SiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticle-regulated crystallization of lead halide perovskite and improved efficiency of carbon-electrode-based low-temperature planar perovskite solar cells

SiO₂ nanoparticle-regulated crystallization of lead halide perovskite and improved efficiency of carbon-electrode-based low-temperature planar perovskite solar cells

Liang Zerong¹, Yang Bingchu^{1, †}, Mei Anyi², Lin Siyuan¹, Han Hongwei², Yuan Yongbo¹, Xie Haipeng¹, Gao Yongli^{1, 3}, Zhou Conghua^{1, ‡}

XRD patterns of (a) PbI₂ and (b) PVSK films with addition of SiO₂ NPs (volume ratios of the SiO₂ precursor were marked). (c) Enlarged diffraction peaks of PbI₂ (001) and PVSK (110) [dashed lines show the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of each peak]. (d) Effect of SiO₂ NPs on the average crystallite size of PbI₂ and PVSK. (e)–(h) Typical scanning electron microscopy images of PVSK films with addition of SiO₂ NPs. Distribution histograms of grain sizes are shown in inset of the images.