition of varying amounts of water: (a) dry sample; (b) ionic liquid with traces of water; (c)–(f) mixtures of ionic liquid with (c) 5 vol%, (d) 10 vol%, and (e), (f) 20 vol% added water. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2016, John Wiley and Sons.