SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle-regulated crystallization of lead halide perovskite and improved efficiency of carbon-electrode-based low-temperature planar perovskite solar cells

SiO₂ nanoparticle-regulated crystallization of lead halide perovskite and improved efficiency of carbon-electrode-based low-temperature planar perovskite solar cells

Liang Zerong¹, Yang Bingchu^{1, †}, Mei Anyi², Lin Siyuan¹, Han Hongwei², Yuan Yongbo¹, Xie Haipeng¹, Gao Yongli^{1, 3}, Zhou Conghua^{1, ‡}

(a) Typical current density–voltage (J–V) curves of as-fabricated devices recorded from reverse scan under simulated illumination (AM 1.5G, 100 mW/cm², testing area is 0.0514 cm²). (b) Effect of volume ratio of SiO₂ precursor on the performance parameters (reverse scan) and hysteresis index (HI).