(a) Schematic view of graphene and split-ring resonator hybrid metasurface modulator. (b) Measured transmission spectra under 532-nm, 280-mW light illumination with different gate voltages. The energy band structure and Fermi level of graphene are shown in the inset. (c) Extracted transmission coefficient as a function of gate voltage at resonant frequency.^[61] Figure reprinted with permission: Ref. [61], ©2015 by the Elsevier Publisher.